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Chapter 17
Video
MELJUN CORTES
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MELJUN CORTES
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Overview
In this chapter, you will learn to
Explain how video displays work
Select the proper video card
Install and configure video software
Troubleshoot basic video problems
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Video
Video consists of two devicesthe video card(display adapter) and the monitor
The video card consists of two distinct
components One takes commands from the computer and
updates its own
onboard RAM
The other scans the
RAM and sends data
to the monitor
Monitor Video card
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CRT Monitors
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CRT
All CRTmonitors have a cathode ray tube(CRT),which is a vacuum tube
One end of this tube is aslender cylinder that
consists of three
electron guns
The wide end of the
CRT is the display screen
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CRT
When power is applied to the electron guns, astream of electrons is generated
This stream is subjected to a magnetic field
generated by a ring of electromagnets called ayoke
The phosphor coating releases energy as visible
light when struck by the electrons Phosphors continue to glow momentarily after being
struckcalled persistence
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CRT Refresh Rates
CompTIA A+
Essentials
Essentials
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CRT Refresh Rates
Horizontal refresh rate
(HRR)
The speed at which the
electron beam moves across
the screen
Vertical refresh rate(VRR)
The amount of time taken by
the monitor to draw the entirescreen and get the electron
beam back to the start
Videodata is displayed on the monitor as the electron gunsweeps the display horizontally, energizing appropriate areas onthe phosphor coating.
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CRT Refresh Rates
Video cards push the monitor at a given VRR,and then the monitor determines the HRR
If the VRR is set too low, youll see flicker
If it is set too high, youll have a distorted screenimage and may damage the monitor
Multisync(multiple-frequency monitor) monitors
support multiple VRRs
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Phosphors
Phosphors and shadowmask
Phosphorsare dots inside
the CRT monitor that glowred, green, or blue when
an electron gun sweeps
over them
Phosphors are evenly
distributed across the front
of the monitorOne group of red, green,and blue phosphors is calleda triad
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Shadow Mask
Shadow maskis a screen that enables the properelectron gun to light the proper phosphor
Electron guns sweep across
the phosphors as a group
The area of phosphors lit at one time by a group of
guns is called a pictureelement, orpixel
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Resolution
Monitor resolutionis always shown as the numberof horizontal pixels times the number of vertical
pixels
Some common resolutions are 640x 480, 800 x 600,
1024 x 768, 1280 x 1024, and
1600 x 1200
These resolutions match a 4:3
ratio called the aspect ratio
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Dot Pitch
Dot pitchdiagonal distance betweenphosphorous dots of the same color
Range from 0.39 mm to as low as 0.18 mm
The lower the dot
pitch, the more dots
across the
screen, whichproduces a
sharper, more defined
image
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Bandwidth
Bandwidthnumber of times an electron gun canbe turned on or off per second
Bandwidth is measured in megahertz (MHz)
VRR determined by bandwidth and resolution
Bandwidth pixels per page = Maximum VRR
For example, a 17-inch monitor with a 100MHz bandwidth and a
resolution of 1024 x 768 can support a maximum VRR of 127 Hz
100,000,000 (1024 x 768) = 127 Hz
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LCD Monitors
Liquid crystal displays
Thinner and lighter
Much less power
Flicker free
Dont emit radiation
Called flat panels or flat panel displays
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How LCDs Work
Liquid crystalstake advantage of the property ofpolarization
Liquid crystals are composed of specially
formulated liquid
Liquid is full of long, thin crystals that always orient
themselves in the same direction
The crystals act exactly like a liquid polarized filter
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Liquid Crystal Molecules
LCD monitors use liquid crystal molecules thattend to line up together
These molecules take advantage of polarization
Fine grooves in a piece of glass will cause the
molecules to line up along the grooves
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Twisting Molecules
Use two pieces of glass with fine groovesoriented at a 90 angle
Molecules in the middle will try to line up to both
sidescreating a nice twist
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Add Polarizing Filters
Now add polarizing filters to both sides The liquid crystal will twist the light and enable it to
pass through
Adding an electrical potential will cause the crystals
to try to align to the electrical field To darken an area, apply a charge
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Passive Matrix
Uses three matrices to produce color
Above the intersections of the wires, glass covers tiny
red, green, & blue dots
Slow and tends to create an overlap between pixels
Slightly blurred
effect
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Dual-Scan Passive Matrix
Refreshes two lines at a time
Still used on some low-end LCD panels
Largely replaced with TFT
Thin film transistor
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Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Thin film transistor(TFT) is also known as active matrix
It uses one or more tiny transistors to control each color dot
Brighter, with better contrast
Can handle a varietyof colors, and hasa much widerviewing area
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LCD Components
Backlights illuminate the image Inverters power the backlights (with AC)
LCD logic board uses DC
Cold cathode
fluorescent lamp
(CCFL) usedin backlights
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LCD Components
Brightness Determined by backlight
Measured in nits (100 to 1000 with the avg. at 300)
Response rate Similar concept as refresh rate
Lower rate (68 ns) better
Low-end LCDs (2025 ns) have ghosting problems
Contrast ratio
Difference between lightest and darkest
Low end (250:1) to high end (1000:1)
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Projectors
Front-view and rear-view
CRT projectors used first and are expensive
LCD projectors light and comparatively inexpensive
Today, almost all portable projectors are LCDs
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Projector Features
LumensAmount of light provided by a light source
Higher lumens = brighter picture
Throw
Size of an image at a certain distance
Related to aspect ratio
Lamps
Get very hot
Expensivetypically a few hundred dollars
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Common Features
Overview Size
Connections
Adjustments
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Common FeaturesSize
CRT monitors measured in inches
Monitor size (not viewable area)
Viewable image size(VIS)screen size from diagonalcorners
LCD monitors usejust the VIS value
Monitor size VIS
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Common FeaturesConnections
Traditional CRT monitors usea 15-pin, 3-row, DB-type
connector and a power plug
LCDs can use DB-15 or
digital video interface (DVI)
DVI-D (digital)
DVI-A (analog) DVI A/D or DVI-I (interchangeable)
DVI to VGAAdapter
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Common FeaturesConnections
The Random Access Memory Digital-to-AnalogConverter(RAMDAC) chip
Converts digital signals into analog signals for
analog CRTs
LCD monitors use digital signals
Circuitry for converting analog signals to digital
usually on board the LCD monitors
When using the DVI connection, not translated toanalog (RAMDAC not used)
Digital from video card sent and used as digital on
LCD monitor
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Common FeaturesAdjustments
Controls On/off button
Brightness/contrast button
Onboard menu system
Two main functions
of menu
Physical screen adjustments
Color adjustments
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Power Conservation
About half the power required by the PC isconsumed by the CRT monitor
Monitors that meet the VESA specs can reduce
power consumption by +/75 percent
Done with Display Power-Management Signaling(DPMS)
CRT monitor consumes +/120 watts
Power-down DPMS mode reduces to +/25 watts
Full shutoff DPMS mode reduces to +/15 watts
Takes about 1530 seconds to restore display
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Power Conservation
LCD monitor uses less than half the electricity asa CRT
19-inch 4:3 flat panel display uses
+/33 watts at peak usage
Less than 2 watts in DPMS mode
Replacing CRTs with LCDs can have an impact on
the electric bill
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Video Cards
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Video Card
Two major components
1. Video RAM
Stores the video image
2. Video processor circuitry
Takes information from video RAM and sends it
to the monitor
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Video RAM
Text video cardsdisplay only the 256 ASCII characters Older systems displayed on 80 chars/row and only 24
rowsonly 1920 bytes of RAM needed
Graphics video cardscould turn any pixel on or off Resolution of 320 x 200 pixels required 8 KB
To add color, multiple bits added 8 bits = 256 colors
24 bits = 16.7 million colors (true color)
Color depthis represented as bits (color depth of 24 bits) and not thenumber of colors
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Color Depth
Color depthis represented as bits Color depth of 24 bits
Not the number of colors
24 bits commonly referred to as true color
Number of Colors Number of Bits
2 colors 1 bit (mono)
4 colors 2 bits
256 colors 8 bits
64,000 colors 16 bits
16.7 million colors 24 bits
16.7 million colors
8-bit opacity
32 bits
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Video Modes
VGA (640 x 480) Beyond VGA
SVGA, XGA, and more
Mode Resolution Mode Resolution
QVGA 320 x 240 WSXGA 1440 x 900
WVGA 800 x 480 SXGA+ 1400 x 1050
SVGA 800 x 600 WSXGA+ 1680 x 1050
XGA 1024 x 768 UXGA 1600 x 1200WXGA 1200 x 800 HDTV 1080 1920 x 1080
HDTV 720 1280 x 720 WUXGA 1920 x 1200
SXGA 1280 x 1024 WQUXGA 2560 x 1600
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Motherboard Connection
PCI slots 800 x 600 with refresh of 70 Hz at 8 bits (256
colors) requires 33.6 Mbps bandwidth
24 bits (16.7 million colors) requires 100.8 Mbps
Not enough bandwidth available on shared PCI bus
AGP (accelerated graphics port)
Dedicated to video
Several advantages over PCI
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AGP Benefits AGPis a single special port dedicated to video
Derived from the 66-MHz, 32-bit PCI 2.1 specification
Strobing increases signals two, four, and eight times for each clockcycle
Uses its own dedicated data bus connected to Northbridge
Supports pipelining
Uses sidebanding (can send and receive at same time)
Can steal chunks of regular system memory
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PCIe (PCI Express)
Developed to be replacement for PCI Designed to replace AGP also
Incredibly fast serial communications
Supports many of the AGP benefits Sidebanding
System memory access
PCIe card
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Graphics Processor
The most important decision in buying a videocard is the graphics processor
Most video processors are made by
NVIDIA
ATI
ATI Radeon X1950 XTX512 MBATI Manufacturer
Radeon X1950 XTX Processor & Model
No.
512 MB Amount of RAM
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Graphics Processor
NVIDIA and ATI release multiple models ofgraphics processors each year
Most features only seen in 3-D games
Textures
Transparency
Shadows
Reflection
Bump mapping
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Video Memory
Video RAM constantly updates to reflect everychange that takes place on screen
Three bottlenecks
Data throughput speedAccess speed
Simple capacity
Overcome bottlenecks in three ways
Wider bus between video RAM and video processor
Specialized super-fast RAM
More RAM
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Video Memory
Bus widths 64, 128, and even 256 bits wide
Most of the graphics rendering and processing is
handled on the card
Dedicated video processor rather than the CPU
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Video Memory
Video RAM Technologies
Acronym Name Purpose
VRAM Video RAM Original
WRAM Windows RAM Never caught on
SGRAM Synchronous
Graphics RAM
Special SDRAM
DDR SDRAM Double Data Rate
SDRAM
Used on budget
graphics cardsDDR2 SDRAM DDR Version 2 Replaced with GDDR3
GDDR3 SDRAM Graphics DDR V. 3 Faster DDR2
GDDR4 SDRAM Graphics DDR V. 4 Upgrade of GDDR3
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Installing and Configuring
Video Software
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Physical Installation Issues
Two primary issues
1. Long cards Some video cards are tall
and may not fit in all cases
Get a new case or newvideo card
2. Proximity to nearest PCI card
Video cards run very hot Leave space for ventilation
Good practice is to leave the slot next to an AGPcard empty to allow better airflow
Software
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Software
Two-step process
1. Load the drivers
Install from CD or use built-in
driver (if you must)
Built-in driver likely the oldest
Check the manufacturers
Web site for updates
2. Check the drivers Use the Display applet
Display Applet
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Display Applet
Found in Control Panel or right-click the desktop and
choose Properties
Making the screen pretty
Themes
Desktop Appearance
Other tabs
Screen Saver Settings
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Display Applet
Screen Saver
Power Management
features
Covered in Chapter 19
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Display Applet
Settings tabAllows you to configure multiple monitors
Can configure resolution and color depth
Display Applet Advanced
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Display AppletAdvanced
Monitor tab
Can update monitor driver
Can set the screen refresh
rate
Change in small increments
Can cause damage
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Display AppletAdvanced
Many video cards have card-specific tab
Color Correction Can adjust screen colors
Rotation Portrait or Landscape
Modes Very advanced settings
Usually not needed
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Working with Drivers
Video drivers work same way as other hardwaredrivers
Can access this screen
from Device Manager or
Device applet Update driver
Roll back driver
Uninstall driver
As a basic rule Uninstall old drivers before
installing drivers for new
video card
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IT Technician
CompTIA A+Technician
3-D Graphics
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3-D Graphics
Improvements driven by gamesAlthough improvements used in other applications
such as computer aided design (CAD)
First-person shooters (FPSs) such as Wolfenstein3D and Doom started move to 3-D
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Transformation and Sprites
Movement of 3-D objects referred to astransformation (CPU intensive)
Intels SIMD and AMDs 3DNow! expressly
designed to perform transformation
Early 3-D games used sprites
Just a bitmap graphic moved
around on the screen
Each figure had a limited number
of sprites or angles of view
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3-D Objects
The second generation produced 3-D objects thrua process called rendering
Composed of a group of points or vertices
Vertices were connected with lines (called edges) The edges form triangles that create polygons
The last step is adding a texture (or skin)
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3-D Video Cards
Graphics processing units needed
Screens redrawn at least 24 times per second
3-D video cards have massive amounts of RAM fortextures and fast processors for transformations
Application programming interfaces (APIs) created
to talk to hardware directly OpenGL ported from UNIX
DirectX (Microsoft only)
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DirectX and Video Cards
DirectX provides direct access to hardware asfollows:
DirectDraw: for 2-D graphics
Direct3D: for 3-D graphics
DirectInput: for joysticks and game controllers
DirectSound: for waveforms
DirectMusic: for MIDI devices
DirectPlay: for multiplayer games
DirectShow: for video and presentation devices
DirectX Diagnostic Tool
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DirectX Diagnostic Tool
Accessories | System Tools | System Information
Tools | DirectX Diagnostic Tool
OrRun DXDiag
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Web sites
Some useful Web sites to visit before making ahardware-buying decision
www.arstechnica.com
www.hardocp.com www.tomshardware.com
www.sharkyextreme.com
http://www.arstechnica.com/http://www.hardocp.com/http://www.tomshardware.com/http://www.sharkyextreme.com/http://www.sharkyextreme.com/http://www.tomshardware.com/http://www.hardocp.com/http://www.arstechnica.com/ -
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Troubleshooting Video
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Video Card Problems
Vast majority of problems are Improper or corrupt drivers
Incorrect settings
Incompatible or corrupt driver symptoms 640 x 480 mode
16-color VGA
Your response Boot into safe mode and remove driver
Use Add/Remove programs if available
Use Device Manager
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Video Card HW Problems
Hardware problems usually justone of two
Fan has gone out
RAM is faulty
Faulty hardware
symptoms
Bizarre output
May see mouse moving
Display is a mess
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Video Card Problems
Dont forget the obvious If everything is sideways, check the rotation settings
Limited colorscheck the color depth
Resolution set too high Input signal out of range
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Troubleshooting Monitors
Opening up a monitor
can be deadly
Even when the power is disconnected, certain
components inside a monitor retain a substantial voltage
for an extended period of time. If you accidentally short
one of the components, it could actually kill you!
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Troubleshooting Monitors
Dangerous inside a monitor
Proper adjustment requires specialized training
Your goal is to determine if a problem is in one
these three categories:
Common monitor problems
External adjustments Internal adjustments
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Common Monitor Problems
Control buttons are replaceable Check with the manufacturer
Ghosting, streaking, fuzzy vertical edges Check the cable connections and cable itself
Missing color Check cable for breaks, bent pins, and
monitor adjustments
Loss of brightness Normal with age, so use power management
Internal adjustments may be made
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Common ProblemsCRTs
You may be able to fix this Big color blotchesdegauss it with degauss button
Its probably beyond fixing Dim display (with brightness turned up)
Take it in to a repair shop Out of focusadjustment near the
flyback transformer
Hissing or sparking sounds Bird-like chirping sounds
Single horizontal or vertical line
Single white dot on a black screen
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Troubleshooting Monitors
External controls provide users with the opportunity to fine-tune the monitors image
Brightness and contrast
Pincushioning
Trapezoidal adjustments
Tint and saturation of color
Monitors have a built-in circuit called a degaussing coil
Eliminates magnetic build-up
A fuzzy looking monitor may be fixed by degaussing it
Disregard the loud thunk soundits normal
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Troubleshooting CRTs
Convergence defines how closely the three colorswill combine
Misconvergence causes halos
Most likely near the edges of the screen
Can be set by internal adjustments
Schematics of monitor will show location of variable
resistor that can be adjusted Manufacturers wont give you the schematics
Leave to a trained specialist
High-Voltage Anode
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g o age ode
Under the suction cup is the
actual high-voltage anode
The wire leading from thesuction cup goes to theflyback transformer
Theres a big capacitor thatcan hold up to 25,000 voltsof charge for days, weeks,months, or even years
Lifting this
suction cup willalmost certainly
kill you!
High-voltage anode
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Do NOT attempt todischarge a monitor
unless properly trained
and equipped
Discharging a CRT
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Common ProblemsLCDs
Symptoms Cracked LCD monitors: not repairable
LCD goes dark: lost either lamp or inverter
Hissing noise: inverter is about to fail
LCD repair companies Specialize in repairing LCD monitors
Bad pixels Normal to have some bad pixels Dead pixel: never lights up
Lit pixel: stays on pure white
Stuck pixel: stays on certain color
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Cleaning Monitors
Anti-static monitor wipes or anti-static clothsshould be used for cleaning the monitor
Do not use window cleaners
Avoid commercial cleaning solutions on
LCD screens
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Beyond A+ Video setting for EGA/VGA
Has no meaning today and is ignored
Init Display First Determines which monitor to boot first in a multi-monitor
system
Assign IRQ for VGA Not needed for low-end cards High end: Try it each way
VGA Palette Snoop Not used today
Video Shadowing Enabled Typically ignored but sometimes required to be off
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2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
SLI and Crossfire
Splitting the processing load between two ormore GPUs
NVIDIA calls theirs Scalable Link Interface (SLI)
ATI calls theirs CrossFire
Two video cards installed and connected with a
bridge card
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2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
TV and PCs
TV Out connects computer to TV
Tuner cards
Allows PC to mimic some
features of Tivo
HDMI (High Definition
Multimedia Interface)
Designed to replaceDVI connections
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2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
TV and PCs
Plasma Not suited for PCs
Odd native resolutions (such as 1366x768)
Burn-intendency for a screen to ghost an image
DLP
Digital light processing
SED, FED Combines CRT strengths with LCD strengths
Surface-conduction electron emitter display
Field emission display
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