MEDICAL GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY: An exposure PILLALAMARRI ILA Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences...

MEDICALMEDICALGEOLOGYGEOCHEMISTRYGEOLOGYGEOCHEMISTRY

An exposureAn exposurePILLALAMARRI ILAPILLALAMARRI ILA

Earth Atmospheric amp Planetary SciencesEarth Atmospheric amp Planetary SciencesNeutron Activation Analysis LaboratoryNeutron Activation Analysis LaboratoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge MA 02139Cambridge MA 02139IAP 2006 12091 Credit Course January 9 - 25 2006IAP 2006 12091 Credit Course January 9 - 25 2006

Session 2A January 11 2006Session 2A January 11 2006

January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091Session 2A P ILASession 2A P ILA

Session 2 January 11 2006

ObjectiveJan 1110 AM ‐ 11 PM Session 2A Review of radioactivity ndash radionuclides concepts Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) Primordial‐Cosmogenic‐Anthropogenic Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) TENORMs Contributors TENORMs Radioactivity11AM ‐ 12PM Session 2B Radon Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Myths and Facts Radon potential maps of USA and Massachusetts Radon in drinking water Radon in indoor and outdoor air Radon resistant new construction Radon Detection


Review ofRadioactivity ndash Radionuclides

Concepts

Atomic NucleusAtomic Nucleus Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsReview of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay Units of Radiation Dose and ExposureUnits of Radiation Dose and Exposure

Review of radioactivity and radionuclides conceptsAtomic Nucleus

Material

Compounds

Elements

Atoms

(Neutrons + Protons) + Electrons Nucleus

Element X is depicted by

A A = Mass Number X N = Neutron NumberZ N Z = Atomic Number (Proton Number)

A = Z + N


Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellipRadio-isotopes amp Radio-nuclides

Mass ChargeNeutron 1008665 u No electrical chargeProton 1007277 u Positive chargeElectron 0000548 u Negative charge[Ref Basic Nuclear Engineering A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461]

Nuclides Characterized by atomic number Z and mass number A

Isomer ndash Same N Z A but exists in an excited state for a period of time 60 60mEx Co ( T frac12 = 526 y) and Co (T frac12 = 1048 m) 27 33 27 33

Isotope ndash Same Z number but different N 59 60Ex Co Co 27 32 27 33

Isobar ndash Same A number but different Z 14 14Ex C N 6 8 7 7

Isotone ndash Same N number ( also means same A-Z) 14 15 16Ex C N O 6 8 7 8 8 8Nuclides Stable and Radioactive Radioactive Nuclides Naturally occurring and Artificially produced


Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides concepts hellip

Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei decayThe disintegration of radio-nuclides releases excess energy in the form of nuclear radiationsRadioactive decay takes place in several ways emitting radiation such

as Alpha rays Beta (negative and positive) rays Gamma rays Neutrons Neutrinos Proton decay Internal conversion electrons Characteristic x-rays Fission fragmentsThe heavy radioactive elements and their decay productspredominantly emit three types of radiationAlpha rays Beta rays Gamma rays

Radioactive Decay


Review of radioactivity and radio-nuclides hellipRadioactive Decay

Alpha decay followed by gamma decay

Alpha particle is

The unstable isotope decays to by alpha and

gamma radiation The atomic number decreases by 2 and

mass number by 4


Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th

Table 1 Alpha decay of 234U to 230Th (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z reduces by 2 The neutron number N reduces by 2 The mass number A reduces by 4


Review of radioactivity and radionuclides concepts hellip

Radioactive Decay

Beta decay followed by gamma decayBeta particle is electron ejected by excited nuclei Their charge can bepositive or negative

The radioactive isotope decays to by beta and gamma

radiation Neutrinos are also emitted A neutron is transformed intoproton The atomic number increases by 1 and mass number remainsunchanged

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Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca

Table 2 Beta decay of 40K to 40Ca (shown in the format of chart of nuclides) The atomic number Z increase by 1 The neutron number N reduces by 1 The mass number A remains unchanged




Gamma rays (γ) are emitted when an excited nucleus de-excites by the transition from an excited energy state to a lower energy state Gamma-rays have well defined energies and their emission often is accompanied by nuclear reactions and nuclear decays

Alpha particles (α) are 4He particles with two protons and two neutrons The atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is reduced by two units the mass number is reduced by 4 units

Negative Beta particles (β-) or negatrons are emitted when neutron is transformed into a proton during the nuclear transformation Negative beta particles are electrons formed during nuclear transformation hence are of nuclear originThe atomic number (Z) of the resultant nucleus is one unit greater but the mass number is unchanged



Figure 1 Gamma and beta decay scheme of 60mCo and 60Co

Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW

Figure 2 Pictorial depiction of simultaneous alpha beta and gamma emissions




Radioactivity is measured in unit ofdisintegration per second (dps)1 Becquerel is 1Bq = 1 dps1 Curie is 1Ci = 3 x 1010 dps

Units of Radiation Dose and Exposure





The amount of radiation is usually referred to as Dose Dose is different from Exposure The quantities and units of Radiation Dose and Exposure are not simpl

e but are complex involving various parameters such as type of radiation absorbed dose (D) quality factor (Q) any modifying factor (N) etc

After going through an evolution in a period of more than a half a century the current units designated by SI (Systegraveme International)Unit of Dose Equivalent is 1Sievert = 1 Sv (1 Joulekg)Unit of Dose is 1 Gray = 1Gy (1 Joulekg)1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 001 Joulekg1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = rad x quality factorNote rad refers to any material and any radiation

Ref P126 Basic Nuclear Engineering P 42 Environmental Radioactivity Merrill Eisenbud and Giesell




NORM - Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material

TENORM -Technologically-Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material



Naturally Naturally OccurringOccurring

Radioactive Radioactive Materials Materials (NORM)(NORM)

Primordial PrimordialPrimordial Primordial Cosmogenic CosmogenicCosmogenic Cosmogenic Anthropogenic AnthropogenicAnthropogenic Anthropogenic



Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

The earth is radioactive and the world we live in the environment around is radioactive Radioactive elements can be categorized as

Primordial ndash present even before or ever since the existence of the Earth

Cosmogenic - formed as a result of cosmic ray interactions

Anthropogenic - enhanced or formed due to technology human activities



Characteristics of Primordial elements

long lived most half-lives of the order of millions of yea

rs must have been left-over on the earth becaus

e the radioactivity decays to very minute levels usually after 30 half-lives



List of some more Primordial Radio-nuclides



The uranium and thorium decay series

Detailed information of radioactive decay of 235U 238Uand232Th and their daughter products the corresponding half-lifeof each and the decay sequence are provided in many textbooks and web sitesReferences1) Figure 131 235U radioactive decay chainFigure 132 238U radioactive decay chainFigure 133 232Th radioactive decay chainChapter 13 Nuclear techniques for the determination ofuranium and thorium and their decay productsA hand book of silicate rock analysis P J Potts2) httpwwwhealthstatenyusnysdohradonchainhtm



Cosmogenic Radioactivity

Cosmic radiation 1048729Primary cosmic radiation 1048729Secondary cosmic radiation

Primary cosmic radiationExtremely high energy particles (up to 1018 eV) and are mostly protons and some larger particlesMajor percentage of it comes from outside the solar system and exists throughout spaceSome of the primary cosmic radiation is from the sun produced during solar flares



Table 3K Th and U

Concentrations and activities in rocks and soils

Based on Table 6-6 pp 140 Environmental Radioactivity from Natural Industrial and Military Sources

Material

40K 232Th 238U

BqKg ppm BqKg Ppm BqKg

Igneous rocks

Basalt (crustal average) 08 300 30-40 100-150 05-1 70-100

Granite (crustal average) gt4 gt1000 17 70 3 40

Sedimentary rocks

Shale sandstones 27 800 12 50 37 40

Clean quartz lt1 lt300 lt2 lt8 lt1 lt10

Beach sands lt1 lt300 6 25 3 40

Carbonate rocks 03 70 2 8 2 25

Continental crust (average)

28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60




Cosmic radiation consisting of high speedheavy particles and high energy photonsand muons permeates all of space thesource being primarily outside our solarsystem The cosmic radiation interactswith the upper atmosphere and producescosmogenic radioactive nuclides Theycan have long half-lives but the majorityhave shorter half-lives than the primordialnuclides



Cosmogenic Radioactivity hellip

The primary radiation that originate in outer space and impinge isotropically on top of the earthrsquos atmosphere consist of 85 protons 14 alpha particles 1 of nuclei between atomic number Z from 4 to 26

Primary radiation is highly penetrating with energies in the range 1010

eV to 1019 eV

The major source of cosmic radiation is galactic in origin and a small amount is of solar origin However solar flares (in cycles of 11 years) contribute significantly to cosmic radiation



Cosmogenic Radioactivityhellip

Secondary RadiationNot much of the primary cosmic radiation penetrates the Earths surface The vast majority of it interacts with the atmosphereWhen the interaction takes place it produces the secondary cosmic radiation or that is detected on the Earth The interactions produce other lower energy radiations in the form of photons electrons neutrons muons etc which the surface of the Earth




The atmosphere and the Earths magnetic fields shield the Earth from cosmic radiation thereby reduced amount reaches the Earths surface Thus the annual dose from cosmic radiation dependent on the altitude of the location

Dose from cosmic radiation to the US to the average person is about 27 mrem per year for every 6000 foot increase in elevation the dose roughly doubles




Figure 3 Conceptual rendering of primary and secondary cosmic radiation isotropically surrounding the Earth(not drawn to scale)




Typical Cosmic Radiation Dose ratesbull 4 microRhr in the Northeastern USbull 20 microRhr at 15000 feetbull 300 microRhr at 55000 feet

There is only about a 10 decrease at sea level in cosmic radiation rates when going from pole to the equator but at 55000 feet the decrease is 75 This is on account of the effect of the earths and the Suns geomagnetic fields on the primary cosmic radiations

Flying can add a few extra mrem to your annual dose depending on how often you fly how high the plane flies and how long you are in the air



Cosmogenic Radioactivity hellipTable 4 Some commonly known cosmogenic radioactive nuclides and their activities

Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days

Based on httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm




Some more cosmogenic radionuclides are



Anthropogenic Radioactivity

The use of radioactivity for one hundredyears added to the natural inventoriesThe ban of above ground testing ofnuclear weapons reduced the amountsand also due to the shorter half-lives ofmany of the nuclides have seen a markeddecrease



Table 5 Anthropogenic Radio-nuclides

Radionuclide Half-life

3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y

Note Details may be obtained from Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th edition



Natural radioactivity in soil

Activity levels vary greatly depending on soil type mineral composition and density Activities for the 40K 232Th 238U 226Ra and 222Rn using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site|httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm



Natural Radioactivity in the Ocean

Activity levels for the 40K 3H 87Rb 14C in Pacific and Atlantic oceans using typical numbers may be viewed on the web site

httpwwwphysicsisueduradinfnaturalhtm



Technologically EnhancedNaturally Occurring Radioactive

Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity



Technologically EnhancedNaturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

TENORMs NORM - Naturally Occurring Radioactive

Material

TENORM ndash Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material



TENORM Contributors

Arranged alphabetically

Coal AshGeothermal Energy Production WasteMetal Mining and Processing WasteOil and Gas Production Scale and

SludgePaper and Pulp IndustryPhosphate Fertilizers and PotashPhosphate Industry WastesScrap Metal Release and RecyclingUranium Overburden and Mine SpoilsWaste Water Treatment Sludge



TENORM Sources and ConcentrationsTENORM Sources and Concentrationshttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourcesht

mhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_t

ablehtmNote NotePlease see TENORM Sources attached in the lecture notes tablePlease see TENORM Sources Table attached in the lecture notes table

Courtesy of Environmental Protection Agency USA



TENORM SummaryTENORM Summaryhttpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-

r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf

Oslash Note Please see TENORM Summary attached in the lecture notes table


January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Summaryo Radioactivty is all around uso Radioactive materials exist naturally and a

lso are generated artificiallyo Technological activities enhance natural r

adioactivityo Radioactivity in the environment is from n

atural industrial and military sources

January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Internet Keywords

o Natural background radiationo Cosmogenic radiation ndash primary secondar

yo Table of isotopeso Chart of nuclideso NORMo TENORM

January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Referenceso Basic Nuclear Engineering

A R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973

o Environmental radioactivity from natural industrial and military scources 4th editionM Eisenbud and T GesellSan Diego Academic Press 1997ISBN 0122351541

January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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References hellipo A handbook of silicate rock analysis

P J PottsNew York Blackie Chapman and Hall 1987ISBN 0-412-00881-5 (USA)

o Exposure of the population of the united states andCanada from natural background radiation Report 94National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements Bethesda Maryland

o For a list of NORM and TENORM related URLshttpwwwthenormgrouporgnormrelatedlinkshtml

January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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o US Environmental Protection Agencyhttpwwwepagovradiationtenormsourceshtm

o httpwwwepagovradiationtenormsources_tablehtm

o httpwwwepagovradiationdocstenorm402-r-00-001pdf

January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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o Basic Nuclear EngineeringA R Foster and R L Wright Jr Appendix B pp 461Boston Allyn and Bacon Inc 1973


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o Hello NORMJ E SpencerArizona Geology vol33 no2 pp1-2 2003

o Guidelines for naturally occurring radioactive materialsAustralian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association CanberraURLhttpwwwappeacomaupublicationsdocsNORMguidepdf

o Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in produced water andoil-field equipment an issue for the energy industryU S Geological Survey Denver CO United States (USA)USGS Publications of the U S Geological Survey Fact Sheet - U SGeological Survey Report FS 0142-99 4 pp Sep 1999URL httpgreenwoodcrusgsgovpubfact-sheetsfs-0142-99

o Naturally occurring radioactive materials human health and regulationJ AamodtThe Public Land and Resources Law Digest vol36 no1 pp11-52 1999

January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Referenceso Nuclides and isotopes ndash

Chart of the NuclidesKnolls Atomic Power Laboratory16th Edition 2002Distributor Lockheed MartinhttpwwwChartOfTheNuclidescom

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Session 2 January 11 2006

ObjectiveJan 1110 AM ‐ 11 PM Session 2A Review of radioactivity ndash radionuclides concepts Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) Primordial‐Cosmogenic‐Anthropogenic Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) TENORMs Contributors TENORMs Radioactivity11AM ‐ 12PM Session 2B Radon Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Myths and Facts Radon potential maps of USA and Massachusetts Radon in drinking water Radon in indoor and outdoor air Radon resistant new construction Radon Detection



Concepts



Material

Compounds

Elements

Atoms




A = Z + N













Radioactive Decay




Alpha particle is



mass number by 4






Radioactive Decay

















Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













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Concepts



Material

Compounds

Elements

Atoms




A = Z + N













Radioactive Decay




Alpha particle is



mass number by 4






Radioactive Decay

















Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



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Material

Compounds

Elements

Atoms




A = Z + N













Radioactive Decay




Alpha particle is



mass number by 4






Radioactive Decay

















Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



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Radioactive Decay




Alpha particle is



mass number by 4






Radioactive Decay

















Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



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Alpha particle is



mass number by 4






Radioactive Decay

















Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



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Radioactive Decay

















Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Figure by MIT OCW





Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













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Figure by MIT OCW




















































Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

Session 2A P ILA





January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

Session 2A P ILA

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Table 3K Th and U



Material

40K 232Th 238U


Igneous rocks



Sedimentary rocks






28 850 107 44 28 36

Soil (average) 15 400 9 37 18 22

All racks (range) 03-45 70-1500 16-20 7-80 05-47 7-60










eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

Session 2A P ILA





January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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eV to 1019 eV
























Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

Session 2A P ILA





January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Radio

-nuclideHalf-life

14C 5730 yr

3H 123 yr

7Be 5328 days














3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

Session 2A P ILA





January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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3H 123 y

131I 804d

129I 157 x 107y

137Cs 3017y

90Sr 2878y

99Tc 211 x 105y

239Pu 241 x 104y














Materials (TENORM)

Contributorsamp

Radioactivity





Material




TENORM Contributors













r-00-001pdfr-00-001pdf



January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

Session 2A P ILA





January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

Session 2A P ILA

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Materials (TENORM)

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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Material




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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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January 11 2006 IAP 2006 12091

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MEDICAL GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY: An exposure PILLALAMARRI ILA Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences...

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Transcript of MEDICAL GEOLOGY/GEOCHEMISTRY: An exposure PILLALAMARRI ILA Earth Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences...