Membrane- Bound ComponentsMembrane- Bound ComponentsLipid BilayerLipid BilayerMitochondriaMitochondria

ERERGolgiGolgi

Various vesiclesVarious vesicles

GenomeGenome: 23 x2 Chromosomes; : 23 x2 Chromosomes; 6 billion basepairs (ATCGAC…)6 billion basepairs (ATCGAC…)

Vesicles & CytoplasmVesicles & Cytoplasm

Actin FilamentsActin FilamentsStress FibersStress Fibers

Signal TransductionSignal Transduction

MicrotubulesMicrotubulesCell Shape, spatial orientationCell Shape, spatial orientation

Intermediate FilamentsIntermediate FilamentsMaintains shape under tensionMaintains shape under tension

LaminaLaminaNuclear Morphology and supportNuclear Morphology and support

ProteinProtein

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

LipidsLipids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

paradigm of molecular biology

polypeptidepolypeptide

AACCDDEEFFGGHHIIKKLLMMNNPPQQRRSSTTVVWWYY

nucleic nucleic acidsacids

AA

TT

CC

GG

TT

AA

GG

CC

RNARNA

AA

UU

CC

GG

UU

AA

GG

CC

transcriptiontranscription

translationtranslation

Transcribing fixed, permanent information onto a portable, temporary templateTranscribing fixed, permanent information onto a portable, temporary templateTranslating language of DNA into language of proteinTranslating language of DNA into language of protein

foldingfolding

STRUCTURESTRUCTURE&&

FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DNADNA

mature proteinmature protein

Life’s Complexity Pyramid

Z.N. Oltvai and A.-L. B. Science, 2002.

Truth BeliefKnowledge

Truth: The actual reality of the universe. We can’t know truth because we can’t remove ourselves from the universe.

Facts: Information that is justifiably believed to be Truth. Facts are backed up by evidence that they are true that also lack evidence that they are not.

Belief: A psychological state in which a person accepts a piece of information as fact. Beliefs do not necessarily relate to Facts or Truth. “accepted to be true”. If a belief is accepted as a Truth, there will be strong resistance to its ability to change.

Knowledge: The paradigm of information

Faith: Loosely defined, is Based on the interpretation of intangibles (emotion, hope, etc.)

Let us define the following concepts

Truth Belief Knowledge

fact idea

Faith

Philosophy Epistemology Science

model

Theory Principle Law

Philosophy is divided into 4 major branches

Epistemology

Logic

Ethics

Metaphysics

Philosophy is the Love of Knowledge

Knowledge begins in wonder

Why? Because humans want to comprehend the world and universe they live in

Knowledge

Epistemology

Study of

Science

Search for

Belief

Requires

PhilosophyLove of

Faith

Truth

Describes

Originates from

Idea

Suggests

factA discrete quantity of

Requires

Semantic web of relationships within our discussion

Let us define the following concepts

Truth

DomainKingdom

Class

Family

Order

Genus

Species

Phylum

3 Domains

Bacteria EukaryaArchae

Questions that current research addresses:

What makes them special?

DomainKingdom

Class

Family

Order

Genus

Species

Phylum

3 Domains

Bacteria EukaryaArchae

Questions that current research addresses:Are they an ancient lineage? Or did they break off from Bacteria?What are the evolutionary relationships between Archae and the bacteria and eukarya?Did they evolve differently?What was the nature of the last archael ancestor?

What makes them special?

Their membranes are composed of different kinds of fat than that of bacteria and eukaryotes.

Their parts look more like “our” parts, but their size, shape, and overall look & feel are much more like bacteria.

The molecular machines that are responsible for duplicating their DNA are completely different from bacteria.

Their molecular systems are far more complex than bacteria – but much less so than eukaryotes.

DomainKingdom

Class

Family

Order

Genus

Species

Phylum

3 Domains

Bacteria EukaryaArchae

Questions that current research addresses:

What makes them special?