Mega Theorists Ppt

7/23/2019 Mega Theorists Ppt

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mega-theorists-ppt 1/53

Todorov’s Theory ofNarrative



In 1960’s, Todorov started working on his theoryof narratives. Todorov suggests that all lms

follow the same narrative attern. The!hara!ters in this narrative transform throughthe rogress of the disrution.

"e suggested that the narrative attern !onsistsof # stes$

o%&uili'rium

o(isrution

o)ealisationo)estored order

o%&uili'rium



%&uili'rium

The 'eginning of the story. This is where everythingis where it is suosed to 'e. *here everything is ina state of e&ual 'alan!e. This is the art whereeverything is normal and the ma+ority of the!hara!ters are hay and !ontent.

(isrution (ise&uili'rium

This is the art when a !ertain ro'lem will arise. This is where a !hara!ter might suddenly disaear

and the other !hara!ters try to nd the erson whodisaeared.



)ealisation

This is the art where the !hara!ters reali-e that

they have a ro'lem that they need to .

)estored /rder

This is the art of the story where the !hara!ters

would try to resolve their ro'lem. This is where the!hara!ters would work together to the ro'lemat hand.

New %&uili'rium This is the end art of the story. fter 'eing a'le toresolve the ro'lem, the !hara!ters !an now returnto their normal state.



trengths and weaknesses of the theory

o Todorov’s theory is seen as something that is too

'asi!. 2any modern tets are far more !omli!atedthan this simlisti! !on!et. It erhas ignores themore !omle !on!ets surrounding the narrative."owever3

o Todorov also emhasi-es that narrative is a ro!ess$'etween the two states of e&uili'rium there is aeriod of im'alan!e, and it4s during this time that!hanges or develoments haen. They hel drivethe narrative, 'ring a'out !hara!ter develoment,and kee readersviewers hooked.

o This theory is a 'it too simle. 5iewers may 'elooking for more twists in the lot so movierodu!ers may stray from this attern.



Todorov’s theory gives us the 'asi! stru!ture of anarrative. It serves as a guide to the lot of a !ertainlm. lot of lms are still following this tye ofattern when they are rodu!ing lms. 2a+ority, ifnot all, of the lms are most likely to start with ane&uili'rium, then en!ounter a !risis, solve it, and

have a new e&uili'rium in the end. %ven those lmsthat have a more !omli!ated lot still somehowresem'le this attern.

)elevan!e of Todorov’s theory in the ost7digital revolution era



Taken

Equilibrium: 8ryan is a retired agent who left the I to

'e near his daughter :im. :im travels to aris with herfriend manda after re!eiving ermission from her father.

Disruption: The girls share a !a' with a stranger in arisand manda tells him that they will 'e alone in aris.;sing this information, :im and manda gets kidnaed'y an l'anian gang of human tra<!kers

Realisation: :im !alls her father and gives himinformation a'out her kidnaer 'efore she gets taken.

Restored Order: 8ryan goes to aris in sear!h for his

daughter and her friend. "e nds :im and he 'rings herhome.

New Equilibrium: They arrive 'a!k home and return totheir normal lives. :im meets her favourite artist who8ryan works for now.



dorno’s

Theoryll media isformulai! and

reeat the samereresentation



dorno’s Theory

dorno states in his theory that youthsare resented to wears hoodies and have

a grou or =gang> .

?ouths are reresented inmedia as loud, re!kless and

violent. This is an eamle ofreeated reresentation

YouthRepresentation

%amles of when these are shownare@



dorno’s Theory

YouthRepresentation

nuva7"ood

lm whi!h talks a'out a guy whorealises that he’s 'e!oming +ust another=wanna7'e> 'ad 'oy



dorno’s Theory

YouthRepresentation

Aike in dorno4s theory the young 'oysare groued and hang out in a 'ig!rowd. s shown in the lm oster themain !hara!ter is wearing a hoody. Thisshows that the hoodie is seen as astale for the youth !ulture in the

media.



dorno’s Theory

YouthRepresentation

a lm a'out when a grou ofAondon youth’s meet aliens



dorno’s Theory

Youth physicalrepresentation in attack

in the block

Bang !ulture, hoodies, 'ikes and goingout at night. overing their fa!es areused to make them look intimidating



dorno’s Theory

Representation

The young youths live on a state andthey use and deal with drugs. t the

'eginning of the lm here is a ro''erys!ene too whi!h automati!ally !reates a

violent aearan!e on them



dorno’s TheoryTheory in Media

dorno4s theory alies to atta!k in the'lo!k and nuvahood as the youthreresentation is the same. The hoodiesare something used widely a!ross the

media to reresent youth and youth areshown in gangs. The slang and negativelanguage used in 'oth lms are alsosimilar, the way they dress and seak!reates a negative ima!t on thereresentation of the youths in a

general.



5ladimir ro

Narrative Theory C NarrativeDun!tions



What he said and when he said itro suggested that every narrative have E !ertain tyes of !hara!ters,whi!h are$

• The hero F the rotagonist who ghts the villain who is usually sear!hing for

something.

• The villain F The antagonist in the story who struggles to ght against the hero.

• The donor F a !hara!ter who reares the hero to ght the villain 'y giving them an

o'+e!t.

• The rin!ess F usually ortrayed as the damsel in distress who is usually the hero’sreward.

• The rin!ess’s father F )ewards the hero, usually gets the rin!ess and the hero to

wed.

• Dalse hero F !hara!ter who !laims or is ortrayed to 'e the hero 'ut is not.

• "eler F ;sually aids the hero on their &uest.

• (is at!her F ends the hero in the ri ht dire!tion.



ro would 'reak tales down to small units, whi!h he would !allnarratemes or narratie !unctions, these narrative fun!tions wouldnot aear in every tale or story$

• family mem'er would leave home Ghero is introdu!ed to the audien!eH.•

The hero is told to not do something.• The hero ignores the !ommand and does it anyway.• The villain aears Gintended vi!tim meets villain or villain nds +ewelsH.• 5illain gains information a'out vi!tim.• 5i!tim unwittingly hels villain.• 5illain !auses in+ury to family mem'er Gthrough imrisonment, murder or disaearan!e et!.H• "ero hears !all for hel or is disat!hed.• eeker de!ides on !ounter a!tion.• "ero leaves home

• "ero is interrogated, atta!ked or rearing the way for re!eiving magi!al agent or helerGdonorH.• "ero rea!ts to a!tions of the donor Gwithstands or fails testH.• "ero a!&uires use of magi!al agent.• "ero is taken to lo!ation of the o'+e!t.• "ero and villain in ght.• "ero is wounded.• 5illain is defeated.• ative freed or revived.• "ero returns.• "ero is ursued Gursuer tries to kill or in+ure heroH.• "ero is res!ued.• "ero returns home.• Dalse hero is &uestioned.• "ero sets task for false hero.• "ero is re!ognised.• Dalse hero eosed.• "ero given new aearan!e G!lothes, made handsomeH.• 5illainfalse hero unished.• "ero marries and as!ends new throne.



"ow the research was conducted

ro would slit u fairy tales into se!tions, through those se!tions he

would evaluate the !hara!ters and looked at whi!h !hara!ters o!!urred inseveral fairy tales. "e would send time evaluating )ussian folktales totry and identify their simle narrative and understand why they are used.*ith the narrative fun!tions he slit the fairy tales into 1 small se!tions.

Weaknesses o! theory

s folktale is almost always oral stories ro’s theory was !riti!i-ed forremoving ver'al !onsiderations from the analysis the !onsideration ofmood, tone and !hara!ter is removed.

"ow releant is the theory in the post di#ital reolution$

ro’s theory of !hara!ters is still relevant in stories today, 2ost storiesand lms still follow this attern in !hara!ters.



"arry otter and the ham'er of e!rets

"ero

5illain

(ono

r

rin!ess

rin!ess’s father

Dalse hero

"elers (isat!her



Aa-arsfeld and :at-



*hat they said and how they!ondu!ted resear!hJ

First- Opinion Leaders get information froma media source.

Second- Opinion Leaders then pass theinformation, along withe their interpretation,to others ( Friends, Family etc…)

The two-step flow of communicationhypothesis was first introduced y !aulLa"arsfeld in The People's Choice, a #$%%

study focused on the process of decision-ma&ing during a !residential electioncampaign.

The purpose of the study was focused on!residential election 'ampaign and thepeople decision-ma&ing process towards thecampaign. ll three researchers were wantedto find out practically whether the massmedia messages affect direct influence in

oting decision among the people.*ne+pectedly they found the media messages(li&e radio and newspapers) are ery less

influence then an informal, personalcommunication on oting ehaior. ased onthis researched data, The Two Step Flow'ommunication Theory of ass'ommunication was deeloped y at" and!aul La"arsfeld.

Mass Media

Opinion leaders Individuals in social contact with opinion leader



trengths,

*eaknesses and

riti!s

Critics/

-0esearchers found sustantial eidence that initialmass media information flows directly to people onthe whole and is not relayed y opinion leaders.

-The two-step hypothesis does not ade1uately descriethe flow of learning. La"arsfeld and his associates inthe #$%2 election study were unale to determine thespecific flow of influence.

3 Today most of the adertising researches are ased onthis theory. 4specially opinion leaders role in thesociety as well as in home to which helps to improe

the mar&et with less efforts.

Strength

• The model e+amines the way that personalrelationships may help to mediate messages from themedia

5ea&ness

• 6t doesn7t e+plain why opinion leaders should eactie



8lumler and:at-

%ses and &rati'cations Theory is a oular aroa!hto understanding mass !ommuni!ation. The theoryla!es more fo!us on the !onsumer, or audien!e,instead of the a!tual message itself 'y asking =whateole do with media> rather than =what media doesto eole> G:at-, 19#9H . It assumes that mem'ers ofthe audien!e are not assive 'ut take an a!tive role ininterreting and integrating media into their own lives. The theory also holds that audien!es are resonsi'lefor !hoosing media to meet their needs. The aroa!hsuggests that eole use the media to fulll se!i!grati!ations. This theory would then imly that themedia !omete against other information sour!es forviewers4 grati!ation.

The ;ses and Brati!ations Theory follows a 'asi!model. It is an audien!e7!entered aroa!h. *hen anaudien!e a!tively seeks out media, they are tyi!allyseeking it in order to gratify a need. Dor eamle, inso!ial situations, eole may feel more !ondent andknowledgea'le when they have se!i! fa!ts andstories from media to add to !onversation. 8y seekingout media, a erson fullls a need to 'e informed.

o!ial situations and sy!hologi!al !hara!teristi!smotivate the need for media, whi!h motivates !ertainee!tations of that media. This ee!tation leads oneto 'e eosed to media that would seemingly tee!tations, leading to an ultimate grati!ation.

Ghtt$en.wikiedia.orgwiki;sesKandKgrati!ationsKtheoryH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_and_gratifications_theory






8lumler and:at-

The media deenden!y theory, has also 'eenelored as an etension to the uses andgrati!ations aroa!h to media, though there is asu'tle diLeren!e 'etween the two theories.eole4s deenden!y on media roves audien!egoals to 'e the origin of the deenden!y while theuses and grati!ations aroa!h fo!uses more on

audien!e needs GBrant et al., 199EH. till, 'oththeories agree that media use !an lead to mediadeenden!yG)u'in, 19EMH.

The media deenden!y theory states that themore deendent an individual is on the media forto fulll needs, the more signi!ant the media'e!omes to that erson. (eDleur and 8all7)okea!hG196H illustrate deenden!y as the relationshi'etween media !ontent, the nature of so!iety, andthe 'ehavior of audien!es. Aittle+ohn GM00MH also

elained that eole will 'e!ome moredeendent on media that meet a num'er of theirneeds than on media that tou!h only a few ones.(eenden!y on a !ertain medium is inOuen!ed 'ythe num'er sour!es oen to an individual.Individuals are usually more deendent onavaila'le media if their a!!ess to mediaalternatives is limited. The more alternatives thereare for an individual, the lesser is the deenden!yon and inOuen!e of a se!i! medium.

The hyodermi! needle model !laims that!onsumers are strongly aLe!ted 'y media andhave no say in how the media inOuen!es them. The main idea of the ;ses and Brati!ationsmodel is that eole are not helless vi!tims of all7owerful media, 'ut use media to fulll theirvarious needs. These needs serve as motivationsfor using media.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model



D()ER*(ON

The our!e maga-ine is agreat way to es!ae fromthe humdrum of every daylife 'e!ause you !an read uon the e!iting lifestyles ofyour favourite hi7ho artist.



+ER*ON,-RE-,T(ON*"(+*

2aga-ines su!h as theses usedevi!es su!h as rhetori!al

&uestions to address thereadershi dire!tly. This aids informing a ersonalrelationshi, with the reader,as if they are friendsdis!ussing the !ontents of the

arti!les amongst one another.

This arti!ular maga-ines is

aealing to the se!i! so!ialgrou of eole who areinterested in gossi, relatingto the musi! genre.



+ER*ON,-

(DENT(TY 2usi! 2aga-ines !an fun!tionin ena'ling us to nd outsomething a'out ourselves.Dor eamle, we may nd a

arti!ular genre or artist in amaga-ine that we may nothave heard of 'efore, then goonline a listen to their musi!and nd out that we like it.



*%R)E(--,N.E2usi! maga-ines !an also have aurose of keeing us informedas to the events in the world ofmusi!, ese!ially regarding the

genre it is fo!used on. It !ould 'enew songs or alum hat are uand !oming, or general newsregarding some of the main artistor indeed the main !over artist.

This may 'e resented in the

form of !overlines, on the



-ei*trauss



"e was a structuralist andanthropolo#ist whosework had a #reatin/uence on semiotics01the study o! si#ns and

symbols as elements o!communicatie behaior2the analysis o! systemso! communication3 aslan#ua#e3 #estures3 orclothin#04



"e emphasised the

importance o!structurin# oppositionsin myth systems and inlan#ua#e0

"e said that abidin#structure o! all meanin#5

makin#3 not 6ustnarraties3 was adependence on binaryoppositions3 or a con/ictbetween two qualities orterms0



"e was less interested inthe order that eentswere arran#ed so hesimply looked 7beneath8

them !or deeper themes5 This theory was appliedto Western #enre in the9;<8s0



"e looked at 7systematic oppositions83 these are thee=amples he used:

"omesteaders >Natie ,mericans

.hristian >+a#an

Domestic >*aa#e

Weak >*tron#

&arden >Wilderness

(nside *ociety >Outside *ociety



We can apply -?i*trauss by creatin# twoopposin# lists3 this o!tenoccurs in adertisementstoo when two 6u=taposin# charactersare put ne=t to eachother to emphasise theproduct0

1The Media *tudies*tudent8s @ook 5 AndEdition 1A<<<4 &ill

@ranston3 Roy *taBord4



The narratie is based on oppositional !orces and resolutiono! con/ict0

The audience is positioned on the side that 6usti'es theirown cultural alues0

1,*>, -eel Media *tudies 5 Daid +robert 1A<<C44



Edward

@rani#an



Edward @rani#an wrote7Narratie.omprehension and ilm893 and said that away o! or#anisin#

spaitial and temporaldata into a cause 5 eBectchain o! eents with abe#innin#3 middle andend0



@ook quote: 1Narratie .omprehension and ilm8 94

7Narratie is one o! the !undamental ways we or#anise and

understand the world0 (t is !ound eerywhere2 not only in'lms but also in eeryday conersations and in the non'ctional discourses o! 6ournalists3 historians3 educators3psycholo#ists3 attorneys and many others0F

&ENRE -acey8s Repertoire o!



Aa!ey !onsiders the 4reertoire of elements4 thatwork in !om'ination to suggest a media tet'elongs to a arti!ular genre or mi of genres.

"e rovides a useful framework to follow when

analysing genre. Aa!ey 'reaks a tet down intothese ve areas to identify the elements in ea!h$

*ettin#

.haracter

Narratie

(cono#raphy

*tyle

Aa!ey does not see genres as ed 'ut as dynami!and !hanging over time. Ni!k Aa!ey

&ENRE 5 -acey8s Repertoire o!Elements




Narratie: This refers to the storystru!ture as well as the se!i! narrativedevi!es, whi!h genres emloy G!ar!hases, gunghts, weddings, et!.H.

.haracters: Narrative is usuallydeveloed through !hara!ters and theirfun!tions Ghero, villain et!H. ome!hara!ters are so !losely asso!iated witha genre that they 'e!ome generi! tyes.Dor eamle, in horror movies, the Pnalgirl,’ who maintains her ersonal dignity,usually defeats the sy!hoath. Ni!k Aa!ey




*ettin#: ome genres have a distin!t lo!ation'ut this !an 'e su'+e!t to !hange, for eamlehorror lms have moved from the gothi! to thesu'ur'an. Benres !an also 'e asso!iated with

time eriods like the gangster lms set duringrohi'ition in meri!a 'ut su!!essful lmshave udated this.

(cono#raphy$ Dilms !ontain visual and audio

images, whi!h 'e!ome instantly re!ognisa'leand asso!iated with the genre. %g$ Bangsterlms feature the i!oni! PTommy’ gun sraying'ullets in the hands of a man in a shar suitusually standing on the running 'oard of a !ar.

Ni!k Aa!ey




*tyle$ I!onograhy refers to the o'+e!ts 'utstyle des!ri'es the way they are resented.amera angles, editing, lighting and the useof !olour all !ontri'ute to the style of a lm.

Now analyse your rodu!tion work usingAa!ey’s theoreti!al framework$

*hat elements !an you identify that esta'lish

a arti!ular genreJ GBo through the # areasHre there overlaingmied genresJ

Is it di<!ult to !ategorise your work 'y genreJ

(o you !hallenge genre !onventionsJNi!k Aa!ey

&enre is about repetition



&enre is about repetitionG diBerence H *tephenNeale

arti!ular features whi!h are!hara!teristi! of a genre are notnormally uni&ue to it3 it is their relativerominen!e, !om'ination and fun!tionswhi!h are distin!tive GNeale, 19E0H

PBenres are instan!es of reetition anddiLeren!eP GNeale, 19E0H

P(iLeren!e is a'solutely essential to thee!onomy of genre4 GNeale, 19E0H 7 2ere

reetition would not attra!t anaudien!e.

Now aly this to your own work 7 *hatelements !an 'e seen as reetition of

genre !onventions and what !an 'e seen

tehen Neale



as a Cultural Phenomenon

“Media is not content, and not tools for communication, but media

meditates human relationships; when media changes, human

relationships change” Michael Wesch



2i!hael *es!h Michael Wesch is a cultural anthropologist exploring the effects of new media on society and culture.

An anthropologist is a person with an extensive knowledge of anthropology, who uses this knowledge

in their work, typically to solve problems specific to humanity

Wesch says YouTube is “a social space built around video communication that is searchabletaggable and mashable. !t is a space where identities values and ideas are produced reproduced

challenged and negotiated in new ways.



Thehenomenon

Wesch states social media is not controlled by the few not one way and has the potential to

transform social action online communities are changing this age.

Wesch and his students got online and started trying to understand the YouTube phenomenon.

!t"s a community created through webcams and screens # he shows us a young woman tal$ing

to a webcam explaining that she"s tal$ing to the cam not to you # she doesn"t $now who you

are. !t"s aw$ward to tal$ to an un$nown audience # Wesch shows us his own aw$wardness

tal$ing to the camera. %ne student points to the camera and says “it would be so much better ifthis thing blin$ed and smiled.&

'ome find it uncomfortable and aw$ward but for others it can lead towards a freedom to have

new $inds of conversations. 'ometimes this distance allows us to connect more deeply than

ever before # Wesch tells us that the camera allows people to confess things to the camera that

they wouldn"t say to their close friends. We see this creating new forms of community and of

social understanding



n eamle of

what he’stalking a'out..

The guy in the video goes 'y thename =/ne 2an>, and we see avideo of him walking around a !ity

!arrying a =Dree "ugs> sign. Notonly do eole give him hugs,others take u the sign and starthugging. There have now 'eenthousands of these events heldaround the world F it’s an eamle

of how new media !an fa!ilitate!olle!tive a!tion

htt$youtu.'evrK))QddR

http://youtu.be/vr3x_RRJdd4

http://youtu.be/vr3x_RRJdd4



nnthroologi!

al introdu!tionto ?ouTu'e 'y

2i!hael *es!h

htts$www.youtu'e.!omwat!hJvST/7lRKh;

In this ## minuteresentation 2i!hael *es!htalks a'out ?ouTu'e 'eingaart of everyday !ultureand !ommunity as its a wayfor everyone to share ideasand !onne!t with another.

“the web is not just aboutinformation, its aboutlinking people, linking people in ways they have

never been linked beforeand in ways we cant even predict because its alwayschanging..”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU






?ouTu'e and

?ou F anarti!le 'y*es!h

htt$kre.k7state.eduds

a!ehandleM0960M New media not only

introdu!e new ways for usto eress ourselves, 'utalso new forms of self7awarenessUnew ways to

reOe!t on who we are andhow we relate toothers. This arti!le analy-esthe eerien!es of self7awareness generated 'y!reating, viewing, and

resonding to deelyersonal, unaddressed vlogson ?ouTu'e.

http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/6302






"ow relevant is this theory tothe ost7digital revolution eraJ

ou!ube by itself is a social phenomenon, it is more consistent than any other websites

and this is because due to the vast contributions by normal citi"ens, giving birth to anera where domains were fuelled by dominantly user#generated content$

!hose videos can even become breaking news or even create a whole new culture$

outubers around the world and even our local people have made user generated

content that are easily accessible and can even become more aspiring to others$ %y

doing so, ordinary people are able to upload videos to share their passion, creativity,

opinions, ideology, philosophy, interests, and many other more$ &n this digital age, moreand more youths are born that reali"e the potential of social media and one such as

ou!ube has been taken advantage to used to create a whole new culture$



2ore views on if ?ouTu'e is a ultural

henomenon... “What started as a site for bedroom vloggers and viral videos has evolved into a global

platform that supports '( and )(, broadcasts entire sports seasons live to *++ countries$

We bring feature films from 'ollywood studios and independent filmmakers to far#flung

audiences$ Activists document social unrest seeking to transform societies, and leading civicand political figures stream interviews to the world$“ - ou!ube %log

“ou!ube is a cultural phenomenon. one of a new wave of websites that can rely on their

community of users to create their content$” - /ushe 0 (urman 1!he 2unday times3

“ou!ube is the world4s most popular online video site, with users watching 5 billion hours

worth of video each month, and uploading 6* hours worth of video every minute$”

“&t has had a huge impact on the way we share information as a community, When & was videotaping shows twelve years ago, & would only be asked for copies on the rarest occasions$ 7ow

because of ou!ube and tiny, high 8uality cameras, sharing video is part of the experience of

an event” # ou!ube, now a cultural phenomenon, streams * billion videos every day by !im

9onnellay

Mega Theorists Ppt

Documents

Transcript of Mega Theorists Ppt