Medical terminology

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYChapter 14: Musculoskeletal System

Chapter 14 Abbreviations

D.O. NSAID AKA BKA CR CRIF

disl Fx ORIF

Doctor of Osteopathy nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug above-knee amputation below-knee amputation closed reduction closed reduction internal fixation

(fracture treatment) dislocation fracture open reduction internal fixation

(surgical fracture treatment)


MD OA RA C1, C2 L1, L2 LS T1, T2 EMG ROM

muscular dystrophy osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis cervical vertebrae #1, 2, etc. lumbar vertebrae #1, 2, etc. lumbosacral thoracic vertebrae #1, 2, etc. electromyogram range of motion


Ortho OT PT Ht Wt

orthopedics occupation therapy physical therapy height weight

Musculoskeletal System

Function Muscular System – movement, posture,

joint stability, and heat production Skeletal System – provide a framework

for the body, protect the soft body parts (i.e. brain), store calcium, and produce blood cells

They work together protect, support, and move the body


Bone Structure periosteum

outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

compact bone dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie

underneath the periostem cancellous (spongy) bone

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone

endosteum membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone


diaphysis shaft of the long bones

epiphysis end of each long bone

bone marrow material found in the cavities of bones red marrow: thick, bloodlike material found

in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

yellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones


Bone Structure


Skeletal Bones maxilla

upper jawbone mandible

lower jawbone vertebral column

made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs.

protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles

Musculoskeletal System cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

first set of 7 bones, forming the neck thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) third set of five large vertebrae, which forms the

inward curve of the spine sacrum

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones

coccyx four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

lamina (pl. laminae) part of the vertebral arch


clavicle collarbone

scapula should blade acromion process: extension of the scapula,

which forms the high point of the shoulder sternum

breastbone xiphoid process: lower potion of the sternum

humerus upper arm bones


ulna and radius lower arm bones

olecranon process projection at the upper end of the ulna that

forms the bony point of the elbow carpal bones

wrist bones metacarpal bones

hand bones phalanges (sing. phalanx)

finger and toe bones


pelvic bone, hip bone made up of three bones fused together ischium: lower, rear portion of which one sits ilium: upper, wing-shaped part of each side pubis: anterior portion of the pelvic bone

acetabulum large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of

the femur femur

upper leg bone tibia and fibula

lower leg bones


patella(pl. patellae) kneecap

tarsal bones ankle bones

calcaneus heel bone

metatarsal foot bones

Bones of the Body


Joints (articulations) Hold bones together articular cartilage

smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints

meniscus crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee

intervertebral disk cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in

the spine pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together


synovia fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in

joint cavities bursa (pl. bursae)

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

ligament flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that

attaches one bone to another at a joint tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue that attches muscle to bone

aponeurosis strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach

muscles to bones

Body Joints


Muscles skeletal muscles (striated muscles)

attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Voluntary muscles because we have control over them

smooth muscles (unstriated muscles) located in internal organs such as the walls of

blood vessels and the digestive tract. Involuntary muscles b/c they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntary


cardiac muscle (myocardium) forms most of the wall of the heart. Its

involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

Muscles of the Body

Types of Muscle

Types of Body Movement

Term Definition abduction adduction inversion eversion extension

flexion pronation supination rotation

moving away from the midline moving toward the midline turning inward turning outward mvmnt. in which a limb is placed

in a straight position mvmnt. in which a limb is bent mvmnt. that turns the palm down mvmnt. that turns the palm up turning around its own axis

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal SystemCombining Form Definition carp/o clavic/o, clavicul/o cost/o crani/o femor/o fibul/o humer/o ili/o ischi/o lumbo

carpals (wrist bones) clavicle (collarbone) rib cranium (skull) femur (upper leg bone) [note: u o] fibula (lower leg bone) (also perone/o) humerus (upper arm bone) ilium ischium loin, lumbar region of the spine

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal SystemCombining Form Definition mandibul/o maxill/o patell/o pelv/i, pelv/o phalang/o pub/o rachi/o radi/o sacr/o scapul/o

mandible (lower jawbone) maxilla (upper jawbone) patella (kneecap) pelvis, pelvic bone phalanges pubis spine, vertebral column radius (lower arm bone) sacrum scapula (shoulder blade)

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal SystemCombining Form Definition spondyl/o,

vertebr/o stern/o tars/o tibi/o uln/o

vertebra

sternum (breastbone) tarsals (ankle bones) tibia (lower leg bone) ulna (lower arm bone)

Word Parts for Joints

Combining FormDefinition aponeur/o arthr/o burs/o chondr/o disk/o menisc/o synovi/o ten/o, tend/o,

tendin/o

aponeurosis joint bursa (cavity) cartilage intervertebral disk meniscus (crescent) synovia, synovial membrane tendon

Word Parts commonly used with Musculoskeletal Combining Form Definition ankyl/o kinesi/o lamin/o lord/o myel/o my/o, myos/o oste/o

crooked, stiff, bent movement, motion lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) bent forward (increased

concavity) bone marrow muscle bone

Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal SystemPrefix Definition inter- supra- sym-,

syn-

between above together, joined

Suffix Definition -asthenia -clasia, -clasis -desis -physis -schisis

weakness break surgical fixation, fusion growth split, fissure

Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease and Disorders]Term Definition ankylosis arthritis bursitis chondromalacia cranioschisis diskitis fibromyalgia kyphosis lordosis maxillitis

Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease and Disorders]Term Definition meniscitis myasthenia osteitis osteoarthritis osteochondritis osteofibriboma osteomalacia osteomyelitis osteopenia osteosarcoma

Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease and Disorders]Term Definition polymyositis rachischisis rhabdomyolysis scoliosis spondylarthritis spondylosis synoviosarcom

a tendinitis tenosynovitis

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders]Term Definition bunion

carpal tunnel syndrome

exostosis

abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe. Common problem, often hereditary or

caused by poorly fitted shoes (hallux valgus)

a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia

in portions of the hand and figures abnormal benign growth on the

surface of a bone (spur)

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders]Term Definition fracture gout

herniated disk

broken bone disease in which an excessive

amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals to be deposited in the joints, especially the great toe, producing arthritis

rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots also called slipped disk, ruptured disk,

herniated intervertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders]Term Definition Lyme

disease an infection caused by a bacteria

carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. Symptoms, caused by the body’s

immune response to the bacteria, vary and may include a rash at the site of the tick bite and flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue

First reported in Lyme, Conn., in 1975. The primary treatment is antibiotics. Left untreated, Lyme disease can mimic several other musculoskeletal diseases

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders]Term Definition osteoporosis abnormal loss of bone density

that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)

Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms]Terms Definition aponeurorrhaphy arthrocentesis arthroclasia arthrodesis arthroplasty bursectomy carpectomy chondrectomy chondroplasty costectomy

Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms]Terms Definition cranioplasty craniotomy diskectomy laminectomy maxillectomy meniscectomy myorrhphy ostectomy osteoclasis patellectomy

Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms]Terms Definition phalangectomy rachiotomy spondylosynde

sis synovectomy tarsectomy tenomyoplasty tenorrhaphy vertebroplasty

Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Terms DefinitionDIAGNOSTIC IMAGING arthrography

ENDOSCOPY arthroscopy

OTHER electromyogram

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Terms Definition arthralgia atrophy bradykinesia carpal clavicular cranial dyskinesia dystrophy femoral humeral

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Terms Definition hyperkinesia hypertrophy iliofemoral intercostal intervertebral intracranial ischiofibular ischiopubic lumbar lumbocostal

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Terms Definition lumbosacral osteoblast osteocyte osteonecrosis pelvic pelvisacral pubic pubofemoral radial sacral

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Terms Definition sternoclavicular sternoid subcostal submandibular submaxillary subscapular substernal suprapatellar suprascapular

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Terms Definition symphysis tibial ulnoradial vertebrocostal

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Terms Definition podiatrist

chiropractic

chiropractor crepitus

specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment

system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column

specialist in chiropractic the crackling sound heard when two

bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint (crepitation)

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition orthopedics

orthopedist orthotics

orthotist

branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

physician who specializes in orthopedics

making and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities

a person who specializes in orthotics

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition osteoclast

osteopath osteopathy

type of bone cell involved in absorption and removal of bone minerals. It works in balance with osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone tissue

physician who specializes in osteopathy system of medicine that uses the usual

forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the role of the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition prosthesis

(pl. prostheses)

an artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or total hip replacement

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