Mediu l liniile transversale

VALUE SCALES Brenda Hoddinott

L-01 INTERMEDIATE: CROSSHATCHING

Learning how to render value scales, a broad range of different values, is an integral aspect of shading. Crosshatching is a highly effective technique for drawing various realistic and creative textures.

This lesson is divided into three sections:

DRAWING CROSSHATCHING SETS: You make three different values by drawing crosshatching lines either far apart or close together. Crosshatching is a classical shading technique, comprised of sets of lines drawn closely together, in which one set crosses over (overlaps) another set, to give the illusion of various values.

CREATING VALUE SCALES: By letting your pencils do some of the work, you have more control over the values to wish to achieve. You render a full range of ten values by varying the density of the lines, the pressure used in holding pencils, and by using different grades of pencils.

EXPERIMENTING WITH CROSSHATCHING: Styles of crosshatching are only limited by your imagination. In this section, you have fun creating less traditional crosshatching styles.

Suggested supplies include 2H, HB, 2B, 4B and 6B pencils, vinyl and kneaded erasers, and drawing paper.

7 PAGES – 12 ILLUSTRATIONS This lesson is recommended for artists and aspiring artists, of all levels

and abilities, with an interest in learning the classical shading technique of crosshatching. Curriculum is recommended for home schooling, academic

and recreational fine art educators.

Published by Hoddinott Fine Art Publishers, Halifax, NS, Canada – Revised 2006

Copyright to all articles, images, text, projects, lessons and exercises within this drawing class belong to Brenda Hoddinott and may not be reproduced or used for any commercial purposes whatsoever without the written permission of Brenda Hoddinott.

E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.finearteducation.com or http://www.drawspace.com

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DRAWING CROSSHATCHING SETS You become more comfortable with using shading in your drawings when you know how to draw value scales. Shading refers to the various shades of gray (values) in a drawing that make drawings look three-dimensional. Values are the different shades of gray created when you draw by varying the density of the shading lines, and the pressure used in holding various pencils. Value scale refers to the range of different values from light to dark or from dark to light.

Crosshatching, a classical shading technique, is comprised of sets of lines drawn closely together, in which one set of lines crosses over (overlaps) another set to give the illusion of various values. When you can render sets of crosshatching lines well, you discover a highly effective tool for achieving diverse realistic shading styles.

ILLUSTRATION 01-01 Examine these three crosshatching sets. The first set (on the left) has very few lines drawn far apart, creating the illusion of a light value. The second is darker, and the third is the darkest.

ILLUSTRATION 01-02 In the following simple exercise, you use a 2B pencil to draw three different values, by drawing lines either far apart or close together.

1) Draw a set of diagonal hatching lines that are far apart and few in number.

2) Draw a second set of lines, overlapping the first set. The hatching set now becomes a crosshatching set.

ILLUSTRATION 01-03

3) Draw a second set of crosshatching lines a little closer together than your first set. The second set is made up of lots more lines. Hence, the overall value looks darker than the first.

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ILLUSTRATION 01-04 4) Draw a third set of crosshatching lines that

are very close together. Many more lines make up this set. Also, not much of the white paper is still showing through.

Everyone has a natural hand motion, which provides the ability to make smooth shading lines. Experiment with drawing parallel lines and note how you make these lines. Try different ways of moving your pencil, rotating your paper, or changing the angle of your lines, until you find the hand motions that are the most natural for you.

CREATING VALUE SCALES In this section you render a full range of ten values by varying the density of the lines, the pressure used in holding pencils, and by using different grades of pencils. By letting your pencils do some of the work, you have more control over the values to wish to achieve.

Before you begin, practice crosshatching with each of your pencils and notice their differences. The 2H is the lightest (hardest) and the 6B is the darkest (softest). The 6B is very good for darker values, 2B is great for middle values, and 2H works well for light values.

1) Using your 2H pencil, draw the first three values beginning with the lightest. Vary the pressure used in holding your pencil; press lightly for the really light values and a little harder for somewhat darker values.

2) With your HB pencil, draw the last two values in this set of five. Have a look at your value scale. How many different values did you make? Keep practicing this value scale in your sketchbook until you can draw five different light values.

ILLUSTRATION 01-05






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3) With your 2B pencil, draw the first two values in this set of five dark values. Use the same techniques as used to draw five light values.

4) Use your 4B for the third and fourth value.

5) Use your 6B for the darkest value.

ILLUSTRATION 01-06

Put you light and dark value scales beside one another and examine the full range of values. Keep practicing until you can draw ten different values.

ILLUSTRATION 01-07

ILLUSTRATION 01-08 Examine these two sets of crosshatching lines. In the crosshatching example in the upper left, you can clearly see my lines.

I draw my lines very closely together in the lower right set, to create the illusion of a smooth, solid tone (without blending).

Beginners can generally make do nicely with only three or four different graphite pencils. The pencils I use most frequently are a 2H, HB, 2B, and 6B. The 2H is the lightest (hardest) and the 6B is the darkest (softest). You can expect to use the HB and 2B the most often. However, with a full set of pencils from 6H to 8B, the potential range of values you can render is infinite.






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ILLUSTRATION 01-09 1) Use crosshatching to draw a full value scale,

from light to dark, of ten values. Try to make each value look like a solid tone.

2) Draw another full value scale from dark to light. This is a little more challenging for some people.

EXPERIMENTING WITH CROSSHATCHING Styles of crosshatching are only limited by your imagination. In this section, have fun creating crosshatching values (and value scales) from less traditional crosshatching methods.

1) Draw each of the crosshatching styles in illustrations 01-10 to 01-12.

ILLUSTRATION 01-10






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ILLUSTRATION 01-11

ILLUSTRATION 01-12

Imagine how you could apply each of these sets of crosshatching lines to something in a drawing.

2) Create some crosshatching styles of your very own.

3) Render value scales with a few creative styles of crosshatching.






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BRENDA HODDINOTT - BIOGRAPHY As a self-educated teacher, visual artist, portraitist, forensic artist, and illustrator, Brenda Hoddinott utilizes diverse art media including graphite, technical pen, colored pencil, chalk pastel, charcoal, conté crayon, and oil paints.

My philosophy on teaching art is to focus primarily on the enjoyment aspects while gently introducing the technical and

academic. Hence, in creating a passion for the subject matter, the quest for knowledge also becomes enjoyable.

>Brenda Hoddinott<

Born in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Brenda grew up in the small town of Corner Brook. She developed strong technical competencies with a personal commitment to self directed learning, and the aid of assorted “Learn to Draw” books. During Brenda’s twenty-five year career as a self-educated civilian forensic artist, numerous criminal investigation departments have employed Brenda’s skills, including Royal Canadian Mounted Police and municipal police departments. In 1992, Brenda was honored with a commendation from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and in 1994, she was awarded a Certificate of Membership from “Forensic Artists International”.

Her home-based art career included graphic design, and teaching recreational drawing and painting classes. As supervisor of her community’s recreational art department, Brenda hired and trained teachers, and designed curriculum for several children’s art programs. In 1998, Brenda chose to end her eighteen-year career as an art educator in order to devote more time to writing, drawing, painting, and developing her websites.

Drawspace http://www.drawspace.com incorporates her unique style and innovative approach to curriculum development. This site offers downloadable and printable drawing classes for students of all abilities from the age of eight through adult. Students of all ages, levels and abilities have praised the simple step-by-step instructional approach. This site is respected as a resource for fine art educators, home schooling programs, and educational facilities throughout the world.

LEARN-TO-DRAW BOOKS BY BRENDA HODDINOTT Drawing for Dummies: Wiley Publishing, Inc., New, York, NY, this 336 page book is

available on various websites and in major bookstores internationally.

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Drawing People: Winner of the Alpha-Penguin Book of the Year Award 2004, Alpha - Pearson Education – Macmillan, Indianapolis, IN, this 360 page book is available on various websites and in major bookstores internationally.





WITH CROSSHATCHING Brenda Hoddinott

L-01 INTERMEDIATE: CROSSHATCHING

Whether you are trying crosshatching graduations for the very first time, or simply wishing to improve your current skills, this lesson has something for you. The process of drawing a smooth crosshatching graduation is discussed and illustrated.

This lesson is divided into four sections:

EXPLORING SHADING TECHNIQUES: I show three different graduated shading techniques and demonstrate how all three can be used in a single drawing.

EXAMINING DRAWINGS SHADED WITH CROSSHATCHING GRADUATIONS: Classical crosshatching graduations are highly effective for achieving the illusion of multidimensional forms and diverse textures in various styles of drawing including high realism. Six drawings demonstrate a few practical applications for crosshatching graduations.

GRADUATING WITH DIFFERENT PENCILS: You use various grades of pencils to practice drawing crosshatching graduations. Each grade of pencil produces a graduation with a different range of values.

CROSSHATCHING A GRADUATION: You render a crosshatching graduation in which the different values flow smoothly into one another. In addition to using different pencils, you also vary the density of lines, and vary the pressure used in holding the pencils.

Suggested supplies include 4H, 2H, HB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 6B, and 8B pencils and drawing paper. A full set of pencils from 8H to 8B would be even better.

8 PAGES – 17 ILLUSTRATIONS This lesson is recommended for artists and aspiring artists, of all levels and abilities, with an interest in

learning the classical shading technique of graduated crosshatching. Curriculum is recommended for home schooling, academic and recreational fine art educators.

Published by Hoddinott Fine Art Publishers, Halifax, NS, Canada – 2004 (Revised 2007)

Copyright to al l art ic les, images, text, projects, lessons and exercises within this drawing class belong to Brenda Hoddinott and may not be reproduced or used for any commercial purposes whatsoever without the wri t ten permission of Brenda Hoddinott .

E-mail bhoddinott@hoddinott .com Web si te http:/ /www.f inearteducat ion.com or http:/ /www.drawspace.com

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EXPLORING SHADING TECHNIQUES Before you can draw realistic subjects, you need to learn how to render shading with graduations of values. Figures 201 to 203 show three different techniques for creating graduated shading: squirkling, hatching, and crosshatching.

Figures 201, 202, and 203: Three shading techniques; from left to right: squirkling, hatching, and crosshatching

Each graduated shading technique can be implemented into a drawing by itself or combined with others. For example, in Figure 204, the clothing is rendered with squirkling, the hair with hatching, and her face with crosshatching.

Figure 204: Three different types of graduations are used to accurately depict the various forms and textures in a portrait of a young lady named Manisha.

ART SPEAK

Shading (noun) refers to the various values that help make drawings look three-dimensional; (verb) refers to the process of adding shading to a drawing. Values are the different shades of gray created when you draw by varying both the density of the shading lines, and the pressure used in holding various pencils. Graduation (also called graduated shading or graduated values) is a continuous progression of values, from dark to light or light to dark. Squirkling is a method of shading that incorporates randomly drawn curved lines to create values. Hatching is a series of lines (called a set) drawn closely together to give the illusion of values. Crosshatching, a classical shading technique, is comprised of sets of lines drawn closely together, in which one set of lines crosses over (overlaps) another set.






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EXAMINING DRAWINGS SHADED WITH CROSSHATCHING GRADUATIONS Classical crosshatching graduations are highly effective for achieving the illusion of multidimensional forms and diverse textures in various styles of drawing, including realism. Leonardo Da Vinci excelled at using this shading technique for anatomical studies, portraits, and figurative drawings.

When you can render individual values (Figure 205) with precision, you are well on your way to learning how to graduate different values into one another (Figure 206). The goal of graduated shading is to keep the transitions between the different values flowing smoothly into one another.

Figures 205 and 206: A crosshatching graduation is created by graduating different values into one another.

Examine the crosshatching graduations in the drawings in Figures 207 to 212.

Figure 207: Crosshatching

graduations create the

complex forms of facial

anatomy, and the smooth

textures of skin and an eye.

ART SPEAK

Texture is the surface detail of an object, as defined in a drawing with various shading techniques. The senses of touch and sight help identify the surface texture of drawing subject. Form, as applied to drawing, is the illusion of the three-dimensional structure of a shape, created in a drawing with shading and/or perspective.

TTIIPP Lesson L01: Crosshatching Values shows you how to render a value scale as in Figure 205.






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Figure 211: A grape looks shiny and realistic after blending an under-drawing of crosshatching graduations.

Figure 208: This zany cartoon of an apple uses crosshatching graduations to define its spherical form and the fun patterns of its leaves. By shading the shadow with parallel hatching lines, the apple appears to be sitting firmly on a flat surface.

Figure 209: The soft petals of a mature rose

are completely rendered with crosshatching

graduations.

Figure 210: Crosshatching graduations create a powerful depiction of metal and wood in this drawing of a medieval dagger.

If you’re a fan of blending, you simply can’t beat

crosshatching graduations for the under-drawing.

Figure 212: The same grape before blending.






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Figure 215: Eight crosshatching graduations created with eight different pencils.

GRADUATING WITH DIFFERENT PENCILS In this section, you use various pencils to practice drawing crosshatching graduations. Ideally, you should try out a full set of pencils from 8H to 8B (however, use whatever pencils you have). Each grade of pencil produces a graduation with a different range of values; hence, with a full set, you can create an infinite range of values.

Use each of your grades of pencils to render a crosshatching graduation. I used a 4H, 2H, HB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 6B, and 8B (Figure 213).

Use any drawing process that works for you. I prefer to begin by drawing a graduation of parallel hatching lines from light to dark.

I make this set of lines a little lighter overall than I think it should be; when I begin adding the second set of lines the values become darker very quickly. I want to end up with a graduation, not a big blob of one value!

Then I turn my paper upside-down and draw a second set of hatching lines that overlaps the first set at an angle. Voila! Crosshatching!

Use the following two techniques:

Vary the density of the lines. Draw the sets of lines far apart for light values. To make darker values draw the lines progressively closer together.

Vary the pressure used in holding the pencil. Press very gently to make light values. Apply more pressure to make the values darker.

Begin on the left if you are right handed. If you are left handed, you may prefer to work from right to left.

Make your shading progressively darker as you work toward the right (or left for lefties).






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Figure 215: Light and middle values

CROSSHATCHING A GRADUATION Graduations are the primary ingredient in realistic shading. In this section, you render a crosshatching graduation in which the different values flow smoothly into one another.

1. Draw a long rectangular drawing format. You can turn your drawing format vertical (Figure 213), or horizontal (Figure 214), as you work.

Figure 213: Vertical drawing format

Figure 214:

Horizontal drawing format

2. Crosshatch light values from the top downward in a vertical format, or from the left toward the right in a horizontal format (right to left for lefties). Use whichever pencils work best for you. I used a 4H, 2H, HB, 2B, 3B, 4B, 6B, and 8B. In addition to using different pencils to create different values, you also need to vary the density of lines, and vary the pressure used in holding the pencils.

a) Begin with a graduation of hatching. Press lightly with light pencils to draw the lightest sections.

b) Add a second set of lines overlapping the first. Don’t forget, you can turn your drawing paper around for drawing the second set; I usually turn my paper upside down. Take your time; the values get darker very quickly when you add the second set of lines.

c) Make your shading progressively darker as you move downward (or toward the right or left). As you get closer to the end, make your lines closer together, press a little harder with the pencils, and change to darker pencils. Use your darkest pencil at the end.






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Figure 217: Dark values Figure 216: Middle values

3. Continue making your shading darker and darker, until you get almost to the end of your drawing space (Figure 216).

4. With your darkest pencils draw the darkest values (Figure 217). Continue until the end of your graduation is as dark as possible.

Touch up any sections you aren’t happy with by adding a few more short lines in between others.

TTIIPP If you find crosshatching graduations to be beyond your current skill level, try the following lessons first: F03: Playing With Pencils discusses and demonstrates various grades of pencils. F04: Graduated Values shows you how to draw a simple hatching graduation.






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>Brenda Hoddinott<




LEARN-TO-DRAW BOOKS BY BRENDA HODDINOTT Drawing for Dummies: Wiley Publishing, Inc., New, York, NY, this 336 page book

is available on various websites and in major bookstores internationally.






CROSSHATCHING A

Brenda Hoddinott

L03 INTERMEDIATE: CROSSHATCHING Before attempting this lesson please complete L01 Crosshatching Values and L02 Graduations with Crosshatching.

In this project, you first create a value map by lightly outlining random shapes and identifying each as a specific value. You then use crosshatching graduations and various grades of pencils to add shading.

This lesson is divided into the following three sections:

INTRODUCTION: A value map works by first identifying highlights (highlights usually stay the white of your paper), and then adding shading to light, medium and dark values.

OUTLINING A MAP: You outline shapes within a drawing space. The drawing in this project is of nothing in particular. However, it presents several shading challenges you may encounter when adding shading to a drawing.

CROSSHATCHING VALUES: You add shading to the various shapes with crosshatching graduations. You begin with the lightest values and graduate them toward the middle values. Middle values are added and graduated into dark. Finally, you add medium values to a tiny section of reflected light.

Supplies include 2H, HB, 2B, and 4B graphite pencils, erasers, good quality drawing paper, pencil sharpener, and sandpaper block.

7 PAGES – 7 ILLUSTRATIONS This lesson is recommended for artists with strong crosshatching skills, as well as students of

home schooling, academic and recreational fine art educators.

Published by Hoddinott Publishing for Drawspace.com, Halifax, NS, Canada – 2008

Copyright to all articles, images, text, projects, lessons and exercises within this drawing class belong to Brenda Hoddinott and may not be reproduced or used for any commercial purposes whatsoever without the written permission of Brenda Hoddinott. E-mail [email protected] Web sites http://www.finearteducation.com and http://www.drawspace.com

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INTRODUCTION A shading map (often called a value map) takes the guesswork out of where you have to put different values in a drawing.

Light and shadows assume various shapes. For example, a highlight can be a circle and a shadow can be a crescent shape.

A value map works by first identifying, each of the following:

Highlights tend to be easy to find because they are the lightest and brightest sections.

Light values are closest to the light source, often adjacent to or surrounding highlights.

Dark values are in the shadow sections of the subject and/or in various cast shadows.

Medium values tend to fall in between the light and dark values.

You then outline the various shapes of each, and add shading to the various values.

OUTLINING A MAP The drawing in this exercise is of nothing in particular. However, it presents several shading challenges you may encounter when adding shading to a drawing.

1) Set up a vertical drawing space approximately 4 by 5 inches (Figure 301).

2) Use a curved line to outline a highlight in the upper right, and mark it H.

Shading map (also called a value map) is a plan (or blueprint) for adding shading to a drawing. The locations and sizes of the shapes of various values are identified and lightly outlined. Shading (noun) refers to the various values in a drawing that make images appear three-dimensional; (verb) the process of adding values to a drawing so as to create the illusion of texture, form and/or three-dimensional space. Values are the different shades of gray created when you draw by varying both the density of the shading lines, and the pressure used in holding various pencils. Shape refers to the outward outline of a form. Basic shapes include circles, squares and triangles. Graduation (also called graduated shading or graduated values) is a continuous progression of values, from dark to light or light to dark. Hatching is a series of lines (called a set) drawn closely together to give the illusion of values. Crosshatching, a classical shading technique, is comprised of sets of lines drawn closely together, in which one set of lines crosses over (overlaps) another set. Shadows are the sections of objects or living beings that receive little or no light. Forms are the three-dimensional structures of shapes. In drawings, shading and perspective are used to transform a shape into a three-dimensional structure, such as a circle becoming a sphere or a square becoming a cube. Perspective is a visual illusion in a drawing in which objects appear to become smaller, and recede into distant space, the farther away they are from the viewer. Cast shadow is a dark section on an adjacent surface of an object that receives little or no light. The values of a cast shadow are darkest next to the object and become gradually lighter farther away. Reflected light is a faint light reflected or bounced back on an object from those surfaces that are close to and around it. Highlight identifies the brightest area of a form where light bounces off its surface; usually the section closest to the light source. Light source is the direction from which a dominant light originates. Some subjects have two or more light sources. A light source identifies the light and shadow areas of a drawing subject.





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When developing a shading map from either life or a photo, remember to keep the shapes very basic. The more shapes you draw, the more complicated the shading becomes.

3) Outline two shapes as light values and mark them L (Figure 302).

4) Outline the dark values and mark them D (Figure 303).

The unmarked areas that are left over are middle values. You can mark them M if you wish.

I don’t bother marking medium values; their shapes and locations automatically become obvious when all others are identified and marked.

CROSSHATCHING VALUES In this section, you add shading to various shapes with crosshatching graduations.

You begin with the lightest values and graduate them toward the middle values. Middle values are added and graduated into dark. Finally, you add medium values to a tiny section of reflected light. Most of the highlight stays the white of your paper.

FIGURE 301

FIGURE 303

FIGURE 302





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Before you begin shading each section of the map, remember to erase the letters and lighten the outlines until you can barely see them.

If you wish, you can begin your shading with hatching lines. Then, draw a second set of hatching lines that cross over the first (crosshatching), to create darker values.

5) Use a 2H pencil and crosshatching to add light graduations from the highlight into the L shapes.

Refer to Figure 304. Make the shading lines different lengths, and extend them unevenly into the adjourning spaces.

6) Add graduations to the sections in your map needing medium values.

Use an HB pencil and follow the contours of the surrounding shapes.

Continuously adjust your lines so the graduations flow smoothly into one another.

Make your values gradually darker as you approach the dark areas (D).

You can easily fix areas of shading you don't like. Pat the shading with your kneaded eraser to make lighter values. Add more shading lines in between others to make sections darker.

FIGURE 304

FIGURE 305





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7) Shade the dark values with HB and 2B pencils.

Refer to Figure 306, which is shown larger than my actual drawing so you can clearly see the crosshatching lines.

Lighten the dark values as you approach medium or light values. Darken your shading as you move toward the darkest shadow sections.

8) Shade the darkest value with a freshly sharpened 4B pencil.

Take note of where the darkest shading ends abruptly, at the edge of the left side of the boomerang shape, marked D.

9) Add medium shading to the small crescent shape left of the abrupt stop.

Refer to the illustration in Figure 307.

This light shading represents a tiny section of reflected light.

At this point, you can see a three-dimensional form begin to emerge from the shading map.

FIGURE 306





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Experiment with different approaches to shading, especially if mapping values doesn't appeal to you. Eventually you'll discover the method that is perfect for your unique needs.

FIGURE 307





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>Brenda Hoddinott<




LEARN-TO-DRAW BOOKS BY BRENDA HODDINOTT

Drawing for Dummies: Wiley Publishing, Inc., New, York, NY, this 336 page book is available on various websites and in major bookstores internationally.






Mediu l liniile transversale

Education

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