Meeting Cultures Ch.1 & Ch.2 & Ch.3
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Transcript of Meeting Cultures Ch.1 & Ch.2 & Ch.3
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Meeting CulturesCh.1 & Ch.2 & Ch.3
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What is the main goal of Southern settlers?
What is the main goal of Northern settlers?
Be able to explain why and how the North and the South develop differently.
Why is the relationship between England and the colonies already starting to become fragile?
Big Questions!!!
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What was Europe recovering from by the 15th century?
How would a massive increase in population influence Europe?
-Land values increase-Prosperity= Landlords want more land.-Trade increases-Rise in government power.
Europe is Finally Growing
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Portugal- First to finance a long voyage-Start Slave Trade in Africa
-Columbus- Finally endorsed by Spain-Takes 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria) -Lands in the BahamasCONSEQUENCE???
Europe is Changing
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Conquistadores- Claim the whole worldGiven encomiendas- 1518- Cortez & 600 in MexicoAztecs defeat them initiallySmallpox takes over
Spain & the 3 G’s
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Pope Innocent VIII Treaty with Spain
Goal-Assimilate Natives
Spain & the Pope
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Impact of combining two cultures DiseaseExtermination by ConquistadoresSpread ChristianityNew crops and domestic livestockEurope- New crops and gold+silver
Spain & the Americas
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Florida- 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon Why go to Florida?Left quickly because of hardship French threatened Spanish ships, Menendez
de Aviles pushed them out and established St. Augustine in 1565, earliest European founded city.
Spanish finale in America
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Spanish moved to New Mexico to find silver and spread Christianity
-Met resistance-Increased gold supply by over 500 percent,
and became the richest nation in Europe
Spanish finale in America
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Why leave England?
What will the goal be for those going to the south?
English going to America
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Charter- Each colony was given a charter (document granting special privileges)
Corporate colonies- operated by joint-stock company.
Ex: Jamestown
Royal colonies- Under direct authority and rule of the king’s government. Ex: Virginia
Proprietary colonies- Under authority of individuals given charters by the king. Ex: Maryland, Pennsylvania
How do they get permission?
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Joint-Stock Companies- Investors pool money to support a colony, but only if they received a charter.
Colonization- When one country takes control over another society and establishes a colony there.
How do they get the $
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MercantilismAn economic policy that views the control of
trade as the most important factor in a nations prosperity.
Inc nation’s total wealth, but your limited by your nation
What should they do then?
Money Makin Mentality
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Nationalism-Sir Francis Drake- “Sea Dogs” Raid Spanish
merchant ships (1560-1605)-Spanish Armada retaliate and fail
Why is this a big deal?
First English Settlements
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Godspeed, Discovery, and Susan Constant
Landed on Jamestown, which became the first enduring colony in America.
The 3 Ships that were real, did have names, and were important!
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Introduced Headright System- Pay for a voyage to America, get 50 acres.
Import Indentured Servants from England. Native AmericansSlavery- 1619- Dutch ship brought first
Africans over. 1650 only 400 African slaves in Virginia.
Labor Shortage In Virginia
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1622- English in Virginia started to become less friendly to Natives.
Costly attacks by the Powhatan Indians left Virginia Company broke.
James I revoked the charter and made it a Royal Charter.
Issues with the Natives
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William Berkeley- Governor set up harsh taxes and used them for his own good. Controlled the Virginia House of Burgesses.
-Mostly hurt poorer settlers. Native American issues continued to rise and nothing was being done.
Nathaniel Bacon- decided to raise a militia and fight the Native Americans himself.
Berkeley declared this group illegal.
The rebellion continued and they even set Jamestown on fire.
Bacon died and the rebellion stopped.
Bacon’s Rebellion (Virginia)
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Lasting DisputesSharp class differences between wealthy
planters and landless or poor farmersColonial resistance to royal control.
Rebellion Consequences
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Acts of Trade and Navigation- Mercantilist policy with a series of
Navigation Acts (1650-1673)
1)Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English ships and operated by English crews
2)All goods imported to the colonies could only pass through English ports
3)Specified goods from the colonies could only be exported to England. Ex: Tobacco
Big Brother England
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New England shipbuilding prosperedChesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in
EuropeEnglish military forces protected the colonies
from potential attacks from the French and Spanish
Positive Effects
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1) Colonial manufacturing was severely limited. 2)Chesapeake farmers received low prices for
their crops.3)Colonists had to pay high prices for
manufactured goods from England.
*How do you think the colonists respond to these effects?
*What does Bacon’s Rebellion foreshadow about the future?
Negative Effects
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Reformation leads to ProtestantismKing Henry VIII leaves Catholic Church
(1534)Mary- Rejoins Catholic Church (1553)Elizabeth- Leaves Catholic Church (1559)James- Divine rule- Strongly favored
Catholicism
Indecisive England
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Puritans- Purify the Church of England
Separatists- Leave the ChurchEx: Pilgrims
Can I get an Amen?
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Pilgrims-Founded Plymouth Colony in 1620-Ship the Mayflower Mayflower Compact-Colonial self-gov.
PuritansGreat Migration1630- Arrive at Massachusetts Bay Colony
First Governor, John Winthrop hoped to be a “City upon a hill” -Theocracy
Off to New England
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Roger Williams (Started Rhode Island)1) Treat Natives Fairly2) No Punishment for religious beliefs
Why does that sound familiar?Ann Hutchinson- Challenged the religious
beliefs.Argued worshipers didn’t need theChurch or ministers to interpret the bible
Dissent in the Community
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1560 & 1570England colonizes IrelandIrish “savages”Brutal and indecent to IrishCreate plantations in Ireland
England and Ireland
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Pequot War-Connecticut 1637-Destroyed the Pequot-Massacre of women and children
King Philip’s war -1675Metacom attacked Puritans in New England 1/10th of colonial men in New England killed
Troubles with the Natives
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Original 13 Colonies
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King Charles I-Create proprietorships instead of corporate
colonies WHY?Proprietor George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
Act of Toleration- English Catholics allowed for religious freedom to all Christians.
Protestant Revolt- Repeal of Act of Toleration
Maryland
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Reverend Thomas Hooker- Led Puritans in 1636
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – Legislature elected by popular vote and governor chosen by that legislature.
Connecticut
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1640’s ( Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven)
Military Alliance
Fight off threats from Natives, the Dutch, and the French.
New England Confederation
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(Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Georgia)
Restoration of English Monarch Charles II
Restoration Colonies
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Charles II
Close gap between New England and Chesapeake colonies. Was colonized by the Dutch.
Gave the colonies to James IIOrdered taxes, duties, and rentsMet strong opposition
New York
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Quakers- Non-violent, equality for all men and women.
Religious authority in individuals soul.
William Penn- Inherited land grant in 1681
3 Hopes in new colony1)Religious refuge for those persecuted2) Enact liberal ideas in government3) Generate income and profits for himself
Pennsylvania and Delaware
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Funded by British
Created for 2 reasons
1)Buffer the Carolinas2)Send imprisoned from England over to
Georgia.
Georgia
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James II 1685Attempts to unite New York, New Jersey, and
New England Colonies
Sent Sir Edmund Andros to be governor. Levied Taxes, limited town meetings, and
revoked land titles.Glorious Revolution in 1688- Led to his fall
from power.
Dominion of New England
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Industrial North & Agricultural South
Ch.3
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English attempt to enforce Navigation Acts1)Smuggling trials by English judges2) Board of trade
* Salutary Neglect- Relaxed enforcement, IF the $ kept coming.
We will follow through, sometimes…
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Government = Governor and Local Assembly
Governors appointed by BritainLocal assembly (elected by land-owning
whites)
Governor can…1)Call or disband assembly2) Appoint or dismiss judges3) Control colonial trade
Self- Government: Controlled by Britian
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Driven by cash cropsPlantations, not townsWhy?Charles Town- Most thriving southern city
Agricultural South
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Women considered second-class citizensNo voting or preachingLittle Education
Main job- Rear children and domestic affairs
No Southern Hospitality for Women
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1) Reduced immigration2)Dependable work force3)Cheap Labor
Slave LawsMassachusetts- 1st to recognize slavery of
“lawful” captives.Virginia- 1661- Children inherit slavery
Slavery
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1)Ship of rum from New England to West Africa and traded for slaves.
2) Middle Passage- Slaves to West Indies and traded for a cargo of sugarcane.
3) Ship with sugarcane would return to New England.
Triangular Trade
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Triangular Trade
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“The closeness of the place, the heat of the climate, added to the number in the Ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died.”
Olaudah Equiano
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Stono Rebellion173920 slaves in Charles TownKilled several planter familiesWhite militia put the rebellion down.
Significance: Tightened slave laws!!!
Africans enslaved, but not without a fight!
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Lifestyle
Merchants- Most powerful groupBoston, NYC, and Philadelphia- Major port
cities
Northern population- Diverse
Slavery did exist in the North (Some Rights)
Commercial North
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Hysteria over witchcraft 20 killed and 150 imprisonedFaulty accusations
Salem Witch Trials
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1700’s- knowledge movement based on reason and the scientific method.
Example: Ben Franklin
Consequences:Great public educationEmphasis on human reasoning.
Enlightenment
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Zenger Case
Risk of Libel for offending political authorities1735- John Peter Zenger (New York Editor and
Publisher) -Brought to trial for criticizing NY’s royal governor
Andrew Hamilton argued Zenger spoke the truthZenger was acquitted.
The Press
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Puritan church losing controlChurch expectations lowered
Jonathan Edwards- Disagreed with the lowered expectations
Edwards- Preached messages on sin and hell
Great Awakening- Religious revival through traveling preachers teaching on condemnation.
Hellfire and Brimstone
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More diversity in the church
Challenged authority of established churches.
Increased attendance in higher education.
Consequences of the Great Awakening
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King William’s War (1689-1697)-Tried to capture Quebec, failed.
Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)-Gained Nova Scotia
King George’s War (1744-1748)-Gained Louisbourg, but gave it back in a treaty
for political and economic gains in India.
4 Wars between Britain and France(1689-1763)
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VS
French and Indian War (7 Year’s War)
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French and Indian War
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1682- Robert Cavelier claimed entire Mississippi River Valley. (Named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV)
New France- French colony of North America
Lack of growth- Focus on trade and converting Natives
Good Relationship with Natives (Algonquins)
France in North America
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Ben Franklin Intercolonial governmentRecruitment of troopsTaxes
Failed because of the taxing issue!!!
Albany Plan of Union
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1754French built Fort Duquesne (Modern day
Pittsburgh)
British promised this land to wealthy planters
Virginia governor sends militia led by George Washington
Washington had to surrender
Start of the War
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Washington led a second attack1500 soldiers were ambushed by the French
and Native allies
Britain not use to this type of warfare. Between 1755 & 1756, British suffer
numerous defeats
If at first you don’t succeed, try again…
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King George II elects William Pitt to run the government in 1757.
Start winning battles and the Iroquois become allies.
1759- Quebec- Surprise attack and victory for British
And Again…
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Treaty of Paris 1763
Immediate ConsequencesBritish acquire all of North America East of
the Mississippi, including Florida. .
Spain gain land west of Mississippi
British Victory
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Long-Term Consequences of the WarBritish gain supremacy of North America
British view colonial military effort as inept
Colonial believe they are capable of protecting themselves and that Britain is unimpressive.
Changing Relationship
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1754 1763
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1763- Ottawa leader Pontiac captured 8 British forts
British spread smallpox through peace offering blankets
British establish Proclamation of 1763-Banning settlement west of the Appalachians.
Issues with Natives, AGAIN!!!
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1) British lack empathy
2) British tighten colonial smuggling-Writs of assistance- British customs could
search any ship or building.
3)George Grenville hired as prime minister in 1763
-Establishes Sugar Act (1764)-
Consequences of the Proclamation
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(Also Known as the Revenue Act of 1764)
Halved the duty on foreign-made molasses.(Stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts)Duties on imports.Try smugglers in British courts
Sugar Act (King George III)