Medical Test System Bawa

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MEDICAL TEST SYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THEREQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(Computer Science & Engineering)

PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYJALANDHAR, INDIA

Submitted to: Submitted By:Er. Arshjot Kaur NAME:SHIVDEV SINGH

A.P. (C.S.E.) BRANCH:CSE

Semester:SEVENTH(7)

Univ Roll No: 80805107051

Class Roll No:80051

Table of Contents


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SNO. TITLE PAGE NO.1. Introduction to Project 1

2. Introduction to ExpertSystem 4

3. Expert system developmentmethodology

11

4. Technologies used:.NetSQL SERVERADO.NET

141920

5. Project Details:AimScopeHardware and SoftwareRequirements

Working of Project

21212223

6. Screen shots 247. Bibliography 32

INTRODUCTION


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Medical Test System is aimed at computerizing the activities involved in Medical

Test. The primary activities in the Test include importing the Health

Issues,Causes,Symptoms,Reports regarding the pateints.

This project includes the following Modules:

1.Doctor

Checking the patient with the detailed information related to the body part /injury.

On the basis of Causes and symptoms said by pateint medicine and fees will be

shown automatically.

2. Attendent

This module specifies that in the absence of doctor attendent has right to

check the patients where medicine related to patient problem can be

given by attendent.

INTRODUCTION TO EXPERT SYSTEM:


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An expert system is a computer program that contains stored knowledge and solves

problems in a specific field in much the same way that a human expert would. The

knowledge typically comes from a series of conversations between the developer

of the expert system and one or more experts. The completed system applies the

knowledge to problems specified by a user.

Expert Systems are computer programs that are derived from a branch of computer

science research called Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI's scientific goal is to

understand intelligence by building computer programs that exhibit

intelligent behavior. It is concerned with the concepts and methods of

symbolic inference, or reasoning, by a computer, and how the knowledge

used to make those inferences will be represented inside the machine.

Of course, the term intelligence covers many cognitive skills, including the

ability to solve problems, learn, and understand language; AI addresses all of

those. But most progress to date in AI has been made in the area of problem

solving -- concepts and methods for building programs that reason about problems

rather than calculate a solution.

AI programs that achieve expert-level competence in solving problems in

task areas by bringing to bear a body of knowledge about specific tasks are called

knowledge-basedorexpert systems. Often, the term expert systems is reserved for

programs whose knowledge base contains the knowledge used by human experts

in contrast to knowledge gathered from textbooks or non-experts. More often than


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not, the two terms, expert systems (ES) and knowledge-based systems (KBS) are

used synonymously. Taken together, they represent the most widespread type of AI

application. The area of human intellectual endeavor to be captured in an expert

system is called the task domain. Task refers to some goal-oriented, problem-

solving activity. Domain refers to the area within which the task is being

performed. Typical tasks are diagnosis, planning, scheduling, configuration and

design.

Building an expert system is known as knowledge engineeringand its

practitioners are called knowledge engineers. The knowledge engineer must make

sure that the computer has all the knowledge needed to solve a problem. The

knowledge engineer must choose one or more forms in which to represent the

required knowledge as symbol patterns in the memory of the computer -- that is, he

(or she) must choose a knowledge representation. He must also ensure that the

computer can use the knowledge efficiently by selecting from a handful of

reasoning methods. We first describe the components of expert systems.


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When to Use Expert Systems:

ES are not suited to all types of problems. Initially, many developers actively

sought problems amenable to ES solution or tried to solve all problems

encountered using ES. As experience has been gained, attention has become more

properly focused on the problems to be solved rather than on the solution

technique. Note that in this course, we are focusing on systems engineering

techniques and tools and thus have been and will be quite concerned about the

solution technique.

Some problems can be described using existing algorithms, or by using a statistical

evaluation method. Other problems, that are not as well defined, that are ill-

structured and that currently require the help of a human expert, may appropriately

be solved using an ES. In effect, the techniques are rapidly becoming, along with

simulation and other conventional programming, important tools available to solve

a wide range of problems. Incompleteness of information is characteristic of

problems suitable for solution with ES.

The "telephone test" can often be used to help determine if a problem that cannot

readily be solved using traditional methods is amenable to ES solution. If the

domain expert can solve the problem via a telephone exchange with the end-user,

an ES program can probably be developed to solve the problem. On the otherhand,

if the user is unable to describe the problem verbally, or if the expert is unable

based on the telephone interview consistently to conclude a reasonable solution,

then ES development will likely be unsatisfactory. The telephone test assures that

the expert is not gaining additional information about a problem from other senses

and insures that the user is able to adequately describe the problem in words

(important since the user of an ES will be required to describe the problem

adequately).


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APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEM:

1. Different types of medical diagnosis.

2. Identification of chemical component structure.

3. Diagnosis of complex electronic and electro-mechanical.

4. Diagnosis of software development projects.

5. Forecasting crop damage.

6. Numerous applications related to space planning and exploration.

7. The design of very large scale integration (VLSI) systems.

8. Numerous military applications, from battle field assessment to ocean

surveillance.

9. Teaching students specialized tasks.

10.Location of faults in computers and communication systems.

Characteristics OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

1.Operates as an interactive system.

2.Make logical interfaces based on logic store.

3.Ability to explain reasoning.

4.Domain Specific.

5.Capability to assign confidence values.


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Components of an Expert System

A typical expert system consists of five components

_the user interface

_ the working memory_ the knowledge base

_ the inference engine

_ and the explanation system

The knowledge base and the working memory (WM) are the data structures which

the system uses and the inference engine is the basic program which is used. The

explanation system answers questions the user has and provides an explanation of

its reasoning. Each of these components are briefly described below.

Working Memory:

The working memory represents the set of facts known about the domain. The

elements of the WM reflect the current state of the world. In an expert system, the

WM typically contains information about the particular instance of the problem


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being addressed. For example, in a TV troubleshooting expert system, the WM

could

contain the details of the particular TV being looked at. The actual data represented

in the WM depends on the type of application. The initial WM, for instance, can

contain a priori information known to the system. The inference engine uses this

information in conjunction with the rules in the knowledge base to derive

additional information about the problem being solved.

Knowledge Base:

The knowledge base (also called rule base whenIf-then rules are used) is a set of

rules which represents the knowledge about the domain. The general form of a rule

is:

Ifcond1 and cond2 and cond3 ...

then action1, action2, ...

The conditions cond1, cond2, cond3, etc., (also known as antecedents) areevaluated based on what is currently known about the problem being solved (i.e.,

the contents of the working memory).Each antecedent of a rule typically checks if

the particular problem instance satisfies some condition. For example, an

antecedent in

a rule in a TV troubleshooting expert system could be: the picture on the TV

display flickers.The consequents of a rule typically alter the WM, to incorporate

the information obtained by application of the rule. This could

mean adding more elements to the WM, modifying an existing WM element or

even deleting WM elements. They could also include actions such as reading input

from a user, printing messages, accessing files, etc. When the consequents of a ruleare executed, the rule is said to have beenfired.

We will use a representation of the form:

rule id: Ifantecedent1 and antecedent2 .... then consequent

For instance, to represent the knowledge that if a person has a runny nose, a high

temperature and bloodshot eyes, then one has a flu, we could have the following

rule:

r1: Ifis(nose, runny) and is(temperature, high) and is(eyes, bloodshot)

then disease is flu

Inference Engine:

The inference engine is the program part of an expert system. It represents a

problem solving model which uses the rules in the knowledge base and the

situation-specific knowledge in the WM to solve a problem. Given the contents of

the WM, the inference engine determines the set of rules which should be

considered. These are the rules for which the consequents match the current goal of


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the system. The set of rules which can be fired is called the conflict set. Out of the

rules in the conflict set, the inference engine selects one rule based on some

predefined criteria. This process is called conflict resolution. For example, a simple

conflict resolution

criterion could be to select the first rule in the conflict set. A rule can befiredif all

its antecedents are satisfied. If the value of an antecedent is not known (in the WM

memory), the system checks if there are any other rules with that as a consequent;

thus setting up a sub-goal. If there are no rules for that antecedent, the user isprompted for the value and the value is added to the WM. If a new sub-goal has

been set up, a new set of rules will be

considered in the next cycle. This process is repeated till, in a given cycle, there are

no sub-goals or alternatively, the goal of the problem-solving has been derived.

This inferencing strategy is called backward chaining(since it reasons backward

from the goal to be derived). There is another strategy, calledforward chaining

where the system works forward from the information it has in the working

memory. In forward

chaining, the conflict set will be created by rules which have all their antecedentstrue in a given cycle. The system continues till the conflict set becomes empty.

Inferencing strategies:

Explanation System

Expert systems typically need to be able to provide explanations regarding the

conclusions they make. Most expert systems provide a mechanism whereby the

user can ask questions about:

_ why a particular question is being asked

_ how the system came to a particular conclusion

Providing explanations is essential in all non-trivial domains for the user to

understand how the system works and determine whether its reasoning is correct or

not. Typically the system will keep track of what rules (knowledge) it is using and

provide explanations based on a translation of these rules into English.

Expert system developmentmethodology

The steps in a typical expert systems analysis and designmethodology are summarized in following figure :


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1 Identification phase

The first step in the identification phase,Identify problem, is similar to the problem

definition phase in the traditional systems development life cycle. The objective is

to identify, characterize, and define the problems the system will be expected to

solve and then partition the problem into appropriate sub-tasks.


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Once the problem is defined, the resources necessary for acquiring knowledge,

implementing the system, and testing the system are identified. Typical resources

include knowledge, time, computing facilities, and money. Because expert systems

are expensive and creating one takes considerable time, a feasibility study is often

conducted before work progresses beyond this point.

In addition to identifying resources, the expert system analysts and/or designers

also identify the systems goals and objectives. It is helpful to identify andexplicitly document the goals because certain design approaches, such as heuristic

search, breadth search, depth search, and reasoning are goal-driven.

2 Conceptualization phase

The central task of the conceptualization phase is to diagram the systems key

concepts and relations to define a conceptual base for a prototype system. Key

objectives include separating the inference engine from the problem domain,

factoring (analyzing) the problem into meta-problems, identifying the systems keyconcepts and relations, and testing those concepts and relations by challenging

them (with specific examples of problem-solving activities) to ensure that they

cover every general case. Many of the tools and techniques described in Part II are

used in this phase.

3 Formalization Phase

The formalization phase involves mapping key concepts, sub-problems, and

information flow characteristics isolated during conceptualization into more formal

representations based on various knowledge engineering and problem solving tools

and knowledge representation frameworks . The key objectives are to identify the

solution space (a domain with a collection of all possible solutions), the hypothesis

space (the hypothetical solution space), the underlying model, and the

characteristics of the data.

To define the structure of the hypothesis space, the systems analysts or designers

must formalize the concepts (knowledge in an abstract format that can be used to

guide a searching or reasoning process) and determine how they are joined to form

a hypothesis. The concepts provide clues about the nature of the space such as if itis finite, if a hierarchy must to be considered, if certain levels of abstraction can be

applied, and if a specific class of the concept must be generated. Such searching

techniques as blind search, heuristic search, and abstracting the solution space are

often used. Reasoning techniques such as assumption building, justification

building, and the constraints and goal technique help to identify the underlying

model of the process used to generate solutions in the domain.

4 System design phase


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During the system design phase (sometimes called the logical design phase) the

analyst and/or designer specifies how the system will meet the requirements

identified during the previous three phases. Typically, the reports and other outputs

the systems must produce are defined first. This phase is similar to the design stage

in the traditional systems development life cycle. Note, however, that the

representation schemes used to describe knowledge differ from traditional

methodologies.

5 System development phase

A prototype expert system is created during the system development (or physical

design) stage. This stage is similar to the development stage in the traditional

system development life cycle.

6 Testing and evaluation phase

During this phase, the prototype system is evaluated. This phase parallels thetesting stage in the traditional system development life cycle. However, in addition

to the testing tools and techniques described in Part VII, expert systems utilize a

dynamic testing technique to verify the reasoning and/or inference process.

7 Prototype revision phase

An expert system evolves over time, calling for almost constant revision, a trait

expert systems share with most prototypes. Based on the results of the

testing/evaluation phase, concepts and relations are refined, the solution space, themodel, and the data characteristics are reformalized, and the system is redesigned.


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TECHNOLOGIES USED:

.NetMicrosoft .NET (pronounced dot net) is a software component that

runs on the Windows operating system. .NET provides tools and

libraries that enable developers to create Windows software much faster

and easier. .NET benefits end-users by providing applications of higher

capability, quality and security. The .NET Framework must be installed

on a users PC to run .NET applications.

Advantages of .Net

1. Platform independence

First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on

any platform; at

runtime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the

code will run on that

particular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform

independence for .NET, in

much the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform

independence.

2.Performance improvement

Although we previously made comparisons with Java, IL is actually a bit more

ambitious than Java byte code. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT

compilation), whereas Java byte code was often interpreted. One of the

disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Java

byte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance (with the exceptionof more recent cases, where Java is JIT compiled on certain platforms).

Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow

start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called

(just-in-time). When code has been compiled once, the resultant native executable

is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to be recompiled the

next time that portion of code is run.

3.Language interoperability


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The use of IL not only enables platform independence; it also facilitates language

interoperability. Simply

put, you can compile to IL from one language, and this compiled code should then

be interoperable with

code that has been compiled to IL from another language.

4. Object-oriented programming - Both the .NET Framework and C# are entirelybased on object-oriented principles right from the start.

5. Good design - A base class library, which is designed from the ground up in a

highly intuitive way.

The Relationship of C# to .NET

C# is a relatively new programming language, and is significant in two respects:

It is specifically designed and targeted for use with Microsofts .NET

Framework (a feature-rich

platform for the development, deployment, and execution of distributed

applications).

It is a language based on the modern object-oriented design methodology, and

when designing

it Microsoft has been able to learn from the experience of all the other similar

languages that

have been around since object-oriented principles came to prominence some 20

years ago.

One important thing to make clear is that C# is a language in its own right.Although it is designed to

generate code that targets the .NET environment, it is not itself part of .NET.

Introducing the Building Blocks of the .NET

Platform (the CLR, CTS, and CLS)


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1. The Common Language Runtime

Central to the .NET Framework is its runtime execution environment, known as

the Common Language

Runtime (CLR) or the .NET runtime. Code running under the control of the CLR isoften termed managed

code.

However, before it can be executed by the CLR, any source code that we develop

(in C# or some other

language) needs to be compiled. Compilation occurs in two steps in .NET:

1. Compilation of source code to IL

2. Compilation of IL to platform-specific code by the CLR

This two-stage compilation process is very important, because the existence of the

IL (managed code) is

the key to providing many of the benefits of .NET.

2. Another building block of the .NET platform is the Common Type System, or

CTS. The CTS

specification fully describes all possible data types and programming constructs

supported by the

runtime, specifies how these entities can interact with each other, and details howthey are represented

in the .NET metadata format.

3. The Common Language Specification (CLS) is a related specification that

defines a subset of common types and programming constructs that all .NET

programming languages

can agree on.

A Sampling of .NET Namespaces

.NET Namespace


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1. System:- Within System, you find numerous useful types dealing with

intrinsic data, mathematical computations, random number

generation, environment variables, and garbage collection,

as well as a number of commonly used exceptions and

attributes.

2. System.Collections:- These namespaces define a number of stock container

types,

System.Collections.Generic as well as base types and interfaces that allow you to

build

customized collections.

3. System.Data:- These namespaces are used for interacting with relational

databases using ADO.NET.

System.Data.Odbc

System.Data.OracleClientSystem.Data.OleDb

System.Data.SqlClient

4. System.IO :- These namespaces define numerous types used to work with

Compression file I/O, compression of data, and port manipulation.

System.IO

System.IO.Ports

5.System.Drawing :- These namespaces define types used to build desktop

System.Windows.Forms applications using .NETs original UI toolkit (Windows

Forms).

6. System.Windows :- The System.Windows namespace is the root for several

namespaces that represent the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) UI toolkit

7. System.Linq :-These namespaces define types used when programming against

the LINQ API.

System.Xml.Linq

System.Data.Linq

8.System.Web :-This is one of many namespaces that allow you to build

ASP.NET web applications.

9. System.Security:- Security is an integrated aspect of the .NET universe. In the

security-centric namespaces, you find numerous types

dealing with permissions, cryptography, and so on.


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10. System.Xml:- The XML-centric namespaces contain numerous types used

to interact with XML data.

SQL SERVER

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database server developed by microsoft: It is

a software product whose primary function is to store and retrieve data as


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requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer or those

running on another computer across a network (including the Internet). There are at

least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server aimed at different

audiences and for different workloads (ranging from small applications that store

and retrieve data on the same computer, to millions of users and computers that

access huge amounts of data from the Internet at the same time).

SQL Server Management Studio

SQL Server Management Studio is tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later

for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft

SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools that work

with objects and features of the server

What is SQL server?

SQL server is a client/server relational database management system (RDBMS)

that uses the transact-SQL to send request between the client and SQL server.

Why use SQL server as back end?

SQL server is designed to be a client/server system.

Client/server systems are constructed so that the database can reside on central

computer known as Server and be shared among several users.

Supports multiple hardware platforms

Supports multiple software applications.

ADO.NET

ADO.NET (ActiveX Data Object for .NET) is a set of computer software

components that programmers can use to access data and data services. It is a part

of the base class library that is included with the MICROSOFT .NET Framework.


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It is commonly used by programmers to access and modify data stored in relational

database system, though it can also access data in non-relational sources.

ADO.NET is sometimes considered an evolution of Active X Data Objects(ADO)

technology, but was changed so extensively that it can be considered an entirely

new product.

With the release of the .NET Framework, Microsoft introduced a new data accessmodel, called ADO.NET.The ActiveX Data Object acronym was no longer

relevant, as ADO.NET was not ActiveX, but Microsoft kept the acronym due to

the huge success of ADO. In reality, its an entirely new data access model written

in the .NET Framework.ADO.NET supports communication to data sources

through both ODBC and OLE-DB, but it also offers another option of using

database-specific data providers. These data providers offer greater performanceby

being able to take advantage of data-source-specific optimizations.

By using custom code for the data source instead of the generic ODBC and OLE-DB code, some of the overhead is also avoided.

Namespaces for ado.net:-

System.DataAll generic data access classes

System.Data.CommonClasses shared (or overridden) by individual data

providers

System.Data.OdbcODBC provider classes

System.Data.OleDbOLE DB provider classes

System.Data.OracleOracle provider classes

System.Data.SqlClientSQL Server provider classes

System.Data.SqlTypesSQL Server data types

PROJECT DETAILS:

AIM:

Medical Test System is aimed at computerizing the activities involved in Medical


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Test. The primary activities in the Test include importing the Health

Issues,Causes,Symptoms,Reports regarding the pateints.

SCOPE:

Medical Test System is designed for the Clinics and Medical stores to conduct

Medical tests of their Patients on a regular basis. This system handles all the

operations and generates reports as soon as the test is completed which saves

the precious time of Authorities.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARWARE:

1. CORE 2 DUO

2. GB RAM DDR2


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3 500GB HARD DISK

Software:

Operating System

Windows 7

Development Tool:

Microsoft vc # . net(Framework 3.5)

Sql server2008

Ado.net

Working of the Project:

This project includes the following Modules:

1.Doctor

Checking the patient with the detailed information related to the body part /injury.On the basis of Causes and symptoms said by pateint medicine and fees will be

shown automatically.

2. Attendent


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This module specifies that in the absence of doctor attendent has right to check the

patients where medicine related to patient problem can be given by attendent.

Patient Role:

1. The patient can click on Doctar form for his/her complete check up . The

patient will be asked by the doctar about his disease it,s cause and other

symptoms.The patient have to fulfil all these details based on which he will

receive his medicine and will come to know about his/her fees.

2. The patient can also click on Attendant form if he/she have only a small

problem like little fever or cough etc.The patient will receive medicine and

fee charged on filling the required information.

SCREENSHOTS:


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This page shows the patient two choices of Doctar and Attendant.


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Here the patient will tell the cause / problem related to bodypart.

Here the patient will be asked about his symptoms.


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This is the form where medicine is given to the patient. There can be

number of symptoms for the same problem and by clicking on OK

Required medicine and fees will be shown.


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This form is providing all the information related to all thepatients who have taken the medicine. Information like his body

parts, cause and symptoms is given.

Under this form, attendant has right to give the medicine to the patient .


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Here is the information displayed in the attendant form and respective

medicine is given related to disease and fee is taken.


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This form is representing all the details/ medicines that an attendant

can give to the patient.


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Bibliography:

Websites

http://www.google.com

http://www.microsoft.com

http://www.programmer2programmer.net

http://www.codeproject.com

http://www.msdn.com.

http://www.vb123.com

http://www.vbcode.com

http://www.sqltuner.com

Books

Mastering Visual Basic 6 (Paperback)

Mastering Visual Basic .NET (Paperback)

Visual Basic Black Book (Paperback)

SQL Bible, 2nd Edition (Paperback)

Database Development in Visual Basic
http://www.google.com/http://www.microsoft.com/http://www.programmer2programmer.net/http://www.codeproject.com/http://www.msdn.com./http://www.msdn.com./http://www.vb123.com/http://www.vbcode.com/http://www.sqltuner.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.microsoft.com/http://www.programmer2programmer.net/http://www.codeproject.com/http://www.msdn.com./http://www.vb123.com/http://www.vbcode.com/http://www.sqltuner.com/

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