Cognition: Memory. The Phenomenon of Memory Introduction Memory Extremes of memory.
Memory
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Transcript of Memory
- Cesare Pavese
“We do not remember days, we
remember moments”
MemoryMemory
Memory• is the PROCESS of STORING INFORMATION and EXPERIENCES for possible retrieval at some point in the future.
Multi-Store Model
of Memory
Multi-store Model•The ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN MODEL OF MEMORY states that there are generally three types of memory:
•Sensory memory•Short-term memory•Long-term memory
Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory• temporary storage of information
Capacity• Large; • contains most details of sensory input
Duration of Storage
•Visual: 1/10 second;•Auditory: 2 seconds
Reason for Forgetting
•Storage failure
Sensory Memory• iconic memory for visual stimuli•echoic memory for aural stimuli•haptic memory for touch.
Short-term Memory
Short-term•also called as a working memory is the storage of information currently being used
Capacity•7 units, plus or minus 2
Duration of Storage
• Less than 30 seconds without rehearsal
Reason for Forgetting
•Storage failure
Short-term•acts as a scratch pad for recall of the information under process
Short-term•Chunking of information can lead to an increase in the short term memory capacity.
Short-term•That is the reason why a hyphenated phone number is easier to remember than a single long number.
Short-term•The successful formation of a chunk is known as closure.
Long-term Memory
Long-term• relatively permanent storage of information
Capacity•virtually unlimited
Duration of Storage
•up to a lifetime
Reason for Forgetting
•Retrieval failure
Long-term• concerned when information has to be retained for an interval as brief as a few minutes or as long as a lifetime
Types of Long-term Memory
A. Declarative• conscious memory which involves recall of factual memory
Kinds of Declarative
Memory
Semantic Memory•memory of specific facts and principles
• time related data of past experiences in our life
Episodic Memory
B. Non-declarative• involves indescribable information that usually includes skills
Methods of Testing Memory
Free Call• spontaneous recall•you are required to produce a response from your own memory without any outside help
Cued Recall• requires you to generate information from your memory but you will receive significant cues or hint
about the material which may help to jog your memory
Recognition• In recognition test, you choose the correct item among several options.
Savings• relearning method• it detects weak memories by comparing the speed of original relearning to the speed of relearning.
Implicit Memory• indirect memory•an experience influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of the influence
Memory Process
Encoding• is the process where new information is formed or encoded.
Storage• the information is simply held in preparation for future occasion.
Retrieval•Once information is searched, brought to the mind and stored.
Forgetting
Repression
Decay of Fading Theory
Consolidation
Interference
Retrieval
Amnesia
Amnesia• Loss of memory•After damage to the hippocampus, causes great difficulty storing new long - term declarative memories,
especially episodic memories, although they form normal short term procedural and implicit memories
• In the absence of healthy hippocampus or after the information in hippocampus weakens,
one is left with the gist of the event, stored in the cerebral cortex.
Confabulations•patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex give confident wrong answers
•Most confabulation are correct information earlier in the persons life.
Example:• An aged hospitalized woman might insist that she had to go home to feed her baby.
Infant or childhood amnesia
• the scarcity of earlier episodic memories
Modern explanation argues that the hippocampus known to be important for memory is slow to mature,
so memories from the first few years are not stored well that develops between the ages 3 and 4.
Another possibility:• is that children come on rely on language; they lose access to memories encoded earlier.
•an infant amnesia relates to encoding specificity which means memory performance depends
directly on the similarity between the information in memory and the information available at retrieval.
•Maybe infants/children forget their earlier years just because they don’t have enough of the right retrieval cues to find those infant memories.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease
•a condition that occurs mostly after age 60 to 65
•Patient experience a variety of memory problems , confusion , depression , disordered thinking and impaired attention.
•Although implicit and procedural memory are more intact than explicit, declarative memory.
• It is marked by gradual accumulation of harmful proteins in the brain and deterioration of brain cells , leading to a loss of arousal and attention.
Improving Your Memory
The SPAR Method
S - URVEY•Get an overview of what you like to understand and learn.
P - ROCESS•Process meaningfully.
A - SK•Ask questions. Create your own questions and answers.
R - EVIEW•Retest your knowledge.
Mnemonic Devices
Method of Loci•A mnemonic device introduced in ancient Roman rhetorical treatises.
Method of Loci• It relies on memorized spatial relationship to establish, order and recollect memorial content.
Acronym•Using first letter of each word to form another word.• It is useful when remembering words in specified order.
AcronymExamples:•HBO - Home Box Office•NBA - National Basketball Association
• IHOP - International House of Pancakes
Pegword Method•uses rhyming words to represent numbers or order
• 1 = bun• 2 = shoe• 3 = tree• 4 = door• 5 = hive
• 6 = sticks• 7 = heaven• 8 = gate• 9 = vine• 10 = hen
Link Method•The main idea is that each successive item in the list is linked to the preceding item
• six red apples• large loaf of bread• carton of milk• bar of foamy soap• pair of yellow socks• packet of chocolate biscuits