MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An...
-
Upload
avice-rice -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
2
Transcript of MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An...
![Page 1: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MEIDEX –MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR
THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT
• An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program• Under an agreement between NASA and ISA (Israeli Space Agency)
![Page 2: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHY STUDY DUST STORMS?• Desert dust particles are a major component of natural aerosols in the atmosphere
• They may help to cool or warm the atmosphere depending on their size and chemical composition
• They affect clouds and precipitation
• They are in the right particle size to affect our health being deposited in the lungs
•They affect mechanical systems (e.g. jet engines, helicopters etc.)
• They reduce the contrast in remote sensing measurements
• They affect biological activity in the Ocean
![Page 3: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Desert dust particles Dust storm over the Dead Sea
Dust in Sahara – view from space Desert dust in Tel Aviv
![Page 4: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Non-Absorbing Aerosols in the Atmosphere
Major sources and transport routes of the desert dust
![Page 5: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Effects of Dust Particles on Climate
• They affect climate by changing the dolar albedo – direct effect• They affect climate by modifying cloud characteristics – indirect effect• They affect rainfall amounts and intensities (dust + sulfate + organic matter)
![Page 6: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Other Existing Experiments for Measuring Dust Aerosols
MODIS – instrument aboard TERRA satellite – was launched in January 2000
TOMS - aboard Earth Probe satellite – uses UV wavelengths – mostly sensitive to dust at higher altitudes
![Page 7: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MEIDEX Science TeamPrincipal Investigators:• Prof. Zev Levin• Prof. Joachim JosephAstronauts:• Col. Ilan Ramon• Lt-Col. Itzhak MayoTeam members:• Dr. Adam Devir• Dr. Eliezer Ganor• Prof. Peter Israelevich• Mr. Edmund Klodzh• Prof. Yuri Mekler• Mr. Meir Moalem• Dr. Yoram Noter• Mr. David Shtivelman• Mr. Amit Teller• Dr. Yoav Yair – Project Manager
The team consists of scientists from different disciplines:• Remote sensing of the atmosphere• Radiative transfer • Aerosol measurements and analysis• Modeling of atmospheric processes• Instrumentation for remote sensing and for airborne aerosol sampling
![Page 8: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
DAYTIME PRIMARY EXPERIMENTS:• Validate TOMS versus MODIS• Sources, Transport, Sinks and Properties of Desert Aerosol over the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean• Absolute calibration by ground and airborne measurements
DAYTIME SECONDARY EXPERIMENTS:• Spectral Sea Surface BRDF with emphasis on UV • Construct Visual Slant Visibility Model
NIGHT TIME EXPERIMENT (TERTIARY):• Sprites, Elves and other related phenomena
![Page 9: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Regions of Interest
Preferred Seasons:
• The best season is Spring (March to May) – we are scheduled to fly in spring 2001
• The secondary choice is the Fall (September to November)
![Page 10: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
STS-107• “Space Lab”- 33 Experiments • Fast Reaction Experiment Enabling Science,
Technology Applications & Research - FREESTAR• Primary Experiment: MEIDEX • Launch: April 4, 2002
![Page 11: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
MEIDEX on FREESTAR@STS107
Xybion IMC- 201 radiometric CCD camera
• CCD Sensor: 756Hx581V
• Sensitivity ≥10-6fc (~ 0.1 of typical night sky)
• Spectral range: 340-860nm
• 6 bands: 0.34, 0.38, 0.44, 0.56, 0.66, 0.86 nm
• Exposure Times: 50 nsec - 4 msec in 50 nsec steps
WFOV SEKAI White Light video camera
![Page 12: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
MEIDEX Optical Bench Mount• Cameras are mounted in a 1-axis gimbaled truss
• Gimbal angular range: ± 22.5 Degrees
• Scan direction: ± Y
• FOV Xybion: 16o (68km at the altitude 256km - about 100m/pixel nominal resolution)
• FOV SEKAI: 60o (270 km at the altitude 256 km)
![Page 13: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Xybion camera
Upper End Plate w/ Quartz Window
Gimbal Motor & Worm Drive
Worm Gear
SEKAI WFOV Camera
Lower End Plate
Lens & Baffle
Xybion Camera
Avionics Mount Plate w/ electronics
OVERALL MEIDEX CONFIGURATION
![Page 14: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1. Wing mounted optical spectrometers (0.1 to 3 m, and 0.3 to 47 m)
2. Isokinetic sampling of aerosol particles on filtered and on EM grids
3. Ram collection of large (>2.5 m) aerosols
4. Two albedometers5. GPS6. Temperature sensors
Airborne Measurements
Flight base: Crete, or Sardinia, or TenerifeRadius: 500 miles
![Page 15: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
FORECAST
Dust Forecast with the TAU_ETA model and TOMS observations for April 23, 2001
![Page 16: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SLANT VISIBILITY“VISIBILITY”: Ability of Human Eye to see a reflecting object through a scattering, absorbing and turbulent atmosphere.Depends on Complex Interaction of Multiple Component System:• Contrast Threshold of Human Eye, • Inherent Spectral Contrast of the Object versus its Background,• Atmospheric Spectral Extinction (x,y,h),• Atmospheric Turbulence (x,y,h),• Geometric Slant Path.IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT RELIABLE MODEL BY INFORMATION TRANSFER FROM NON - HUMAN SYSTEMS.Our Experiment:Observation of designated targets along the shuttle footprintas a function of time on a “Yes/No” Basis.Correlation between KNOWN Optical Properties of the Atmosphere and the SUBJECTIVE Detection Capability of the Astronaut’s Eye.
![Page 17: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Observations of Sprites• Sprite observation by XYBION camera will be carried our over South America and the Tropics (crucial role of the Astronaut)
• Simultaneous ground observa-tions will be carried out by teams from MIT and from Brazil
• Measurements of VLF waves (in particular Schumann resonances) from TAU Mitzpe Ramon station will be correlated with the space and ground observations
![Page 18: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The MEIDEX Data Acquisition Scheme
![Page 19: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
OPS ORG & DATA FLOW
Surface Obs.AERONET,(GSFC)Huelga, SpainIlurin, Nigeria
Forecast DataNEPC (NOAA)Airport Authority(BG Airport)IAF/MET
FORECASTCENTER
(TAU)
Airport Crew
Plane in Flight
Dust Sat ObsTOMSSEAWIFSMODIS(GSFC)
JSC(Houston)
Shuttle POCC(GSFC)
![Page 20: MEIDEX – MEDITERRANEAN ISRAELI DUST EXPERIMENT FOR THE FIRST ISRAELI ASTRONAUT FLIGHT An experiment on board the shuttle within the Hitchhiker program.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062718/56649eb35503460f94bbaef3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Dr. Y. Kaufman and Staff, GSFC - DA’s, Analysis• Dr. B. Holben and Staff, GSFC - AERONET• Dr. E. Hilsenrath and Staff, GSFC -
– Instrument Optical Properties, Calibrations.• Dr. D. Tanre, U. Lille, France - DA’s, CIMEL’s, 6s• Dr. Eric Vermote, UMD, US - Changes in 6s• Dr. R. Pinker, UMD, US - Calibrations in Nigeria• Dr. Victoria Cachorro, U.Valladolid - Calibration Site• Prof. P. Alpert, Dr. S. Krichak, Dr. M. Tsidulko, H. Shafir,
TAU, Dr. B. Ziv, OU - Dust Forecast • Dr. Colin Price, TAU, Prof. Earle Williams, MIT & Many
Others - Sprites & Related Measurements.
Scientific Cooperation