Sitemap

gtHomegtCompany ProfilegtMedicinal PlantsgtOrganic FarminggtCereals amp PulsesgtOrganic FoodgtVegetables FruitsgtVermicompostgtFertilizers PesticidesgtR amp DgtServicesgtGet a quotegtTraininggtPicture GallerygtAgriculture ConsultancygtJob PlacementsgtFeedbackgtContact us

Medicinal Plants

Annato Ashok Ashwgandha Atees

Bael Bhumi Amalki Chandan Chiraita

Conch Daruhaldi Gudmar Guggal

Jatamansi Kalihari Kalmegh Kesar

Kokum Kuth Makoy Muskdana

Pippali Sarpgandha Shatavri Tulsi

Vai Vidang Vatsnabh Milk Thistle Jatropha

Herbs

Stevia || Safed Musli

ANNATTO

Annatto is profusely fruiting shrub or small treethat grows 5-10 m in height Approximately 50seeds grows inside reddish-orange heart-shapedpods at the end of the branches one smallannatto tree can produce upto 270 kg of seedswhich is the source of orange-yellow dyeAnnatto is known as Achiote in Spanish Urucumin Portuguese amp Lipstick tree in English

ORIGIN

It grows throughout South amp Central America Caribbean and can be found insome parts of Mexico as well

Nomenclature

Family Bixaceae

>

Genus BixaSpecies Orellana

USES

Used Plant Parts Seeds Leaves Bark Roots Shoots

Uses As a dye and coloring agent

Agroclimatic Requirement for Annatto Cultivation The plant is widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of the world Rainfall ranges from 1000 mm - 3000 mm per year in areas where the speciesgrows naturally or under cultivation Soils with texture from sandy to clay arecolonized The species is frost sensitive

Cultivation practices

Land Preparation Trenches of 10x10 x 10 size are prepared at the distanceof 10 x 10 to 10 x 15 for planting in the month of July-August

Seeds 200 plants are required per Acre

ASHOKA

A small evergreen tree 6 to 9 m high found wildalong streams or in shade of evergreen forestsLeaves pari-pinnate 15-20 am long leaflets 6-12 oblong lanceolate flowers orange ororange-yellow very fragrant pods flat leatheryseeds 4-8 ellipsoid-oblong

Common Name Ashok Sita Ashok

DISTRIBUTION

Almost throughout India up to an altitude of 720 m in the center and easternHimalayas amp Khasi Garo and Lushai hills It is also found in the AndamanIslands

Parts Used Stem Bark

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils It grows well in tropical to sub-tropicalsituations under irrigation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds and stem grafting can propagate the crop The seedlings are planted inwell-manured field during the rainy season

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

Compost vermin compost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Normally grown as rainfed crop but for better yield irrigation may be done asper requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

HarvestingPost-Harvesting Operation

Bark is removed from about ten years or older tree and then it has to be sundried

Economics

Input Cost Rs 550000

Output Rs 2000000

Uses

Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia fever burning sensation uterine disease

ASHWAGANDHA

An erect branched under shrub up to 2 feat inheight root fleshy whitish brown leaves ovateflowers greenish

Nomenclature

Family - solanaceaeGenus - withania Species - somnifera

Common names - Ashwganda asgandh punir Distribution - Rajasthan Punjab Haryana UP MPParts used Roots Leaf and Seeds

USES

It can be used for diseases like insomnia weakness ulcers

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate Grows well in sandy loam or light red soil The semitropicalareas receiving 500-750 mm rainfall are suitable for cultivation The winter

rains are conductive for the proper development of the plant

LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING The crop can be soon either by broad costing or in lines The seeds are usuallysoon about 1-3 cm deep in June - July in nursery A light shower after sowingensures good germination About 500 - 750 gm seeds are sufficient for onehectare The seedling after 25 - 35 days after sowing can be transplanted inthe field maintaining 60 x 60 cm spacing between the plants and the rows

THINNING AND WEEDINGThinning and weeding should be done after 25 - 30 days are sowing

MANURE 1 Quintal FYM per area

IRRIGATIONLight shower after transplantation ensure establishment of seedlings There isno need of irrigation in rainfall at regular intervals

HARVESTINGThe plants start flowering and bearing fruits from December on wards Thecrops is ready for harvest in January - march

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield On an average yield from one acre land under commercial cultivation isan approx 2-3 quintals of dried roots and 30-40 kg seedsCost of cultivation yield and income per acreItems Cost (Rs)Land preparation and ploughing 100000Cost of seeds (5 kg) 50-60kg 30000Pesticides etc 200000Weeding and irrigation 100000Harvesting of seeds digging of roots cleaninggrading 150000

Packing material 50000Subtotal 630000Contingencies 10 63000Total 6930 - 700000Yield and IncomeRoots (kg) 30000 60 Kg 180000Seeds (Kg 50 Kg) 150000Total Income 1950000Net Income 1250000

ATEES

A herbaceous erect biennial herb leaves moreor less hetero morphous flower blue or violetfruits follicles Root tuberous in pairs whitish orgray breaks very easily and taste very bitterThe plant is found in sub- alpine and alpine zoneof Himalayas between 2400-3600 m

Common names atyees aruna ativasa visa

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir arunachal pradeshand sikkm

Part used tuberous root

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Sandy loam and acidic soil is best for seed germination survival better growthand yield In germination cultivation up to 2500m elevation having sandytextured soil with rich organic matter us recommended for cultivation

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

Germination of seeds of aconitum heterophllum can be undertaken at loweraltitude in ployhouse as well as in open nursery beds under differentexperimental conditions Seeds sown in Styrofoam seedling trays containingsandy soil with litter treatment gives maximum germinability when seeds weresown 05-07 cm Sowing depth inside polyhouse during November andDecember at lower altitude and during April in open beds at 2200mGermination as well as true leaf initiation is earlier in sandy soil Otherwiseseedlings remained in cotyledonary stage (pseudomonocotyl) up to 3-4months About 44000 plants could be planted in 1 acre of land Seedlingsraised at lower altitude during winter months are transplanted in nursery bedsat higher altitude during April ndash May which reduce their vegetative growthperiod In open nursery beds seed germination is very slow growth andcotyledonary phase (pseudomonocotyl) remained at least for one growthseason (3-4 months) Vegetative growth phase is for 3-4 years and at least itleads to reproductive phase

MANURE

2-3 q of farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for one acre of land

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds needed excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rate ofseedlings However watering is not required during monsoon period incultivated fields Irrigation requirement also depends on the texture of soilFrequent watering is required once at 24hrs interval for 6 months old seedlingsat lower altitudes (1800-2200m) in dry season Weeding during rainy season is

required at weekly interval During winter months irrigation is needed once in aweek to retain moisture and weeding at 15-20 days interval is required whenplant is cultivated at lower altitude

YIELD

Per acre production from mature strands is estimated as 100-150 kg

Economics (Per Acre-2002)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 1-15 q root

Note Market for medicinal plants is volatile and the economics may vary

Uses

Dysentery Diarrhea Fever Vomiting Children diseases

BAEL

A deciduous tree 60 to 10 m in height and 09to 12 m in girth with straight sharp axillarythorns and trifoliate aromatic leaves The stembark is bluish grey 4-8 mm thick shallowlyfurrowed and corky Flowers 3 cm in diametergrayish-white sweet scented stalked Fruitlarge about 15 cm diameter globose ovoid and8-15 celled

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is a native of India and is found wild throughout the Indian Peninsulain dry hilly places ascending to 1200 m in the western Himalaya

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Good sandy loam soil sunny situation warm humid climate are suitable forcultivation of this plant

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds generally propagate bael plants Sowing is done in June or July Thedevelopment of seedlings is very slow They require at least one year in thenursery to be fit for transplanting They should be transplanted in rainyseason the stem is ordinary 5-7 cm tall with 3-5 leaves and the taproot 20-25 cm long It is also propagated by root cuttings and stem cuttings treatmentwith IBA (4000 ppm) using quick dip method Seedlings or budded plants aretransplanted in the field at a spacing of 10-12 m Budded plants start bearing

fruits at the age of 4-5 years whereas seedling trees require 7-8 years

Manure Thinning and Weeding

It requires attention during first year when they are well manured and weededafter the rains

Irrigation

The field after plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when requiredweekly or fortnightly

Yield

The average yield is 150-200 fruits per tree The quality of fruits is greatlyassociated with the weight and size of the seed-sacs The larger and heavierthe seed sacs the greater is the amount of mucilage and poorer the quality

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of fruit pulp ranges from Rs 40-45

Uses

Diarrhoea Dysentery Vomiting Diabetes Pain in abdomen

BHUMI AMALKI

Small erect annual herb 10-60 cm tall Leavessmall eliptic-oblong flowers whitish-green ampminute

Common Names TamalakiHazaradanaJarmalaamp jangli Amla

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

The plants grow undantly throughout India up to 700 m altitude during rainyseason however the less frequency in southern part of the country UttarPradesh Haryana Punjab Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Kerala Andra PradesKarnataka Bihar Orissa and Bengal

Parts used Whole Plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Bhumi Amalaki is found to be well adapted to variety of soils at soil pHranging from alkaline to natural and acid soil Plants have also shownpreference for calcareous well drained and light textured soils Phyllanthusamarus is a circum-tropical weed it grows well under tropical conditions It

however rarely survives under dry or very low temperature conditions butwater logging does not show any lethal effects

Nursery Raising amp Transplanting

The plants are propagated through seeds About 1 Kg of seeds are sufficientfor seeding for transplanting in one hectare of land For raising the seedingthe seeds are shown in well prepared nursery beds Well decomposedFarmyard manure should be mixed with top layer of the soil while preparingthe beds Being minute the seeds are mixed with dry soil or sand to allowuniform distribution of seeds on the nursery bed Later a thin layer of soil isspread to cover the nursery beds Appropriate moisture is maintained in thebeds till the seeds have germinated In the north plains the month of April-May was found very good for higher rate if germination of seeds and goodherb yield

Approximately 15-30 days old seedlings which are about 10 cm tallare transplanted in the field at horizontal and vertical spacing of 15 cm eachA proper irrigation just after transplanting ensures establishment of seedlingsgives improved yield of herbage

WEEDING

The field should be kept absolutely free from weeds for which regular andweeding in every month is required Spraying of commercial herbicides are notdesirable science these causes deterioration to the crop and also to avoidresidual effect in the crude drug

MANURE

Organic manures are proffered Farm Yard Manure (FYM) if applied inappropriate quantities when plants are about 30 cm in height would renderbetter growth and higher herb yield

IRRIGATION

In southern parts of country where there is frequent rainfall during rainyseason no irrigation may be required However in Northern plains wherethere is in frequent rain fall one irrigation per fortnight is required Waterlogging fortunately is not a problem for this plant

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

Plants are harvested when the rainy season is over when they are still greenand herbaceous Science the active constituents of P amarus concentrate morein the leaves production of higher leaf mass is desired for the extractionPlants in September contains highest amount of leaves and found to besuitable for harvesting

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 200000

Output Cost Rs 400000

Yield 7 q herbage

USES

Jaundice Dropsy Diarrhea Dysentery Wounds

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

Compost vermin compost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Normally grown as rainfed crop but for better yield irrigation may be done asper requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

HarvestingPost-Harvesting Operation

Bark is removed from about ten years or older tree and then it has to be sundried

Economics

Input Cost Rs 550000

Output Rs 2000000

Uses

Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia fever burning sensation uterine disease

ASHWAGANDHA

An erect branched under shrub up to 2 feat inheight root fleshy whitish brown leaves ovateflowers greenish

Nomenclature

Family - solanaceaeGenus - withania Species - somnifera

Common names - Ashwganda asgandh punir Distribution - Rajasthan Punjab Haryana UP MPParts used Roots Leaf and Seeds

USES

It can be used for diseases like insomnia weakness ulcers

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate Grows well in sandy loam or light red soil The semitropicalareas receiving 500-750 mm rainfall are suitable for cultivation The winter

rains are conductive for the proper development of the plant

LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING The crop can be soon either by broad costing or in lines The seeds are usuallysoon about 1-3 cm deep in June - July in nursery A light shower after sowingensures good germination About 500 - 750 gm seeds are sufficient for onehectare The seedling after 25 - 35 days after sowing can be transplanted inthe field maintaining 60 x 60 cm spacing between the plants and the rows

THINNING AND WEEDINGThinning and weeding should be done after 25 - 30 days are sowing

MANURE 1 Quintal FYM per area

IRRIGATIONLight shower after transplantation ensure establishment of seedlings There isno need of irrigation in rainfall at regular intervals

HARVESTINGThe plants start flowering and bearing fruits from December on wards Thecrops is ready for harvest in January - march

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield On an average yield from one acre land under commercial cultivation isan approx 2-3 quintals of dried roots and 30-40 kg seedsCost of cultivation yield and income per acreItems Cost (Rs)Land preparation and ploughing 100000Cost of seeds (5 kg) 50-60kg 30000Pesticides etc 200000Weeding and irrigation 100000Harvesting of seeds digging of roots cleaninggrading 150000

Packing material 50000Subtotal 630000Contingencies 10 63000Total 6930 - 700000Yield and IncomeRoots (kg) 30000 60 Kg 180000Seeds (Kg 50 Kg) 150000Total Income 1950000Net Income 1250000

ATEES

A herbaceous erect biennial herb leaves moreor less hetero morphous flower blue or violetfruits follicles Root tuberous in pairs whitish orgray breaks very easily and taste very bitterThe plant is found in sub- alpine and alpine zoneof Himalayas between 2400-3600 m

Common names atyees aruna ativasa visa

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir arunachal pradeshand sikkm

Part used tuberous root

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Sandy loam and acidic soil is best for seed germination survival better growthand yield In germination cultivation up to 2500m elevation having sandytextured soil with rich organic matter us recommended for cultivation

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

Germination of seeds of aconitum heterophllum can be undertaken at loweraltitude in ployhouse as well as in open nursery beds under differentexperimental conditions Seeds sown in Styrofoam seedling trays containingsandy soil with litter treatment gives maximum germinability when seeds weresown 05-07 cm Sowing depth inside polyhouse during November andDecember at lower altitude and during April in open beds at 2200mGermination as well as true leaf initiation is earlier in sandy soil Otherwiseseedlings remained in cotyledonary stage (pseudomonocotyl) up to 3-4months About 44000 plants could be planted in 1 acre of land Seedlingsraised at lower altitude during winter months are transplanted in nursery bedsat higher altitude during April ndash May which reduce their vegetative growthperiod In open nursery beds seed germination is very slow growth andcotyledonary phase (pseudomonocotyl) remained at least for one growthseason (3-4 months) Vegetative growth phase is for 3-4 years and at least itleads to reproductive phase

MANURE

2-3 q of farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for one acre of land

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds needed excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rate ofseedlings However watering is not required during monsoon period incultivated fields Irrigation requirement also depends on the texture of soilFrequent watering is required once at 24hrs interval for 6 months old seedlingsat lower altitudes (1800-2200m) in dry season Weeding during rainy season is

required at weekly interval During winter months irrigation is needed once in aweek to retain moisture and weeding at 15-20 days interval is required whenplant is cultivated at lower altitude

YIELD

Per acre production from mature strands is estimated as 100-150 kg

Economics (Per Acre-2002)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 1-15 q root

Note Market for medicinal plants is volatile and the economics may vary

Uses

Dysentery Diarrhea Fever Vomiting Children diseases

BAEL

A deciduous tree 60 to 10 m in height and 09to 12 m in girth with straight sharp axillarythorns and trifoliate aromatic leaves The stembark is bluish grey 4-8 mm thick shallowlyfurrowed and corky Flowers 3 cm in diametergrayish-white sweet scented stalked Fruitlarge about 15 cm diameter globose ovoid and8-15 celled

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is a native of India and is found wild throughout the Indian Peninsulain dry hilly places ascending to 1200 m in the western Himalaya

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Good sandy loam soil sunny situation warm humid climate are suitable forcultivation of this plant

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds generally propagate bael plants Sowing is done in June or July Thedevelopment of seedlings is very slow They require at least one year in thenursery to be fit for transplanting They should be transplanted in rainyseason the stem is ordinary 5-7 cm tall with 3-5 leaves and the taproot 20-25 cm long It is also propagated by root cuttings and stem cuttings treatmentwith IBA (4000 ppm) using quick dip method Seedlings or budded plants aretransplanted in the field at a spacing of 10-12 m Budded plants start bearing

fruits at the age of 4-5 years whereas seedling trees require 7-8 years

Manure Thinning and Weeding

It requires attention during first year when they are well manured and weededafter the rains

Irrigation

The field after plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when requiredweekly or fortnightly

Yield

The average yield is 150-200 fruits per tree The quality of fruits is greatlyassociated with the weight and size of the seed-sacs The larger and heavierthe seed sacs the greater is the amount of mucilage and poorer the quality

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of fruit pulp ranges from Rs 40-45

Uses

Diarrhoea Dysentery Vomiting Diabetes Pain in abdomen

BHUMI AMALKI

Small erect annual herb 10-60 cm tall Leavessmall eliptic-oblong flowers whitish-green ampminute

Common Names TamalakiHazaradanaJarmalaamp jangli Amla

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

The plants grow undantly throughout India up to 700 m altitude during rainyseason however the less frequency in southern part of the country UttarPradesh Haryana Punjab Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Kerala Andra PradesKarnataka Bihar Orissa and Bengal

Parts used Whole Plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Bhumi Amalaki is found to be well adapted to variety of soils at soil pHranging from alkaline to natural and acid soil Plants have also shownpreference for calcareous well drained and light textured soils Phyllanthusamarus is a circum-tropical weed it grows well under tropical conditions It

however rarely survives under dry or very low temperature conditions butwater logging does not show any lethal effects

Nursery Raising amp Transplanting

The plants are propagated through seeds About 1 Kg of seeds are sufficientfor seeding for transplanting in one hectare of land For raising the seedingthe seeds are shown in well prepared nursery beds Well decomposedFarmyard manure should be mixed with top layer of the soil while preparingthe beds Being minute the seeds are mixed with dry soil or sand to allowuniform distribution of seeds on the nursery bed Later a thin layer of soil isspread to cover the nursery beds Appropriate moisture is maintained in thebeds till the seeds have germinated In the north plains the month of April-May was found very good for higher rate if germination of seeds and goodherb yield

Approximately 15-30 days old seedlings which are about 10 cm tallare transplanted in the field at horizontal and vertical spacing of 15 cm eachA proper irrigation just after transplanting ensures establishment of seedlingsgives improved yield of herbage

WEEDING

The field should be kept absolutely free from weeds for which regular andweeding in every month is required Spraying of commercial herbicides are notdesirable science these causes deterioration to the crop and also to avoidresidual effect in the crude drug

MANURE

Organic manures are proffered Farm Yard Manure (FYM) if applied inappropriate quantities when plants are about 30 cm in height would renderbetter growth and higher herb yield

IRRIGATION

In southern parts of country where there is frequent rainfall during rainyseason no irrigation may be required However in Northern plains wherethere is in frequent rain fall one irrigation per fortnight is required Waterlogging fortunately is not a problem for this plant

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

Plants are harvested when the rainy season is over when they are still greenand herbaceous Science the active constituents of P amarus concentrate morein the leaves production of higher leaf mass is desired for the extractionPlants in September contains highest amount of leaves and found to besuitable for harvesting

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 200000

Output Cost Rs 400000

Yield 7 q herbage

USES

Jaundice Dropsy Diarrhea Dysentery Wounds

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

rains are conductive for the proper development of the plant

LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING The crop can be soon either by broad costing or in lines The seeds are usuallysoon about 1-3 cm deep in June - July in nursery A light shower after sowingensures good germination About 500 - 750 gm seeds are sufficient for onehectare The seedling after 25 - 35 days after sowing can be transplanted inthe field maintaining 60 x 60 cm spacing between the plants and the rows

THINNING AND WEEDINGThinning and weeding should be done after 25 - 30 days are sowing

MANURE 1 Quintal FYM per area

IRRIGATIONLight shower after transplantation ensure establishment of seedlings There isno need of irrigation in rainfall at regular intervals

HARVESTINGThe plants start flowering and bearing fruits from December on wards Thecrops is ready for harvest in January - march

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield On an average yield from one acre land under commercial cultivation isan approx 2-3 quintals of dried roots and 30-40 kg seedsCost of cultivation yield and income per acreItems Cost (Rs)Land preparation and ploughing 100000Cost of seeds (5 kg) 50-60kg 30000Pesticides etc 200000Weeding and irrigation 100000Harvesting of seeds digging of roots cleaninggrading 150000

Packing material 50000Subtotal 630000Contingencies 10 63000Total 6930 - 700000Yield and IncomeRoots (kg) 30000 60 Kg 180000Seeds (Kg 50 Kg) 150000Total Income 1950000Net Income 1250000

ATEES

A herbaceous erect biennial herb leaves moreor less hetero morphous flower blue or violetfruits follicles Root tuberous in pairs whitish orgray breaks very easily and taste very bitterThe plant is found in sub- alpine and alpine zoneof Himalayas between 2400-3600 m

Common names atyees aruna ativasa visa

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir arunachal pradeshand sikkm

Part used tuberous root

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Sandy loam and acidic soil is best for seed germination survival better growthand yield In germination cultivation up to 2500m elevation having sandytextured soil with rich organic matter us recommended for cultivation

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

Germination of seeds of aconitum heterophllum can be undertaken at loweraltitude in ployhouse as well as in open nursery beds under differentexperimental conditions Seeds sown in Styrofoam seedling trays containingsandy soil with litter treatment gives maximum germinability when seeds weresown 05-07 cm Sowing depth inside polyhouse during November andDecember at lower altitude and during April in open beds at 2200mGermination as well as true leaf initiation is earlier in sandy soil Otherwiseseedlings remained in cotyledonary stage (pseudomonocotyl) up to 3-4months About 44000 plants could be planted in 1 acre of land Seedlingsraised at lower altitude during winter months are transplanted in nursery bedsat higher altitude during April ndash May which reduce their vegetative growthperiod In open nursery beds seed germination is very slow growth andcotyledonary phase (pseudomonocotyl) remained at least for one growthseason (3-4 months) Vegetative growth phase is for 3-4 years and at least itleads to reproductive phase

MANURE

2-3 q of farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for one acre of land

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds needed excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rate ofseedlings However watering is not required during monsoon period incultivated fields Irrigation requirement also depends on the texture of soilFrequent watering is required once at 24hrs interval for 6 months old seedlingsat lower altitudes (1800-2200m) in dry season Weeding during rainy season is

required at weekly interval During winter months irrigation is needed once in aweek to retain moisture and weeding at 15-20 days interval is required whenplant is cultivated at lower altitude

YIELD

Per acre production from mature strands is estimated as 100-150 kg

Economics (Per Acre-2002)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 1-15 q root

Note Market for medicinal plants is volatile and the economics may vary

Uses

Dysentery Diarrhea Fever Vomiting Children diseases

BAEL

A deciduous tree 60 to 10 m in height and 09to 12 m in girth with straight sharp axillarythorns and trifoliate aromatic leaves The stembark is bluish grey 4-8 mm thick shallowlyfurrowed and corky Flowers 3 cm in diametergrayish-white sweet scented stalked Fruitlarge about 15 cm diameter globose ovoid and8-15 celled

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is a native of India and is found wild throughout the Indian Peninsulain dry hilly places ascending to 1200 m in the western Himalaya

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Good sandy loam soil sunny situation warm humid climate are suitable forcultivation of this plant

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds generally propagate bael plants Sowing is done in June or July Thedevelopment of seedlings is very slow They require at least one year in thenursery to be fit for transplanting They should be transplanted in rainyseason the stem is ordinary 5-7 cm tall with 3-5 leaves and the taproot 20-25 cm long It is also propagated by root cuttings and stem cuttings treatmentwith IBA (4000 ppm) using quick dip method Seedlings or budded plants aretransplanted in the field at a spacing of 10-12 m Budded plants start bearing

fruits at the age of 4-5 years whereas seedling trees require 7-8 years

Manure Thinning and Weeding

It requires attention during first year when they are well manured and weededafter the rains

Irrigation

The field after plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when requiredweekly or fortnightly

Yield

The average yield is 150-200 fruits per tree The quality of fruits is greatlyassociated with the weight and size of the seed-sacs The larger and heavierthe seed sacs the greater is the amount of mucilage and poorer the quality

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of fruit pulp ranges from Rs 40-45

Uses

Diarrhoea Dysentery Vomiting Diabetes Pain in abdomen

BHUMI AMALKI

Small erect annual herb 10-60 cm tall Leavessmall eliptic-oblong flowers whitish-green ampminute

Common Names TamalakiHazaradanaJarmalaamp jangli Amla

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

The plants grow undantly throughout India up to 700 m altitude during rainyseason however the less frequency in southern part of the country UttarPradesh Haryana Punjab Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Kerala Andra PradesKarnataka Bihar Orissa and Bengal

Parts used Whole Plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Bhumi Amalaki is found to be well adapted to variety of soils at soil pHranging from alkaline to natural and acid soil Plants have also shownpreference for calcareous well drained and light textured soils Phyllanthusamarus is a circum-tropical weed it grows well under tropical conditions It

however rarely survives under dry or very low temperature conditions butwater logging does not show any lethal effects

Nursery Raising amp Transplanting

The plants are propagated through seeds About 1 Kg of seeds are sufficientfor seeding for transplanting in one hectare of land For raising the seedingthe seeds are shown in well prepared nursery beds Well decomposedFarmyard manure should be mixed with top layer of the soil while preparingthe beds Being minute the seeds are mixed with dry soil or sand to allowuniform distribution of seeds on the nursery bed Later a thin layer of soil isspread to cover the nursery beds Appropriate moisture is maintained in thebeds till the seeds have germinated In the north plains the month of April-May was found very good for higher rate if germination of seeds and goodherb yield

Approximately 15-30 days old seedlings which are about 10 cm tallare transplanted in the field at horizontal and vertical spacing of 15 cm eachA proper irrigation just after transplanting ensures establishment of seedlingsgives improved yield of herbage

WEEDING

The field should be kept absolutely free from weeds for which regular andweeding in every month is required Spraying of commercial herbicides are notdesirable science these causes deterioration to the crop and also to avoidresidual effect in the crude drug

MANURE

Organic manures are proffered Farm Yard Manure (FYM) if applied inappropriate quantities when plants are about 30 cm in height would renderbetter growth and higher herb yield

IRRIGATION

In southern parts of country where there is frequent rainfall during rainyseason no irrigation may be required However in Northern plains wherethere is in frequent rain fall one irrigation per fortnight is required Waterlogging fortunately is not a problem for this plant

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

Plants are harvested when the rainy season is over when they are still greenand herbaceous Science the active constituents of P amarus concentrate morein the leaves production of higher leaf mass is desired for the extractionPlants in September contains highest amount of leaves and found to besuitable for harvesting

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 200000

Output Cost Rs 400000

Yield 7 q herbage

USES

Jaundice Dropsy Diarrhea Dysentery Wounds

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

ATEES

A herbaceous erect biennial herb leaves moreor less hetero morphous flower blue or violetfruits follicles Root tuberous in pairs whitish orgray breaks very easily and taste very bitterThe plant is found in sub- alpine and alpine zoneof Himalayas between 2400-3600 m

Common names atyees aruna ativasa visa

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir arunachal pradeshand sikkm

Part used tuberous root

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Sandy loam and acidic soil is best for seed germination survival better growthand yield In germination cultivation up to 2500m elevation having sandytextured soil with rich organic matter us recommended for cultivation

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

Germination of seeds of aconitum heterophllum can be undertaken at loweraltitude in ployhouse as well as in open nursery beds under differentexperimental conditions Seeds sown in Styrofoam seedling trays containingsandy soil with litter treatment gives maximum germinability when seeds weresown 05-07 cm Sowing depth inside polyhouse during November andDecember at lower altitude and during April in open beds at 2200mGermination as well as true leaf initiation is earlier in sandy soil Otherwiseseedlings remained in cotyledonary stage (pseudomonocotyl) up to 3-4months About 44000 plants could be planted in 1 acre of land Seedlingsraised at lower altitude during winter months are transplanted in nursery bedsat higher altitude during April ndash May which reduce their vegetative growthperiod In open nursery beds seed germination is very slow growth andcotyledonary phase (pseudomonocotyl) remained at least for one growthseason (3-4 months) Vegetative growth phase is for 3-4 years and at least itleads to reproductive phase

MANURE

2-3 q of farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for one acre of land

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds needed excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rate ofseedlings However watering is not required during monsoon period incultivated fields Irrigation requirement also depends on the texture of soilFrequent watering is required once at 24hrs interval for 6 months old seedlingsat lower altitudes (1800-2200m) in dry season Weeding during rainy season is

required at weekly interval During winter months irrigation is needed once in aweek to retain moisture and weeding at 15-20 days interval is required whenplant is cultivated at lower altitude

YIELD

Per acre production from mature strands is estimated as 100-150 kg

Economics (Per Acre-2002)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 1-15 q root

Note Market for medicinal plants is volatile and the economics may vary

Uses

Dysentery Diarrhea Fever Vomiting Children diseases

BAEL

A deciduous tree 60 to 10 m in height and 09to 12 m in girth with straight sharp axillarythorns and trifoliate aromatic leaves The stembark is bluish grey 4-8 mm thick shallowlyfurrowed and corky Flowers 3 cm in diametergrayish-white sweet scented stalked Fruitlarge about 15 cm diameter globose ovoid and8-15 celled

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is a native of India and is found wild throughout the Indian Peninsulain dry hilly places ascending to 1200 m in the western Himalaya

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Good sandy loam soil sunny situation warm humid climate are suitable forcultivation of this plant

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds generally propagate bael plants Sowing is done in June or July Thedevelopment of seedlings is very slow They require at least one year in thenursery to be fit for transplanting They should be transplanted in rainyseason the stem is ordinary 5-7 cm tall with 3-5 leaves and the taproot 20-25 cm long It is also propagated by root cuttings and stem cuttings treatmentwith IBA (4000 ppm) using quick dip method Seedlings or budded plants aretransplanted in the field at a spacing of 10-12 m Budded plants start bearing

fruits at the age of 4-5 years whereas seedling trees require 7-8 years

Manure Thinning and Weeding

It requires attention during first year when they are well manured and weededafter the rains

Irrigation

The field after plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when requiredweekly or fortnightly

Yield

The average yield is 150-200 fruits per tree The quality of fruits is greatlyassociated with the weight and size of the seed-sacs The larger and heavierthe seed sacs the greater is the amount of mucilage and poorer the quality

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of fruit pulp ranges from Rs 40-45

Uses

Diarrhoea Dysentery Vomiting Diabetes Pain in abdomen

BHUMI AMALKI

Small erect annual herb 10-60 cm tall Leavessmall eliptic-oblong flowers whitish-green ampminute

Common Names TamalakiHazaradanaJarmalaamp jangli Amla

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

The plants grow undantly throughout India up to 700 m altitude during rainyseason however the less frequency in southern part of the country UttarPradesh Haryana Punjab Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Kerala Andra PradesKarnataka Bihar Orissa and Bengal

Parts used Whole Plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Bhumi Amalaki is found to be well adapted to variety of soils at soil pHranging from alkaline to natural and acid soil Plants have also shownpreference for calcareous well drained and light textured soils Phyllanthusamarus is a circum-tropical weed it grows well under tropical conditions It

however rarely survives under dry or very low temperature conditions butwater logging does not show any lethal effects

Nursery Raising amp Transplanting

The plants are propagated through seeds About 1 Kg of seeds are sufficientfor seeding for transplanting in one hectare of land For raising the seedingthe seeds are shown in well prepared nursery beds Well decomposedFarmyard manure should be mixed with top layer of the soil while preparingthe beds Being minute the seeds are mixed with dry soil or sand to allowuniform distribution of seeds on the nursery bed Later a thin layer of soil isspread to cover the nursery beds Appropriate moisture is maintained in thebeds till the seeds have germinated In the north plains the month of April-May was found very good for higher rate if germination of seeds and goodherb yield

Approximately 15-30 days old seedlings which are about 10 cm tallare transplanted in the field at horizontal and vertical spacing of 15 cm eachA proper irrigation just after transplanting ensures establishment of seedlingsgives improved yield of herbage

WEEDING

The field should be kept absolutely free from weeds for which regular andweeding in every month is required Spraying of commercial herbicides are notdesirable science these causes deterioration to the crop and also to avoidresidual effect in the crude drug

MANURE

Organic manures are proffered Farm Yard Manure (FYM) if applied inappropriate quantities when plants are about 30 cm in height would renderbetter growth and higher herb yield

IRRIGATION

In southern parts of country where there is frequent rainfall during rainyseason no irrigation may be required However in Northern plains wherethere is in frequent rain fall one irrigation per fortnight is required Waterlogging fortunately is not a problem for this plant

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

Plants are harvested when the rainy season is over when they are still greenand herbaceous Science the active constituents of P amarus concentrate morein the leaves production of higher leaf mass is desired for the extractionPlants in September contains highest amount of leaves and found to besuitable for harvesting

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 200000

Output Cost Rs 400000

Yield 7 q herbage

USES

Jaundice Dropsy Diarrhea Dysentery Wounds

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

required at weekly interval During winter months irrigation is needed once in aweek to retain moisture and weeding at 15-20 days interval is required whenplant is cultivated at lower altitude

YIELD

Per acre production from mature strands is estimated as 100-150 kg

Economics (Per Acre-2002)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 1-15 q root

Note Market for medicinal plants is volatile and the economics may vary

Uses

Dysentery Diarrhea Fever Vomiting Children diseases

BAEL

A deciduous tree 60 to 10 m in height and 09to 12 m in girth with straight sharp axillarythorns and trifoliate aromatic leaves The stembark is bluish grey 4-8 mm thick shallowlyfurrowed and corky Flowers 3 cm in diametergrayish-white sweet scented stalked Fruitlarge about 15 cm diameter globose ovoid and8-15 celled

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is a native of India and is found wild throughout the Indian Peninsulain dry hilly places ascending to 1200 m in the western Himalaya

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Good sandy loam soil sunny situation warm humid climate are suitable forcultivation of this plant

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds generally propagate bael plants Sowing is done in June or July Thedevelopment of seedlings is very slow They require at least one year in thenursery to be fit for transplanting They should be transplanted in rainyseason the stem is ordinary 5-7 cm tall with 3-5 leaves and the taproot 20-25 cm long It is also propagated by root cuttings and stem cuttings treatmentwith IBA (4000 ppm) using quick dip method Seedlings or budded plants aretransplanted in the field at a spacing of 10-12 m Budded plants start bearing

fruits at the age of 4-5 years whereas seedling trees require 7-8 years

Manure Thinning and Weeding

It requires attention during first year when they are well manured and weededafter the rains

Irrigation

The field after plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when requiredweekly or fortnightly

Yield

The average yield is 150-200 fruits per tree The quality of fruits is greatlyassociated with the weight and size of the seed-sacs The larger and heavierthe seed sacs the greater is the amount of mucilage and poorer the quality

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of fruit pulp ranges from Rs 40-45

Uses

Diarrhoea Dysentery Vomiting Diabetes Pain in abdomen

BHUMI AMALKI

Small erect annual herb 10-60 cm tall Leavessmall eliptic-oblong flowers whitish-green ampminute

Common Names TamalakiHazaradanaJarmalaamp jangli Amla

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

The plants grow undantly throughout India up to 700 m altitude during rainyseason however the less frequency in southern part of the country UttarPradesh Haryana Punjab Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Kerala Andra PradesKarnataka Bihar Orissa and Bengal

Parts used Whole Plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Bhumi Amalaki is found to be well adapted to variety of soils at soil pHranging from alkaline to natural and acid soil Plants have also shownpreference for calcareous well drained and light textured soils Phyllanthusamarus is a circum-tropical weed it grows well under tropical conditions It

however rarely survives under dry or very low temperature conditions butwater logging does not show any lethal effects

Nursery Raising amp Transplanting

The plants are propagated through seeds About 1 Kg of seeds are sufficientfor seeding for transplanting in one hectare of land For raising the seedingthe seeds are shown in well prepared nursery beds Well decomposedFarmyard manure should be mixed with top layer of the soil while preparingthe beds Being minute the seeds are mixed with dry soil or sand to allowuniform distribution of seeds on the nursery bed Later a thin layer of soil isspread to cover the nursery beds Appropriate moisture is maintained in thebeds till the seeds have germinated In the north plains the month of April-May was found very good for higher rate if germination of seeds and goodherb yield

Approximately 15-30 days old seedlings which are about 10 cm tallare transplanted in the field at horizontal and vertical spacing of 15 cm eachA proper irrigation just after transplanting ensures establishment of seedlingsgives improved yield of herbage

WEEDING

The field should be kept absolutely free from weeds for which regular andweeding in every month is required Spraying of commercial herbicides are notdesirable science these causes deterioration to the crop and also to avoidresidual effect in the crude drug

MANURE

Organic manures are proffered Farm Yard Manure (FYM) if applied inappropriate quantities when plants are about 30 cm in height would renderbetter growth and higher herb yield

IRRIGATION

In southern parts of country where there is frequent rainfall during rainyseason no irrigation may be required However in Northern plains wherethere is in frequent rain fall one irrigation per fortnight is required Waterlogging fortunately is not a problem for this plant

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

Plants are harvested when the rainy season is over when they are still greenand herbaceous Science the active constituents of P amarus concentrate morein the leaves production of higher leaf mass is desired for the extractionPlants in September contains highest amount of leaves and found to besuitable for harvesting

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 200000

Output Cost Rs 400000

Yield 7 q herbage

USES

Jaundice Dropsy Diarrhea Dysentery Wounds

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

fruits at the age of 4-5 years whereas seedling trees require 7-8 years

Manure Thinning and Weeding

It requires attention during first year when they are well manured and weededafter the rains

Irrigation

The field after plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when requiredweekly or fortnightly

Yield

The average yield is 150-200 fruits per tree The quality of fruits is greatlyassociated with the weight and size of the seed-sacs The larger and heavierthe seed sacs the greater is the amount of mucilage and poorer the quality

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of fruit pulp ranges from Rs 40-45

Uses

Diarrhoea Dysentery Vomiting Diabetes Pain in abdomen

BHUMI AMALKI

Small erect annual herb 10-60 cm tall Leavessmall eliptic-oblong flowers whitish-green ampminute

Common Names TamalakiHazaradanaJarmalaamp jangli Amla

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

The plants grow undantly throughout India up to 700 m altitude during rainyseason however the less frequency in southern part of the country UttarPradesh Haryana Punjab Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Kerala Andra PradesKarnataka Bihar Orissa and Bengal

Parts used Whole Plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Bhumi Amalaki is found to be well adapted to variety of soils at soil pHranging from alkaline to natural and acid soil Plants have also shownpreference for calcareous well drained and light textured soils Phyllanthusamarus is a circum-tropical weed it grows well under tropical conditions It

however rarely survives under dry or very low temperature conditions butwater logging does not show any lethal effects

Nursery Raising amp Transplanting

The plants are propagated through seeds About 1 Kg of seeds are sufficientfor seeding for transplanting in one hectare of land For raising the seedingthe seeds are shown in well prepared nursery beds Well decomposedFarmyard manure should be mixed with top layer of the soil while preparingthe beds Being minute the seeds are mixed with dry soil or sand to allowuniform distribution of seeds on the nursery bed Later a thin layer of soil isspread to cover the nursery beds Appropriate moisture is maintained in thebeds till the seeds have germinated In the north plains the month of April-May was found very good for higher rate if germination of seeds and goodherb yield

Approximately 15-30 days old seedlings which are about 10 cm tallare transplanted in the field at horizontal and vertical spacing of 15 cm eachA proper irrigation just after transplanting ensures establishment of seedlingsgives improved yield of herbage

WEEDING

The field should be kept absolutely free from weeds for which regular andweeding in every month is required Spraying of commercial herbicides are notdesirable science these causes deterioration to the crop and also to avoidresidual effect in the crude drug

MANURE

Organic manures are proffered Farm Yard Manure (FYM) if applied inappropriate quantities when plants are about 30 cm in height would renderbetter growth and higher herb yield

IRRIGATION

In southern parts of country where there is frequent rainfall during rainyseason no irrigation may be required However in Northern plains wherethere is in frequent rain fall one irrigation per fortnight is required Waterlogging fortunately is not a problem for this plant

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

Plants are harvested when the rainy season is over when they are still greenand herbaceous Science the active constituents of P amarus concentrate morein the leaves production of higher leaf mass is desired for the extractionPlants in September contains highest amount of leaves and found to besuitable for harvesting

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 200000

Output Cost Rs 400000

Yield 7 q herbage

USES

Jaundice Dropsy Diarrhea Dysentery Wounds

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

however rarely survives under dry or very low temperature conditions butwater logging does not show any lethal effects

Nursery Raising amp Transplanting

The plants are propagated through seeds About 1 Kg of seeds are sufficientfor seeding for transplanting in one hectare of land For raising the seedingthe seeds are shown in well prepared nursery beds Well decomposedFarmyard manure should be mixed with top layer of the soil while preparingthe beds Being minute the seeds are mixed with dry soil or sand to allowuniform distribution of seeds on the nursery bed Later a thin layer of soil isspread to cover the nursery beds Appropriate moisture is maintained in thebeds till the seeds have germinated In the north plains the month of April-May was found very good for higher rate if germination of seeds and goodherb yield

Approximately 15-30 days old seedlings which are about 10 cm tallare transplanted in the field at horizontal and vertical spacing of 15 cm eachA proper irrigation just after transplanting ensures establishment of seedlingsgives improved yield of herbage

WEEDING

The field should be kept absolutely free from weeds for which regular andweeding in every month is required Spraying of commercial herbicides are notdesirable science these causes deterioration to the crop and also to avoidresidual effect in the crude drug

MANURE

Organic manures are proffered Farm Yard Manure (FYM) if applied inappropriate quantities when plants are about 30 cm in height would renderbetter growth and higher herb yield

IRRIGATION

In southern parts of country where there is frequent rainfall during rainyseason no irrigation may be required However in Northern plains wherethere is in frequent rain fall one irrigation per fortnight is required Waterlogging fortunately is not a problem for this plant

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

Plants are harvested when the rainy season is over when they are still greenand herbaceous Science the active constituents of P amarus concentrate morein the leaves production of higher leaf mass is desired for the extractionPlants in September contains highest amount of leaves and found to besuitable for harvesting

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 200000

Output Cost Rs 400000

Yield 7 q herbage

USES

Jaundice Dropsy Diarrhea Dysentery Wounds

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

CHANDAN

A small evergreen tree attaining a height of 12-13 m and girth of 1 to 24 m with slenderdruping as well as erect branching The treestarts flowering at an early age of 2 to 3 yearsFruit is drupe purplish when fully mature andsingle seeded

COMMON NAMES Chandan sandalwood safedchandan sandal chandana

DISTRIBUTION

It is distributed in the dry scrub forest of salem mysore coorg coimbatorenilgiris up to 900 m altitude also found in Andhra pradesh Bihar GujaratKarnataka Madhya pardesh maharashtra and Tamil nadu

Part used Heart wood

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Grows well in red sandy loam soil Crop requires humidamphot climate

Nursery raising and planting

Two types of seeds beds are used to raise sandal seedlings sunken and raisedbeds Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions

Seeds beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 31 and arethoroughly mixed Around 25 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bedcovered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearingon the seedlings Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused bycombined fungal and nematode infection

When seedlings have reached 4 to 6leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of ldquotur dalrdquo (cajanus cajan) the primary host for bettergrowth of sandal Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all rootsintact roots should not be allowed to dry Shade can be provided for a weekimmediately after transplantation Watering is to be done once a day butexcess moisture is to be avoided Host plants are to be pruned frequently sothat they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth Poly bags shouldcontain soil mixture of ratio 211 (sand red earth farm yard manure) Ithas been found that poly bag of 30X14cm size are the best

Plant able seedlings of about 30cm height can be raised in 6-8 monthsrsquo time Awell- branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field

THENNING AND WEEDING

Weeding is to be done at regular intervals

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

MANURE

20t farm-yard-manure (FYM)hectare is required for god growth

IRRIGATION

It is a rain fed crop Young plants require watering in summer months at 15-20 days interval till they are fully established

HARVESTINGPOST-POSTHARVESTING

OPERESTING

Sandal wood trees are harvested at the age of 30-60 years The soft wood isfirst removed the hard wood is chipped and then converted into power in amill The power is soaked in water for 48 hours and then distillation takesplace in 48 hours The oil is rectified and filtration

YIELD

Sandal is considered to be a slow growing tree It grows at the rate of 5cm ofgirth or more per year under favorable soil and moisture conditions Theheartwood formation starts around ten years of age The following table givesan idea of growth and development

AVERAGE HEARTWOOD FORMATION PER TREE

Age (years) Girth at breast heightcm

Yield of heartwood in kg

10 10 120 22 430 33 1040 44 2050 55 30

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE-2002)

Input Cost (Rs) 100000

Output (Rs) 450000

Yield 1500 kgHW

USES

Vitated Condition of Pitta Burning sensation Hyperacidity Skin DiseasesInflammations Leucorrhoea Menorrhagia

CHAIRAITA

An annual herb 30-80 am high leaveslanceolate acute flowers greenish-purple Itgrows naturally Flowering and fruiting July toSeptember

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Common names Chirayata Kirata andKirataka

DISTRIBUTION

In temperate to sub-alpine Himalayan areas from JampK HP UP to ArunachalPradesh on slopes between 1800-3600 m altitude Himachal PradeshUttranchal Sikkin amp Arunachal Pradesh

Parts Used Whole plant

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant can be grown in variety of soils with sandy loam rich in carbon andhumus It can be grown in sub-temperate regions between plusmn 1500 to 2100 maltitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

Nursery beds are prepared in selected areas in suitable climatic conditionsSeeds are sown during May-June After 3-4 months seedlings are transplantedin the field in rows at a distance of 45-60 am The distance between two rowsis kept about 60 am

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required in nursery and field

Manure

Compost manure or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

The nursery beds and field after planting should be irrigated periodically as andwhen required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting

The crop is usually ready for harvesting after 6-8 months The plants arecollected and dried in shade

Economics (Per acre ndash 2002)

The rate for 01 kg of Chiratita whole plant ranges from Rs 300-350

Uses

Fever Inflammation Burning sensation cough dyspepsia skin diseases bloodpressure

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

CONCLI

Soil Type It can be grown in all soil types

Sowing Season Monsoon

Harvesting in December

Profits 25000 Acre

DARUHALDI

An erect spinous shrub 2 - 3 m high oftenforming gregarious patches paleyellowish brown bark closely and rather deeplyfurrowed Flowers golden yellow

Common names Rasaut Daruhsldi

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs in the Himalayas between 2000-3000 m height and also in Nilgirl hills

Parts used root root bark stem wood and fruits

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

It can be cultivated in any type of soil Grows well in temperate climate

Nursery raising and planting

Propagation is from seeds self-sown is nature Seedlings or cuttings can betaken during spring Season after the berries are over Seedlings aretransplanted in field at distenceof 100X100 cm

Thinning and weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth

Manure

2q farm yard manure (FYM) per acre should be applied Compostvermincompost organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done as per requirement weeklyfortnightly

Harvestingpost-harvesting Operation

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

The root stem bark are removed from mature plant after two years ofplantation amp cut in small pieces are dried in shades

Economics (per acre-2002)

The rate of 01 kg of bark ranges from RS40-50

Uses

Diarrhoea dysentery jaundice eye problems

GUDMAR

A woody climber with small yellowish flowersand simple opposite weight elliptic hairy leavesIt is found wild in various deciduous forests ofIndia

Common names Madhunashini Merasingi andGudmar Buti

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Punjab HaryanaTamil Nadu Andra Pradesh Kerala Karnatka Bihar and Bengal

Parts Used Leaves and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil And Climate

The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro climatic conditions in tropical andsub-tropical regions upto 600 m

Nursery Rising and Planting

Mature seeds are collected between October ndash December and sown in poly-boxes over bags or small plots as nursery The raised seedlings aretransplanted in field during February-March The plant grows well with the on-sit of rainy season The climber is given proper support for its better growth indevelopment It can also be planted in between trees and inter cropping

The plant can also be propagated through cutting and planted during rainyseason

Weeding and Hoeing

Periodical weeding and hoeing is required particularly during and after rainyseason

Manure

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Compost or Vermicompost is preffered for application while preparing soil fornursery and in the field plantation

Irrigation

Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done weeklyfortnight

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

After one year leaves are ready for harvesting The leaves are usually collectedduring October-February and are cleaned dried in shades The roots arecollected during summer and are cleaned washed and cut into pieces anddried

ECONOMICS (Per Acre 2002)

Input Cost Rs 250000

Output Rs 600000

Yield 4 q leaves

Uses

Hepatospleenomegaly Jaundice Diabetes

GUGGAL

A shrub or small tree reaching up to 3 to 4 mhigh Leaves sessile alternate 1-3 foliate Plantsdimorphic one having bisexual and male flowersand other female flowers Fruit ovoid drupe

Common names Guggulu amp Guggal

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Karnataka Rajasthan Deccan and Gujrat

Parts Used Olio gum-resin

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

It can be cultivated in sandy to silt-loam or rocky soils poor in inorganicmatter but rich in several other minerals The growth is faster in the soilswhich have moisture-retaining capacity

Nursery Raising and Planting

The plants are best raised from stem cutting semi-wood (old) branch One-meter long woody stem of 10mm thickness is selected and the cut end istreated with growth harmone (IBA amp NAA) and planted in a well-manured

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

nursery bed during June-July months the bed should be given light irrigationperiodically The cuttings initiate sprouting in 10-15 days and grow into goodgreen sprout in next 10-12 months These rooted plants are suitable forplanting in the field during next rainy season The cuttings give 80-94sprouting

Seed germination is very poor (5) but seedlings produce healthier plantswhich withstand high velocity wind

Thinning and Weeding

The planting does not require much weeding and hoeing operation But soilaround the bushes should be pulverized twice in a year to increase the growth

Manure

Application of 5 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM)plant per year is sufficient

Irrigation

Requires moderate irrigation Even a limited irrigation during summer seasonimproved rate of growth

Harvesting Post ndash Harvesting Operation

Plants attain normal height and girth after 8-10 years of growth when they areready for tapping of the gum by shallow incision on the bark betweenDecember and March

Yield

Approximate 500-800 gum per well grown plant

ECONOMICS (Per Acre)

Input Cost Rs 10000000

Output Rs 20000000

Yield 8 q gum resin

JATAMANSI

An erect perennial herb 10-60 cm in height with woody stout rootstockcovered with reddish brown fibres of the petioles of radical leaves Leavesradical longitudinally nerved flower pale-pink or blue

Common Names Mamsi Balchara amp Sumbulut-teeb

DISTRIBUTION

Found in alpine Himalayas from 3300-5000 m heights Hills of Himachal

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Parts Used Rhizome

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy loam and acidic soil rich in organic carbon and nitrogen is found bestfor germination as well as for better survival of seedlings and productivityMoist and partial sunny areas are found suitable for cultivation Further moistrough wall surface provide suitable microhabitat for better growth At loweraltitude (1800-2200 m) plain beds with slight tilt (5deg-10deg) are found suitablefor cultivation unlike horizontal and vertical beds at alpine site

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during November-December in polyhouse at lower altitudeduring March-April in open beds at middle altitude and during May in alphinearea Seedlings are transplanted after six to eight weeks in the field At loweraltitude root growth as well as number and length of leaves increases rapidlyas compare to higher elevation However fibrous root formation takes onlyafter third year of growth when plants are raised by seedlings About 44000plants are planted in one acre of land

Vegetative propagation through splitting of roots is found most successful inNardostachys jatamansi and observed better for multiplication as well as forhigher production within a short period than cultivation through seedlings

Manure

For cultivation better survival and yield of Jatamansi at lower altitude (1800m)60-70qs manure is required for one acre of land However the results arefound best in litter treatment instead of live stock manure The sites rich inorganic carbon needed 46-60qs manure per acre for higher yield

Irrigation and Weed Control

Beds need excessive wateringirrigation to decrease the mortality rateWatering requirement will change in respect of different months like noirrigation is needed during monsoon period Watering requirement alsodepends on the location of sites and texture of soil During the dry season ieMay-June and September-October watering must be done at every two daysinterval at lower altitude Weeding also depends on the condition of soil andpresence of weeds Generally weeding must be done at weekly interval in thefirst year of seedling growth and during the second and third year twice in amonth

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Plants should be harvested just before senescence after maturing to achievethe higher quality of active contents With a view to achieve higher amount ofbio-active ingredients it must be collected during the month of September atlower altitude while in the month of October at higher altitude The harvestingperiod for this species is 3-4 years the harvested roots are washed and driedin shade

Economics

The rate for 1 kg of rhizomeroot ranges from Rs 150-160

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Uses

Epilepsy Hysteria Hypertension Erysipelas

KALIHARI

A herbaceous tendril climber

Soil Type Grows well in red sandy loam soil

Distribution Throughout India

Parts used Rhizome

Nursery raising and planting Grown by seeds and tubers but plants arebest raised from tubers Tubers are planted in the bed during rainy seasonmaintaining 60x60 cm spacingTubers About 41500 tubers are required ha

Weeding and Horing Periodical weeding and hoeing is required

Manure 6 Tonnes compostFYM is required Acre

Harvesting The fruits are harvested after 170-180 days of planting

Yeild 250-300 kg seeds ha annually and 25-3 tonnesha tuberous rootsafter five years of the plantation

EconomicsAcre

Input cost (Rs) Output (Rs) Yield150000- 650000- 13q seeds30 qtuber

KALMEGH

A bitter annual herb 05 to 1 m in height It is also known as Hara-ChirettaWidely distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to AssamMadhya Pradesh Tamil Naidu and Kerala

Nomenclature

Family Acanthacear Genus AndrographirSpecies Paniculata

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

USES

Parts Used Whole Plant

Uses Jaundice wounds chronic fever

Cultivation practices

CULTIVATIONSoil and Climate It can be cultivated in shady wastelands on wide range of soils The climaticrequirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine

Irrigation Harvesting Yield LAND PREPARATIONThe soil of the field selected for Ashwgandha should used pulverized byploughing and harrowing

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10 x 2 m size should be tilledpulverized and leveled during the month of May Beds should be coveredproperly by suitable mulch and irrigated regularly Transplanting of seedling isdone in second fortnight of June at a row and plant spacing of 45 to 60 cmand 30 to 45 cm respectively

THINNING AND WEEDINGTo begin with one or two weeding noeing essential to get the cropestablished

MANURE 3-6 tones of FYM is required for raising nursery

IRRIGATION2-3 irrigations are required

HARVESTINGBy the end of September

ECONOMICS PER ACRE

Yield 12 Quintals herbage per acreCost of cultivation yield and income per acre

Input Cost (Rs) Output Cost (Rs) Yield8000- 12000- 12 Quintals (Herbage)

KESAR

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

The saffron is a small perennial herb 40-45 cm tall It possesses a somewhatglobular corms which is solid white fleshy covered with a series of fibroussheaths and 3 to 5 cm in diameter when fully developed It produces 6 to 9grass like radical leaves flowers are terminal reddish purple and appearsduring October to November The androcium consists of 3 stamens filamentsare short free anthers are yellow and basifixed

Common Names Saffron Zafran Kumkum

Parts Used Stigma amp Style

DISTRIBUTION

It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir Attempts have been made to cultivateit in adjoining Himalayan parts of Punjab Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal

CULTIVATION

Preparation of Land

The plant requires very rich well-drained sandy and sandy loam soil foroptimum plant growth

PLANTATION

The corms are planted July-August at a distance of 5-8 cm from each other inrows 20 cm apart at a depth of 8-10 cm and covered properly with soilSixteen to eighteen quintals of corms are required to plant one acre of land

MAINTENANCE AND AFTER CARE

To obtain a good crop proper maintenance of beds and drainage channels etcare quite essential Periodical hoeing and weeding are important for goodyield Weeding is very essential in rainy season

IRRIGATION

The beds should be lightly watered to a soil depth of about 10 cm afterplanting Light irrigation essential during flowering time with an interval of 5-6days One irrigation is given in November-December

MANURE

Higher floral and corm production demands 6-7 tonnes of well-decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) per acre The FYM application is suitable in themonth of July-August

HARVESTING amp YIELD

Picking of flowers on alternate days during wee hours of morning provides anopportunity to pick flowers easily and keeps all the quality parametersProcessing is done by isolating stigma and style and placed for air-drying OneKg of Saffron (stigma amp style) needs 2-3 days sun drying Normally between160000 to 165000 flowers are required to produce one kilogram of goodquality dried Saffron The yield of Saffron in Kashmir is reported to be 1 to 15kg per acre

ECONOMICS

Initial expenditure to start Saffron cultivation is quite high due to high cost of

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

planting material The net profit thus starts from the third year onwards

USES

Aphrodisiac Cardiotonic Carminative Diaphoretic Diuretic EmmenogogueFabrifuge Stimulent Nerve Tonic Stomachic

KOKUM

A small to medium sized tree leaves simple dark green elliptic ovate flowerin fasciclesfruit ovoidyellow or red when ripe

Common names konkom amarita and vrasamla

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala south Gujarat assam WestBengal

Part used Ripe fruits

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

Grown in a variety of soil and in different agro-climatic conditions

NURSERY RISING AND PLANTING

Cultivated by soft wood grafting and planted in the month of June-August

THINNING AND WEEDING

Weeding and thinning of the plants may be done as and when required usually15-20 days

MANURE

20 kg Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is required for better crop

IRRIGATION

Normally grown as rainfed crop Hence regular irrigation is not in vogue forgrown-up orchards

HARVESTING POST HARVESTING OPERATION

Harvesting is done in March-April Fruits and Bark are removed and dried inshade

YIELD

Ripe fruit 3 ton per acre

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

ECONOMICS (Per Acre ndash 2002)

Input Cost Rs 700000

Output Rs 3500000

Yield 3T

USES

Hemorrhoids Diarrhoea Dysentery Dyspepsia Hyperdipsia

KUTH

A robust erect perennial plant with large leaves Roots stout up to 60 cm longand used medicinally Flowers amp fruits ndash August-September seeds collectedduring September ndash October

Common names Kuth Kustha

DISTRIBUTION

Distributed and found in Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh Jammuamp Kashmir Sikkim amp Arunachal Pradesh

Part Used Tuberous Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture and organiccarbon is best for germination as well as better survival of seedlings andproductivity The plant grows in temperate and sub-alpine region

Planting Cultivation and nursery of Kuth in lsquoBio-edaphic condition at analtitude of 1200-1800 m is suitable The seeds are sown in April or May innursery When the seedlings are plusmn15 cm long these are transplanted in fields

Irrigation

The crop requires 5-6 irrigations between May-September The land is irrigatedwhen seeds are sprouting

Manure

Well-decomposed farmyard manure 2-3 qacre should be applied to nurserybeds and in the field at the time of field preparation

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Usually in 2-3 years well-grown mature root tubers are developed Howeveryield is obtained from 3 years old crop Root is harvested in early Septemberor October or early spring The roots are cleaned with water and dried forprocessing

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Yield

After 2-3 years of planting about 200-250 kg of dry tuberous roots per acrecan be obtained The market rate is Rs 80-90 per kg

Economics (Per acre)

Input cost Rs 1000000

Output Rs 2000000

Yield 2 q

Uses

Chronic and Foulucers Odontalgia Cough Asthma Hiccough General Debility

MAKOY

An erect herb 30-60 cm high with small white flower and green berries (fruits)turns red or black or ripening Seeds discoid smooth yellowish Floweringampfruiting- August to October It grow as a weed thought out dry parts of India

Common names Gurkkamai kakamaci black nightshade mako inabussalab

DISTRIBUTION

Thought out dry parts of India up to 800 m altitude

Parts used Whole plants and fruit

CULTIVATION

SOIL AND CLIMATE

The plants grows in different kinds of soil including dry stony shallow or deepsoils It usually grows in wastelands as weed It can be cultivated in tropicaland sub- tropical agro-climatic regions

NURSARY RAISING AND PLANTING

The seeds are snow during April ndashMay in well manured nursery beds It takesabout 15-30 days to grow The seedling are developed in about 15-30 daysafter sowing The seedling are transplanted in rows and 60 X 60cm apart inthe well-prepared field

WEDDING AND HOEING

Periodic hoeing is done both in the nursery and field as per requirement

IRRIGATION

The nursery beds are plantation should be irrigated periodically as and when

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

required weekly or fortnightly The plants are irrigated till it flowers

HARVESTING POST-HARVESTING

The crops is usually ready for harvesting after 4-6 months depending upon theclimate and soil The plants are collected and dried in shades

ECONOMICS (PER ACRE)

Input cost (RS) output (RS) yield

5500 18000 5 q herbage

USES

Hepatomegaly vomiting dropsy general debility

MUSKDANA

Soil Type Sandy

Sowing Plough the field in fully Sowing is done in monsoon

Mannuring FYM

Harvesting December

Profits Rs 20000- per Acre

PIPPALI

A glabrous under-shrub with erect or sub-scandent nodose stem and slenderbranches Leaves are simple alternate stipulate and petiolate or nearlysessile Flowering is nearly through out of the year inflorescence spike fruitgrayish green or darker grey berries

Common Names pippali pipli amp long peper

DISTRIBUTION

A native of indo-Malayan religion It grows wild in the tropical rain forests ofIndia

Parts used dried spikes and roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Soil and climate

Long pepper can be cultivated successfully in organic matter rich fertile well-drained forest soils Laterite soils with high organic matter content andmoisture holding capacity are also suitable for cultivation Optimum elevationfor its cultivation is between 100 to1000m Higher elevations are notconducive to high yields It needs partial shade 20-25 shade intensity isfound to be optimum

LAND PREPATION

The area should be ploughed 2 ndash3 times and leveled properly Raised beds ofsize 3x25m are prepared and pits are dug at a distance of 60x60cm and driedcow-dung or farmyard manure at the rates of 100g per pit is applied andmixed with soil Two rooted cutting or suckers with roots and planted in eachpit To avoid any water stagnation in beds Channels are laid out to drainexcess rainwater

NURSERY RAISING AND PLANTING

It is propagated by suckers are transplanted soon after the setting in ofmonsoon rains The best time for raising nursery is during March and April toavoid mealy-bug attack on roots 10 DP is to be mixed with the pottingmixture Normal irrigation may be given on alternate days Excess moisture inthe nursery can cause phytophthora wilt By the the end of May the cuttingwill be ready for planting

THINNING AND WEEDING

In first year regular weeding should be done as and when the weed growth isnoticed in beds

MANURE

Long pepper needs heavy manuring In soils with low fertility the growth ofthe plant is very poor Eight toners of cow-dung or farmyard manure arerequired for an acre of land Since the crop will give economic yield for 3years the manuring has to be done each year

IRRIGATION

Irrigation once in a week is necessary an intercrop and if the main crop isirrigated no additional irrigation is necessary for pippli (piper longum) Whenthe crop is not irrigated it is necessary to give mulch with dry leaves or strawduring summer months If the crop is irrigated during summer it continues toproduce spikes and doff-season produce will be available

HARVESTINGPOST-HARVESTING

OPERATION

The vines start bearing six months after planting The spikes thus will be readyfor harvest after two months since formation of spikes When the spikes arefull grown but unripe these are gathered If left with picking they ripe andtheir pungency is lost to a great extent

Harvested spikes repeatedly exposed in the sun for 4 to 5 days until they areperfectly dried The dried spikes have to be stored in moisture proofcontainers Thicker parts of lower steamsroots are cut and dried for producingpiplamool There are three grades of Piplamool

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

YIELD

The yield of dry spike during first year is around 200 Kgacre it increases upto500 Kgacre in the third year After third year the vines become lessproductive and should be replanted

ECONOMICS

Input Cost Rs 2500000

Output Cost Rs 5000000

Yield 25 q Spikes 1 q root

USES

Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Splenopathy Anorexia Asthma FeverHaemorrhoids Digestive Appetiser

SARAPGANDHA

An erect evergreen perennial under-shrub 75 cm to 1 m in height Root isprominent tuberous usually branched 05 to 25 cm in diameter Up to 40 to60 cm deep into soil The roots possess high alkaloid concentration

Common Names Candrabhaga Chota chand Serpentina root Chandrika ampAsrol

DISTRIBUTION

Foot hills of Himalayan range up to the elevation of 1300-1400 m and almostall over the country Lowers hills of Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal UttarPradesh and Jammu amp Kashmir etc

Part Used Root

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

The plant requires slightly acidic to neutral soils for good growth with mediumto deep well drained fertile soils Clay-loam to slit-loam soils rich in organiccontent are suitable for its commercial cultivation It grows well in frost-freetropical to sub-tropical situation under irrigation

Nursery Raising amp Planting

The crop can be propagated by seed stem cutting and root cuttings Seedpropagation is the best method for raising commercial plantation

Manure

Farm Yard Manure at (10 to 12 qacre) is required for land preparation hasgiven good response by the crop

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Irrigation

Rauwolfia if grown in the areas which receive rainfall of 150 cm or above welldistributed throughout the growing season such as in Assam and Kerala canbe raised and rainfed crop under subtropical conditions It is suggested that 15to 16 irrigations at 20 days interval in summer and at 30 days interval inwinter are sufficient

Weeding

The Rauwolfia field should be kept relatively weed-free in the early period ofgrowth This means giving two to three weedings and two hoeing in the firstyear where sole Rauwolfia crop is taken or 5-6 weeding where intercrops inRauwolfia are practised

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

Root yields at different age and climate has shown that 18 months durationcrop produce maximum root yield Transplanting is done in July theharvesting period coincides with the shedding of leaves during early autumnseason next year At this stage the roots contain maximum concentration oftotal alkaloids At harvest the root may be found to go up 40 cm deep in thesoil

After digging the roots are cleaned washed and cut into 12 to 15 cm piecesfor convenience in drying and storage The dry roots possess upto 8-10 percent of moisture The dried roots are stored in polythene lined gunny bags incool dry place to protect from mould

Yield

On an average root yield vary from 6 qacre of dry weight under irrigationdepending upon soil fertility crop stand and management

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 2000000

Output (Rs) 4000000

Yield 6 q root

Uses

Hypertension Insomnia Epilepsy Fever Cardiac Problems Palpitation

SHATAVARI

A perennial prickly climber excessively branched Roots tuberous 15-40 cmlong grayish-white and cultivation both for medical and ornamental purpose

Common names Satamuli Satavar AbhiruampSatavari

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

DISTRUBATION

Found thought out INDIA in the topicalamp sub-topical parts up to 1200m wild orcultivated

Part used Tuberous roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

Plant usually grows in a variety of soils including medium black heaving pH7-8it can be easily grown in sub- topical ampsub-temperate agro- climate religiousup to 1400m

LAND PREPARATION

The soil is given 20-30 cm deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing after fewdays Grasses and weeds are removed The land is properly leveled and 40-45cm broad ridges are prepared for plantation leaving 15-20 cm furor space aschannel for irrigation

Nursery raising and planting

Seeds are sown in April in raised beds at 5cm a part to facilitate decay of itshard seeds coat by the time monsoon commence Germination stars in 8-10days after the first shower of monsoon in June The seedling are transplantedon ridges at 60X60 cm a part and provided bamboo stakes when the plantsattained a height of 45cm

Vegetative propagation is by division of rhizomatous disc present at the baseof the aerial stem The rhizomatous disc develops several vegetative budsaround the aerial shoot The disc is divided in such a way that each piecepossessed at least two buds along with 2-3 tuberous roots These pieces areplanted covering the buds with 1cm of soil followed by irrigation Thesprouting commences in 8-10 days after plantation

Weeding

Two weeding are carried out during the rainy months therefore one in nIrrigation ext 2-3 months

Irrigation is done after the rainy season is over at the rate of two irrigationsin winter season and one per month in summer season

Manure

FYM used for better crop produce

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The plants are harvested after 40 months in winter The roots are dug-outcollected and cleared The roots are peeled off with the help of sharp knifeimmediately after harvesting It is observed that in case the roots are notpeeled of within a few days it is a bit difficult to remove the skin as such Insuch a conditions the roots are kept in boiling water for about 10 minutesfollowed by cold water treatment of facilitate peeling After removing the skinit is cut transversely into small pieces and dried in shades

Yield

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Estimated yield of 35 qacre dry roots in reported

Economics (per acre)

Input cost (RS) 25000

Output (RS) 70000

Yield 35q root

Uses

Nervous Disorders Burning Sensation Thirst Cough Tuberculosis GeneralWeakness Aphrodisiac Enhance Lactation

TULSI

An annual plant 30-60 cm high much branched stem and branches usuallypurplish sub-quadrangular leaves 25-5 by 16-32 cm elliptic oblong-obtusepubescent on both side and minutely gland-dotted Flowers in racemes

Common Names Holy Basil Krishna Tulsi

DISTRIBUTION

Found all over the country

Parts Used Leaf Whole plant Seed

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Thrives well on variety of soils Rich loam to poor laterite saline and alkalineto moderately acidic soils are well suited for its cultivation Well-drained soilhelps better vegetation growth Water logged condition can cause root-rot andresult in stunted growth

The plant can be grown under partially shaded conditions but with low oilcontents It flourishes well under fairly high rainfall and humid conditions Longdays and high rainfall and humid conditions Long days and high temperatureshave been found favorable for plant growth and oil production Topical andsub-topical climate (at altitudes upto 900m) is suited for its cultivation

Land and Preparation

The land is brought to fine tilth and laid out into plots of convenient sizes forirrigation It is preferable to add 6 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre duringthe preparation of land and mixed well in the soil

Nursery Raising and Planting

The nursery can be raised in the third week of February and transplanting isgenerally started in the middle of April The plant is propagated by seeds

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Raised seed beds of 2-3 m x 5 m long should be throughly prepared and wellmanured by addition of farmyard manure About 200-300 g seeds are enoughto raise the seedlings for planting one hectare of land The seed should besown 2 cm below in the nursery beds The seeds germinate in 8-12 days andthe seedlings are ready for transplanting in about 6 weeks time 4-5 leaf stageThe seedlings are transplanted at 40 x 40 cm and 40 x 50 cm to get highherbage and oil yield per acre

Weeding and Hoeing

First weeding is done one month after planting and the second 4 weeks afterthe first One hoeing after two months of planting is sufficient

Manure

CompostVermi compost and organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation depends upon the moisture content of soil In summer 3 irrigationsper month are necessary in rainy season no irrigation is required

Harvesting Post-Harvesting Operation

The crop is harvested is obtained at 90-95 days of planting Then it may beharvested every 65-75 days interval Harvesting is done usually on brightsunny days for good oil yield and its quality It is not desirable to harvest thecrop if there was a rain in the previous day

Yield

About 2 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained twice or thrice a year peracre

Economics (Per acre)

Input Cost (Rs) 200000

Output (Rs) 500000

Yield 2 tones herbage

Uses

Fever Asthma Bronchitis Vomiting Cough Expectorant

VAIVIDANG

A large scandent shrub with elliptic lanceolate leaves flowers small white ofgreenish ndashwhite fruits are small rounded red to blackish striated 3-4 mmberries Flowering March ndash April and fruiting June ndash October

Common names Bhabhirang Vidangah amp Baobarang

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

DISTRIBUTION

Hills of eastern India in Assam Bengal Orissa Bihar Madhya Pradesh andthrough out North India

Part used Fruit

CULTIVATION

Soil and climate

The plant can be grown in a variety of soils including light black cotton soilsandyrocky in different agro- climatic conditions in topical regions up tp 800-1500 m altitude

Nursery Raising and Planting

The seeds are sown in well ndash prepared nursery beds in May-June About 5 kgseeds are required for preparing 10000 plants which are sufficient for oneacre of land The seedlings of 6 months are transplanted in to the heavilymanured field at a distance of 60X60 cm The seedling can also be planted inpits of 1X1 feet size

Manure

Compostvermin compost Orognic manure in preferred

Weeding

Weeding and thinning of plants may be done as and when required usuallyafter 15-30 days for better growth of the plants

Irrigation

The plantation can be irrigated usually at an interval of 15 days

Harvesting Post-Harvesting

Harvesting is done after two years Generally fruiting starts in August-September after 2 years of plantation and fruit ripes during November toJanuary The fruits are collected dried in shade and stored in clean porousJute-bags The fruits are collected manually and the plant is allowed to growfurther

Yield

The produce (dry fruits) of about 10 qacre can be collected

Economics (Peracre)

Input Cost Rs 3500000

Output Rs 10000000

Yield 10 q fruit

Uses

Helminthiasis skin diseases

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

VATSNAB

A perennial herb with tuberous roots 50-100cm high with an erect stemleaves semi-circular flower blue in loose racemes Roots are dark-brownexternally and on tasting It produces strong tingling sensation

Common names mithavis and vatsanabhah

DISTRIBUTION

Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal Jammu amp Kashmir and Sikkim

Part used Roots

CULTIVATION

Soil and Climate

Sandy textured loam soil rich in moisture humus and in organic carbonbetween 2000-3000 m altitude near snow line usually on slopes is preferredIt requires temperate to sub-alpine area The land for planting may be sloppywith raised beds in between furrows like potato cultivation

Nursery Raising and Planting

Seeds are sown during February-March about 3-4 cm deep in the soil and 10-15 cm apart in the raised nursery beds Five hundred to eight hundred gramsseeds in one hectare are sufficient The sproutinggermination of seeds shouldbe protected from frost About 5-10 cm long seedlings are suitable fortransplantation in the field The pieces of root tubers (root-stocks) withgrowing buds can also be planted directly in the field during May-June

Manure

Compostvermin-compost or organic manure is preferred

Irrigation

Irrigation may be done till flowering or fruit setting is there usuallyintermittently as per requirement (weeklyfortnightly)

Weeding

Weeding of plants may be done as and when required usually after 15-30 daysfor better growth of the plant

HarvestingPost-Harvesting

The mature root tubers after completion of reproductive (FloweringFruiting)phase are ready for collection with in three years of planting However it isobserved that maximum active ingredients are found during July-August at thetime of initiation of flowering period Thus during this period plants can beharvested to achieve high quality of active contents The collected tubers arecut into small pieces dried in shade and stored in cool moisture free dry

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

containers

Economics (Per Acre)

Per acre production from mature stands in natural pockets in estimated as 250kg the rate for 01 kg of roots ranges from Rs 100-130

Uses

Cephalgia Neuralgia Cardiac Debility Leprosy Skin Diseases Paralysis Fever

MILK THISTLE (Plant that Heal)

Scientific Names Silybum marianum (L)Gaertner

Synonyms Carduus marianus L Cnicusmarianus C benedictus

Family Asteraceae (Compositae)

Common Names Milk Thistle VariegatedThistle Wild Artichoke Mary Thistle St Mary Thistle Marian Thistle LadysThistle Holy Thistle (Born 1996 Foster 1990 Anonymous 1985) Marienistelfruchte (German) (Blumenthal Et Al 1998)

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT

The Silybum genus contains two species S marianum (L) Gaertner and Seburneum Both species are indigenous to the mediterranean region althoughKashmir is considered the native home of S marianum (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995)

Silybum marianum is a persistent herbaceous annual or biennial eaislyrecognized by its stout thistle reddish-purple flowers large prickly leaves withmilky white zones and tubular-shaped flowers that terminate in shape pines(A Snonymous 1985)The glabrous stem varies widely in height (20-150 CMhigh) and the upper part of the stem is erect and branched The largeglabrous white-veined leaves have a distinct spiny margin the brownish-colored fruits are hard skinned any shiny average 6-8 mm in length anddisplay a white silk-like pappus at the apex (Morazzoni and Bombardelli1995)

In many regions milk thistle (S marianum) is a widespread way side herbthroughout Europe and north America milk thistle is often found inwastelandes along roadsides and on cultivated ground The distribution of Smarianum ranges from the sea to submountainous areas where it grows inaltitudes up to 700-1 100 m (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995) Europeancolonists reportedly transported the herb to the new word from Britain(Pickering 1879 in Foster 1990) and it has since become naturalized in theeastern United States California and parts of Canada Milk thistle also growsin India China South America Mexico Australia and Africa (Foster 1990Anonymous 1985) Milk thistle has very few predators and matures in lessthen one year flourishing best on well-draining soils and in sunny areas

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

(Foster 1990)

TRADITIONAL USES

Silybum marianum is an edible plant despinedthe leaves are eaten much the same way asartichokes The seeds when roasted can bebrewed as a coffee substitute Historically thefavorful leaves and roots of this species wereeaten as foods and occasionally employed inmadicinal preparations (Morazzoni andBombardelli 1995) In Europe milk thistle wascultivated in gardens both as a vegetable and an

ornamental plant (Foster 1990)

The genus name Silybum is from the Greek sillybon a tuft or pendant Theoldest known mention of Silybum as a medicinal plant was by legendary Greekphysician Dioscorides who coined the name to describe a thistle whit white-blotched leaves he prescribed the roots of marianum as an emetic and withthe leaves he made a decoction to treat snakebites (Marazzoni andBombardelli 1995 Hobbs 1984)

Bingel and Farnsworth (1994) list galactogogue use of the seed in England andthe root or seed in Italy John Evelyn wrote Disarmed of its prickles andBoiled it is worthy of esteem and thought to be a great breeder of milk andproper diet for women who are nurses (Grieve 1980 p 797) To followers ofthe Doctrine of signatures the white blotches on the leaves would likelyindicated its utility as a galactogogue one legend relates that while nursingthe infant Jesus the virgin Mary spilled a drop of her Brest milk on the leavesWhich forever after gave them their characteristic white veins Still otherlegends appear to stem from an older pre-Christian goddess myth when milkthistle was called Venus thistle and delicate to the Norse goddess Freya (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

In the fourth century BC Theophrastus Spoke of S Marianum as didDioscorides and Pliny in the first century AD During the middle agesherbalists used several different parts including the root and aerial parts totreat swellings and erysipelas The nineteenth-century British herbalistCulpeper recommended S marianum for melancholy diseases which at thattime would include liver or bile-related diseases (including obstructions of liverand spleen) Hobbs (1984) recounts that Culpeper used an infusion of thefresh root and seeds to treat jaundice

In the United states the eclectic physicians of the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries prescribed remedies made from S marianum for varicoseveins menstrual-related pelvic congestion and congestion of the liver spleenand kidneys Topical application of the decoction was claimed to be of benefitin treating cancer For these and others diseases a tincture taken in a dose offive drops was prescribed by naturopathic doctors Tinctures made from theseeds are still used to treat liver ailments including jaundice gallstonesperitonitis hemorrhage bronchitis and varicose veins (Anonymous 1985Schauenberg and Paris 1974) In France the fruits roots and leaves of Smarianum are employed in remedies for the variety of related complaintschronic constipation associated with jaundice bile stones hepatitis andsteatosis Decoctions and tinctures of the fruits are though to have therapeuticeffects on the circulatory system particularly hemorrhoids vericose veins hayfever asthma and nettle rash In Italy the fruits are used in treatment ofhepatic complications such as oliguresis and hypotension in Germany andHungary decoctions and tinctures are used against cholangiopathies bilestones and liver problems in Greece various plant parts are used to make

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

remedies for vericose veins cholelithiasis duodenal ulcer amenorrhea andhepatic-related chronic constipation (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)Several Thistles have been traditionally used in herbal remedies for liverailments however only S marianum contains silymarin a complex offlavonoid like compounds with demonstrable therapeutic effects (Hobbs1984)

Milk thistle is widely recommended today by physicians in Europe as both aprotective and restorative agent for liver damage resulting from hepatitsalcoholism cirrhosis and damage due to pharmaceutical drugs anestheticsand Amanita mushroom poisonings is addition the silymarin complex isprescribed by many European practitioners for various symptoms of sub clinicalliver diseases linked to environmental toxins Among the various symptoms ofenvironment liver disorders that silymarin reportedly mitigates are low energypostprandial sleepiness depression irritability headaches allergies poordigestion and acne (Foster 1990Hobbs 1984 Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 )

CHEMISTRY

Lipid Compounds

The lipid fraction comprises 20 to 30 offruits of this52 to 53 is linoleic acid in thesaponifiable fraction B-sitosterol has also beenidentified (Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995)

Phenolic Compounds

Flavonoids

The seeds contains the flavonoids quercetin texfolin and dehydrokaempferol (Marazzoni and Bombardelli1995 Hobbs 1984)

Lignans

Flavonolignans in the plant generally called silymarin are the main activeconstituents Flavonolignan-like substances found i the seeds includedehydrosilybin desoxysilydianin (silymonin) silyhermin neosilyherminsilandrin and silybinome (Awang 1993 Rumyantseva 1991 wagner et al1974) The seeds contains the highest concentrations of silymarin Higherquantities are typically found in specimens from southern subtopical areas(hobbs 1984)

Silymarin is an umbrella term coined in 1968 by Wagner and colleagues todescribe the entry group of active flavonolignan principle found only in theseeds of S marianum Silymarin consists of three isomers silibinin (formerlysilybin) silydianin and silycristin (aka sildianin and silicristin resectively)silibinins a and b are diastereoisomers (Tittel and Wagner 1977 Wagner etal 1974) The primary flavonolignan in the silymarin complex silibinn aconsist of a benzodioxane grouping drived from the coupling of taxifolin withconiferlyl alcohol ( Marazzoni and Bombardelli 1995 )

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of extracts of S marianum yeilded 2 3-dehydrosilybin as well as silibinin oligomers and dehydrodiconiferyl alchol(Wagner etal 1974) Three other flavonolignans (3-deoxy-flavonones) havebeen identified In addition studies show that the presence and concentrationof active principles can vary by geographical region For example white-blooming varietal species of S marianum have yeilded new compoundssilymonin (3-deoxy-silydianin) and silyandrin (3-deoxy-isosilybin) ( Marazzoni

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

and Bombardelli 1995)

JATROPHA

Family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)Common Names peregrina spicy jatropha

Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is an oil plantThe botanic name Jatropha is derived fromGreek Jatras meaning Doctor and tropheNutrition

One of the main crops currently being promoted for biodiesel production inseveral countries globally is Jatropha curcas There have been substantialpolitical and social pressures to promote the growing of such crops (inparticular Jatropha curcas) in India as a means of economic empowermentsocial upliftment and poverty alleviation within marginalized communities

Jatropha is a valuable multi-purpose crop to alleviate soil degradationdesertification and deforestation which can be used for bio-energy to replacepetro-diesel for soap production and climatic protection and hence deservesspecific attention

Jatropha can help to increase rural incomes self-sustainbility and alleviatepoverty for women elderly children and men triabal communities smallfarmers It can as well help to increase income from plantations and agro-industries

Government of India has selected the plant forNational Program compared to others due tofollowings -

Low cost seedsHigh oil contentSmall gestation periodGrowth on good and degraded soilGrowth in low and high rainfall areasSeeds can be harvested in non-rainyseasonPlant size is making collection of seeds more convenient

Of all the above prospective plant candidates as bio-diesel yielding sourcesJatropha curcas is standing at the top and sufficient information on thisplant is already available

Description

Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree with glossy leaves and clustersof star shaped bright scarlet or vermilion flowers The plant has a rounded ornarrow domed form and gets up to 15 ft (46 m) tall with a spread of 10 ft(31 m) or so although in cultivation it is usually smaller Peregrina oftengrows shrublike with several slender trunks but it can be pruned to a singletrunk The leaves are extremely variable they may be entire and elliptic oroval or they may be fiddle shaped or they may have three sharp pointedlobes They are bronze when young and brownish on the undersides Theflowers are about 1 in (25 cm) across and borne in multi-flowered terminalclusters almost all year round Compacta is a smaller more compact cultivar

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel

Culture

Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drainedPeregrina blooms on the current years growth so it can be pruned at any timeof the year It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size trained to atree form or used in espalier Light Full sun to partial shadeMoisture Peregrina is drought tolerantHardiness USDA Zones 10 - 11 Peregrina is damaged by frost and isconsidered marginal in zones 9B and 10APropagation Propagate from cuttings taken in spring

Usage

Peregrina is a spectacular shrub in bloom whichis most of the year Use it as anaccent or in a mixed shrub border Peregrina isnot salt tolerant but it is tolerant of poor anddry soils Peregrina makes a fine container planton the patio or at poolside It attracts butterfliesand hummingbirds as well as rave reviews from

passersby

Features

Jatropha is a very diverse genus which includes cactus like succulentsherbaceous perennials and woody trees They are all united in the samegenus because their very similar flower structures suggest a relatively recentcommon ancestor Coral plant (J multifida) is a close relative that is alsoshowy and used in Zone 10+ landscapes

All rights reserved wwwagricareorg 2005 - 2006 ++ Disclaimer++ Site Developed and maintained by CyberXel