MELJUN CORTES DBMS Lecture
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Transcript of MELJUN CORTES DBMS Lecture
DATABASE DATABASE SYSTEMSYSTEM
MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
We Are Learning Today
To recognize what a database is and identify where one might be used in and out of school.
To reconize the meaning of key database terms such as Table, Record, Field, Form, ReportTable, Record, Field, Form, Report and Queryuery.
To understand what querying a database is.
Understanding Basic Database concepts
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DATA ORGANIZATIONDATA ORGANIZATIONCHARACTERCHARACTER is the basic building block of DATADATA which consist of upper & lower case letter numeric digit (0, 1, 2, etc.) or special character (-, +, -).
CHARACTERCHARACTER are put together to form a FACTFACT. FACTFACT are called Field, Item, Word, or String of Character.FACTFACT – a number, a name, or a combination of Character.
RECORD – a collection of related FACTS.Example:1.) Employee Record – it is collection of FACT about one employee.2.) It indicates name, address, phone #, pay rate, earning made to
date & so on.
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FILEFILE – is a collection of related RECORDRECORD.Example: 1.) A collection of all employee record for one company would be an Employee FileEmployee File. 2.) Inventory FileInventory File – collection of all inventory record for a particular company or organization.
DATA ORGANIZATIONDATA ORGANIZATION
Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTESCourse : BSCS – 4Birthday : October 2, 1975Zodiac Sign : Libra
Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTESCourse : BSCS – 4Birthday : October 2, 1975Zodiac Sign : Libra
Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTESCourse : BSCS – 4Birthday : October 2, 1975Zodiac Sign : Libra
FILEFILERECORDRECORD
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DATA ORGANIZATIONDATA ORGANIZATIONHIERARCHY OF DATA HIERARCHY OF DATA :
CHARACTER – are combined to make a Fact.
FACT – are combined to make Record.
RECORD – are combined to make File.
FILE – are combined to make DataBase
DataBase
File
Record
Fact
Character
Note: The Heart of most Organization is DATADATA..
DataBase – is a collection of integrated & related master filemaster file.
Note: A data base is used as the raw materialraw material or input datainput data for all of the application system perform by the organization.
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
Each ROW is a RECORD.Each ROW is a RECORD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.
FIELD NAMEFIELD NAME
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
TABLE
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEMEXAMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:Structure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfStructure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsDate of last update : 10/26/1996Date of last update : 10/26/1996Filename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfFilename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbf
Field Field Name Field Field Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec IndexField Data Types Field Width Dec Index
11 AppNumberAppNumber character 6 character 6 22 AppDateAppDate date date 8 833 NameName character 20character 2044 Address character 30Address character 3055 LoanAmount numeric 12 2LoanAmount numeric 12 266 Rebate numeric 7 2Rebate numeric 7 277 Interest numeric 7 2Interest numeric 7 288 Balance numeric 12 2Balance numeric 12 299 Penalty numeric 7 2Penalty numeric 7 2
DATA ORGANIZATIONDATA ORGANIZATIONDATA – is a raw materials or input to any
data processing system. - is considered as INPUT DATA. - is manipulated to provide OUTPUT DATA.Example: Student Admission Form & Enrollment Form Pay Slip of an employee INFORMATION – when this OUTPUT DATA can be
used to help people make economic decision making.
DATA PROCESSING – is that procedures of transforming INPUT DATA into
desired OUTPUT DATA.
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DATA ORGANIZATIONDATA ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION PROCESSING – a special case of data
processing is the procedure of transforming datadata into informationinformation which
can be used to make better decision.
Data Processing System – includes all people, procedures & computer device used to produce
desirable output or meaningful information.
Information Processing System – includes all people, procedures, computer
devices used to procedure useful that can be used in decision making
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DATA ORGANIZATIONDATA ORGANIZATIONOverview of DATA Processing
Ex. Payroll System
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
Example:1.) Pay Rate2.) Hours Worked3.) Payroll
Deduction
Example:
1.) Classifying
2.) Sorting
3.) Calculating
4.) Storing
5.) Summarizing
6.) Reproducing
Example: 1.) Pay Slip 2.) Payroll Report
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INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMHardware, Software, People, Procedures, Policies, DATA are combined to create an INFORMATIONINFORMATION
SYSTEMSYSTEM. The term INFORMATION SYSTEM is a generic reference to a
Computer-Based System that provides the following:
1.) DATA PROCESSING – capabilities for a company . - DATA PROCESSING capability refers to
the System’s ability to handle and process DATA.2.) INFORMATION SYSTEM – people need to make better more
informed Decisions. - The more sophisticated INFORMATION SYSTEMS
provide Decision Makers with ON-DEMAND REPORTS and INQUIRY CAPABILITIES as well as routine
periodic reports.MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
DATABASE DATABASE SYSTEMSYSTEM
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
Database ConceptsData vs.Information
DBMSMELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
DatabaseDatabaseComputerized Record Keeping SystemCollection of Data used by an organization to
1. Record its Operations2. Support Decision Making
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DataDataRaw facts and figures
Can be of typeTextNumberSound, Image, Chart, Video
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
InformatioInformationnProcessed Data
Used for Decision Making
Data is also INFORMATIONInformation creates DATA
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEMEXAMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:Structure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfStructure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsDate of last update : 10/26/1996Date of last update : 10/26/1996Filename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfFilename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbf
Field Field Name Field Field Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec IndexField Data Types Field Width Dec Index
11 AppNumberAppNumber character 6 character 6 22 AppDateAppDate date date 8 833 NameName character 20character 2044 Address character 30Address character 3055 LoanAmount numeric 12 2LoanAmount numeric 12 266 Rebate numeric 7 2Rebate numeric 7 277 Interest numeric 7 2Interest numeric 7 288 Balance numeric 12 2Balance numeric 12 299 Penalty numeric 7 2Penalty numeric 7 2
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
Each ROW is a RECORD.Each ROW is a RECORD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.
FIELD NAMEFIELD NAME
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
TABLE
A DataBase Management SystemA DataBase Management System
(DBMS)(DBMS)often just called ‘Database Software’
InputInput Processing OutputOutput
StoringQueryingSorting
FORMSFORMS REPORTSREPORTS
Sources Documents
Like:
Enrollment Forms
Printed
Documents
Like:
Assessment Forms
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Database TerminologyDatabase TerminologyTerm Meaning
Database
Table
Record
Field
Data Type
An organised collection (or Store) of data.
A collection of related records, such as all the pupil records in a class.
A collection of related fields, such as a pupil’s record.
An individual data item, such as Firstname or Date of Birth.
Type of information in a field such astext, numeric, date and boolean (Yes/No)
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The Russian Doll AnalogyThe Russian Doll Analogy
Fields inside of…
A Database
Tables inside of…
Records inside of…
Data inside of…
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
Each ROW is a RECORD.Each ROW is a RECORD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.
FIELD NAMEFIELD NAME
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
RECORD
TABLE
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEMEXAMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:Structure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfStructure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsDate of last update : 10/26/1996Date of last update : 10/26/1996Filename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfFilename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbf
Field Field Name Field Field Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec IndexField Data Types Field Width Dec Index
11 AppNumberAppNumber character 6 character 6 22 AppDateAppDate date date 8 833 NameName character 20character 2044 Address character 30Address character 3055 LoanAmount numeric 12 2LoanAmount numeric 12 266 Rebate numeric 7 2Rebate numeric 7 277 Interest numeric 7 2Interest numeric 7 288 Balance numeric 12 2Balance numeric 12 299 Penalty numeric 7 2Penalty numeric 7 2
What is a What is a DBMSDBMS??A collection of computer programs that allow storage, modification, and extraction of information from a databaseinformation from a database. There are many different types of DBMS ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.
Examples--
Computerized library systemsComputerized library systems, automated teller machines, flight reservation systems, computerized parts inventory systemscomputerized parts inventory systems.
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
Introduction Introduction To DBMS To DBMS ConceptsConcepts
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
What is a What is a DBMSDBMS??A collection of computer programs that allow storage, modification, and extraction of information from a databaseinformation from a database. There are many different types of DBMS ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.
Examples--
Computerized library systemsComputerized library systems, automated teller machines, flight reservation systems, computerized parts inventory systemscomputerized parts inventory systems.
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
Examples of DATABASE(1)Examples of DATABASE(1)Admission System Examination System Library SystemPayroll & Personnel Management SystemAccounting SystemHotel Reservation SystemAirline Reservation System
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
Examples of DATABASEExamples of DATABASE (2)Patient Recording SystemInventory SystemSales and Purchase and Accounting SystemEnrollment SystemKnowledge-Based Management System
Every Government, Military, Private and other organizations plus Individual can make use of DB
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Data ManagementData Management
Manual Filing SystemManual Filing System
Computerized Filing Computerized Filing SystemSystem
Database SystemsDatabase Systems
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Filing SystemFiling SystemEvery Department/Company has its ownEvery Department/Company has its own
Data File(s)Data File(s)
Application to Maintain Data File(s)Application to Maintain Data File(s)
-- Computerized Data Maintenance System-- Computerized Data Maintenance System
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Library SystemLibrary System - Example - Example
Members
Catalog
Register
MembersManagementApplication
CatalogManagementApplication
TransactionManagementApplication
Lists of All Members, New Members, Joins between
specified Dates. etc
Lists of All Books, New Books,
Issued Books, Lost Books,. etc
Books Issued Today,Books Receipt Today,
etc
FilesFiles ApplicationsApplications OperationsOperations
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Database SystemDatabase SystemSingle, Central, Large Repository
Shared Resource
Have Logical Connections among data items
DBA is responsible of its design, creation and maintenance
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Is a PERSONIs a PERSON
MembersManagementApplication
CatalogManagementApplication
TransactionManagementApplication
Lists of All Members, New Members, Joins between
specified Dates. etc
Lists of All Books, New Books,
Issued Books, Lost Books,. etc
Books Issued Today,Books Receipt Today,
etc
Members
Catalog
Register
DBMSDBMS
DatabaseDatabase
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Library SystemLibrary System - - ExampleExample
DBMSDBMSSoftware Package that providesSoftware Package that provides
Support to applications systemSupport to applications system
-- Computerized DATA Handling-- Computerized DATA Handling
User-interface for on-line queriesUser-interface for on-line queries
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Advantages of DBMS (1)Advantages of DBMS (1)Sharing of DataControl of Redundancy
-(unnecessary wastage of disk space)Data ConsistencyImprovement of Data StandardsImprovement of Data Integrity
-(Intra-record, inter-record, referential)Balancing of ConflictsFaster Development of New Applications
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Advantages of DBMS Advantages of DBMS (2)(2)Better Security
PasswordsEncryptionViews and Stored Procedures
Better Data Accessibility(query language- SQL programming)
Economy of ScaleTransaction handlingBetter backup and Recovery Procedures
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Disadvantages of DBMSDisadvantages of DBMSHigher Costs of
DBMSHardwareConversionProgramming
Slow Processing of Some ApplicationsMore Security RisksMore Difficult Recovery
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Kinds of DatabasesKinds of DatabasesRelational: Oracle 9i/8i, SQL-Server 2000/7.0/6.5,Relational: Oracle 9i/8i, SQL-Server 2000/7.0/6.5,
Teradata, Sybase(SQL Anywhere),Teradata, Sybase(SQL Anywhere),
DB2, InformixDB2, Informix
MS-Access, Foxpro 2.6/2.5,dbase IV/3 +MS-Access, Foxpro 2.6/2.5,dbase IV/3 +
Network e.g. Network e.g. IDS ServerIDS Server
Paradox, FoxBase, Dbase3+, DbaseIVParadox, FoxBase, Dbase3+, DbaseIV
DBU, Visual FoxPro, MS-Access – Windows 7DBU, Visual FoxPro, MS-Access – Windows 7
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Relational DBMSRelational DBMSDATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
TABLETABLE
TABLETABLE
TABLETABLETABLETABLE
Important RDBMS ObjectsImportant RDBMS Objects
TablesTables
ViewsViews
TriggersTriggers
Stored ProceduresStored Procedures
FunctionsFunctions
Primary KeyPrimary Key
Foreign KeyForeign Key
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Networked DBMSNetworked DBMS
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
SQL:
It is an acronym for Structured Query It is an acronym for Structured Query Language. Language.
It is the language in which, the client It is the language in which, the client sends the request sends the request to the to the database for data database for data
Eg. Select name, address Eg. Select name, address
From emp From emp
Where city = ‘BUTUAN CITY’Where city = ‘BUTUAN CITY’
SQL:
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
PL/SQL:PL/SQL:It is an acronym for Programming Language/Structured QueryProgramming Language/Structured Query
Language Language
Apart from writing the SQL you also have the programming language constructs like
• If then else (checking conditions)
• Looping (Executing the set of statements more that once)
• Exception and error handling (Taking care of run time errors)
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
Database DesignDatabase DesignDatabase design is the process of producing a detailed data model of a database. This logical data model contains all the needed logical and physical design choices and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a Data Definition Language, which can then be used to create a database. A fully attributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity.
Process:• Determine the data to be stored in the database• Determine the relationships between the different
data elements• Superimpose a logical structure upon the data on the
basis of these relationships.
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
Database ObjectsDatabase ObjectsA Database Trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table in a database. Triggers can restrict access to specific data, perform logging, or audit data modifications.
A Database View is a virtual or logical table composed of the result set of a query. Unlike ordinary tables (base tables) in a relational database, a view is not part of the physical schema: it is a dynamic, virtual table computed or collated from data in the database. Changing the data in a table alters the data shown in the view
In relational databasesrelational databases, SQL databases, and flat file databases,a Table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of horizontal rows and vertical columns.
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
In database packagesdatabase packages, the term Cursor refers to a control structure for the successive traversal (and potential processing) of records in a result set.
A Transaction Log (also database log or binary log) is a history of actions executed by a database management system to guarantee ACID properties over crashes or hardware failures. Physically, a log is a file of updates done to the database, stored in stable storage.
A Database Index is a data structure that improves the speed of operations in a table. Indexes can be created using one or more columns, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient ordering of access to records.
A Stored Procedure is a subroutine available to applications accessing a relational database system. Stored procedures (sometimes called a sproc or SP) are actually stored in the database.
Database ObjectsDatabase ObjectsDATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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NormalizatioNormalizationnWhy Normalize?
Ideally, a relational databaserelational database table should be designed in such a way as to exclude the possibility of update, insertion, and deletion anomalies. The normal forms of relational database theory provide guidelines for deciding whether a particular design will be vulnerable to such anomalies. It is possible to correct an unnormalized design so as to make it adhere to the demands of the normal forms: this is called normalization.
A table that is not sufficiently normalized can suffer from
logical inconsistencies of various types, and fromanomalies involving data operations causingUpdate, Insert and Delete Anomalies.
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
TRANSACTION MANAGEMENTTRANSACTION MANAGEMENTWhat is a Database Transaction ?
A database transactiondatabase transaction is a unit of interaction with a database management system or similar system that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. In general, a database transaction must be atomic, meaning that it must be either entirely completed or aborted. Ideally, a database system will guarantee the properties of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability (ACID) for each transaction.
A Simple Transaction1. Begin the transaction2. Execute several queries 3. Commit the transaction
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DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
ACIDACIDIn computer sciencecomputer science, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably. In the context of databases, a single logical operation on the data is called a transaction.
Atomicity - Atomicity refers to the ability of the DBMS to guarantee that either all of the tasks of a transaction are performed or none of them are.Consistency - Consistency refers to the database being in a legal state when the transaction begins and when it ends. This means that a transaction cannot break the rules, or integrity constraints, of the database.Isolation - Isolation refers to the ability of the application to make operations in a transaction appear isolated from all other operationsDurability -Durability ensures that the results of a completed transaction are permanent and can survive future system and media failures; that is, once they are done, they can not be undone. can not be undone.
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Kinds of Database Kinds of Database ConsultantsConsultants
DATABASE DesignersDATABASE Designersis a personis a person
DATABASE DevelopersDATABASE Developersis a personis a person
DBA (Data Base Administrator)DBA (Data Base Administrator)is a personis a person
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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DATABASE Designers:DATABASE Designers:
These consultants Analyze, These consultants Analyze, design the complete design the complete structure of the database.structure of the database.
They design Tables, Views, They design Tables, Views, Normalization, ER Diagram, Normalization, ER Diagram, Integrity constraints, etc.Integrity constraints, etc.
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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DATABASE DevelopersDATABASE Developers::These consultant write stored These consultant write stored procedures, triggers, functions, etc.procedures, triggers, functions, etc.
Technical terms found in the resume Technical terms found in the resume of such consultants —of such consultants —
TriggersTriggers
Stored ProceduresStored Procedures
PackagesPackages
Unix Shell ScriptingUnix Shell Scripting
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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DBDBADMINISTRATORADMINISTRATOR::These consultants’ profile These consultants’ profile includes installation, includes installation, configuration, migration, configuration, migration, backup, recovery operationsbackup, recovery operationsVarious Tasks of the DBA are:Various Tasks of the DBA are:
a) Granting accessa) Granting accessb) User creation and deletionb) User creation and deletionc) Performance tuningc) Performance tuningd) Query optimizationd) Query optimization
DATABASE SYSTEMDATABASE SYSTEM
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Related Skills in DATABASE SYSTEMData WarehousingData Warehousing
Development of a data warehouse includes development of systems to extract data from operating systems plus installation of a warehouse database system that provides managers flexible access to the data Data MiningData MiningA class of database applications that look for hidden patterns in a group of data that can be used to predict future behavior Data ModelingData ModelingThe analysis of data objects and their relationships to other data objects. Data modeling is often the first step in database design and object-oriented programming as the designers first create a conceptual model of how data items relate to each other. Data modeling involves a progression from conceptual model to logical model to physical schema.
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DATABASE DATABASE SYSTEMSYSTEM
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