Medical Entomology Annual Report

2012/13

Medical Entomology Centre for Disease Control

Department of Health Northern Territory Government

January 2014

1 EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

1.1 GOAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY To reduce the impact of insects and other arthropods of medical importance on the health of the people of the Northern Territory.

1.2 VISION OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Every major urban area in the Northern Territory located in an environment that is planned, modified or controlled so that residents are not subjected to pest levels of biting insects and are free from the risks of both exotic and endemic mosquito borne disease.

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY SERVICES

Services provided by Medical Entomology (ME) aim to reduce the impact of biting insects on the people of the Northern Territory (NT). These include the prevention of the re-introduction of malaria, the prevention of the introduction of exotic mosquito vectors of dengue, insecticide and engineering programs for mosquito control, mosquito surveillance programs in the major towns, guidelines and advice on biting insects for both large and small scale developments, a public inquiry service, a public awareness program, and incidental research on biting insects and mosquito borne viruses.

Major clients are the general public, but significant clients include local government, the Department of Lands Planning & the Environment (DLPE), the Department of Primary sty and Fisheries (DPIF), the Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Commission (PWCNT), the Commonwealth, Department of Defence, consultants and developers for development and planning advice, and environmental health officers.

Intersectoral affiliations include: a major involvement with the City of Darwin in a combined mosquito engineering program in Darwin, with a $328,162 budget this year for maintaining drains and rectifying urban or near urban mosquito breeding sites; the PWCNT in rectifying mosquito breeding sites and carrying out mosquito control in the Casuarina Coastal Reserve, George Brown Botanic Gardens, Charles Darwin National Park and local government and Environmental Health Officers in the various towns throughout the NT on mosquito surveillance and mosquito control.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 1. Prevent the re-establishment of malaria by entomologically investigating and

appropriately responding to each case of imported malaria in the NT. Eliminate sources of malaria vectors near urban Darwin by engineering means.

2. Prevent the introduction of exotic dengue vector mosquitoes from overseas and Queensland by providing appropriate advice and assistance to DAFF Biosecurity (former AQIS) authorities, active surveillance using special egg traps, regular surveys for larvae at vulnerable geographic points of introduction, reduction of potential breeding places by landowner liaison and media advertising, and eradication procedures after detection of importation.

3. Carry out surveillance and control of mosquitoes in all major towns and mine developments by organising and assisting with regular mosquito trapping and providing advice and assistance with control operations, under the NT Mosquito Borne Disease Control program and a User Pays Scheme.

4. Carry out mosquito surveys throughout the NT, including remote communities, to determine the distribution and relative abundance of mosquitoes in order to enable the assessment of the risk of mosquito borne disease.

5. Carry out extensive and intensive mosquito larval control operations in Darwin

using a helicopter applied insecticide program in the coastal swamps.

6. Organise and assist the City of Darwin and the PWCNT with engineering

programs in and adjacent to urban areas, under the combined Mosquito Engineering Control Program.

7. Carry out surveillance of flaviviruses causing human disease by: maintaining a sentinel chicken surveillance program with the assistance of DPIF and volunteers, the investigation of outbreaks of mosquito borne disease, and the collection and processing of mosquitoes for arbovirus isolation.

8. Provide planning and development advice and guidelines to DLPE and others to prevent new biting insect problems for various minor and major development projects.

9. Promote public awareness on biting insects and arthropod borne disease by regular public communication, a public reference service, preparation of public information sheets, an internet site for advice and high quality information pamphlets and publications.

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10. Assist students and other bodies in basic research on biting insects and other arthropods of medical importance.

11. Carry out incidental and applied research both independently or in cooperation with other researchers on biting insects in the NT to establish improved methods for the avoidance, reduction or control of insects of public health importance.

12. Build and maintain a reference collection of mosquitoes, biting midges and other arthropods of medical importance in the NT.

13. Provide opportunities for staff development by in-service and external training, so that they are better able to deliver services.

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1.4 PERFORMANCE FOR 2012 – 2013

• In April and May this year, two incursions of Aedes aegypti occurred at the Darwin Francis Bay port area. The April incursion was associated with the berth of an international vessel, while the second incursion was most likely associated with a vessel arriving from Cairns. DoH successfully responded to both incursions in liaison with DAFF Biosecurity following established protocols, with no further exotic mosquitoes detected.

• There were 210 laboratory identified cases of Ross River virus (RRV) in the NT

this year compared to 222 last year. Of this number, 190 RRV cases occurred in the Darwin region. There were also 354 cases of Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease notified in the NT, compared with last year’s total of 52 cases. The reasons for this increase are currently being investigated. No cases of mosquito borne Murray Valley encephalitis or Kunjin virus disease were recorded in the NT this year.

• High spring tides, combined with unseasonal heavy dry season rains, required numerous extensive aerial salt marsh mosquito survey and control operations in Leanyer, Holmes Jungle, Micket and Shoal Bay swamps adjacent to northern Darwin suburbs. These operations were very successful in keeping Ae. vigilax at relatively low numbers for most of the season. In 2012/13 Medical Entomology sprayed 3185 hectares by helicopter over these swamps compared to 2032 ha in 2011/12 and 2123 ha in 2010/11. The average number of mosquitoes trapped per week in the 11 continuous carbon dioxide traps in Darwin was relatively similar to last year, with a total of 255 mosquitoes trapped this year compared to 214 last year.

• In the 2012/13 season, none of the NT sentinel chickens seroconverted to MVE

or KUN. However, results from the honey bait arbovirus surveillance system trial indicated MVE activity in the Darwin region in April. The new system also showed KUN virus activity last year, in the absence of seroconversions in the sentinel chickens, indicating high sensitivity of the new system in detecting flavivirus activity.

• In May 2013, virus isolations were carried out on mosquitoes collected in

selected routine CO2 baited adult mosquito traps in Darwin, as part of an investigation into high numbers of notified BF virus disease cases. A total of 4641 mosquitoes were tested for virus but no BF virus was isolated.

• There were 23 cases of imported malaria into the NT. None of the cases posed a

risk of local Anopheles mosquitoes becoming infected. Thus, no precautionary fogging operations were required around these cases this year.

• ME issued a total of 11 biting insect related press releases, including warnings

for MVEV, KUNV, RRV, high numbers of pest biting midges and dengue mosquito related activities in Tennant Creek, with most of the warnings receiving

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cover in the NT News and in radio messages and interviews. In addition, ME published 3 scientific papers and 4 branch reports.

• The dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti, was detected in Tennant Creek in late

2011. This triggered a coordinated and intensive program, consisting of property by property surveys and treatment of all receptacles to eliminate this exotic mosquito. Since the beginning of the program, the percentage of properties positive for Aedes aegypti in Tennant Creek was reduced from 13% in November 2011 to 0.2% in June 2013. The program will continue until April 2014.

• In January 2013, an unknown mosquito was collected in a routine DAFF

Biosecurity BG trap set at East Arm Wharf in Darwin, and was tentatively identified as Hodgesia spoliata. Additional traps were set at the East Arm Wharf following the detection, but no more specimens were collected. The detection was most likely associated with the birthing of a vessel from PNG, where this mosquito is endemic.

• The combined City of Darwin/DoH mosquito engineering program in Darwin

carried out clearing of drains in Leanyer Swamp, Rapid Creek, Coconut Grove, Ludmilla, Vesteys Lake, East Point, Mindil Beach, The Gardens, Marrara and Casuarina Coastal Reserve. Other major works included filling of depressions at Mindil Beach and East Point, and the construction of new swale drains at Vesteys Lake and Mindil Beach.

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2 INTRODUCTION TO 2012 – 2013 ANNUAL REPORT

The Medical Entomology Annual Report 2012/13 is intended to present an overall picture of DoH mosquito surveillance and control activities carried out in the Northern Territory in 2012/13.

The Medical Entomology Annual Report 2012/13 is also available electronically on the DoH internet site:

http://www.health.nt.gov.au/Medical_Entomology/index.aspx

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CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW 1 1.1 GOAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 1 1.2 VISION OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 1 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2 1.4 PERFORMANCE FOR 2012 – 2013 4 2 INTRODUCTION TO 2012 – 2013 ANNUAL REPORT 6 3 EXOTIC VECTOR SURVEILLANCE 15 3.1 Introduction 15 3.2 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program 15 3.2.1 Darwin City and Outer Darwin 16 3.2.2 Darwin Rural and Palmerston 17 3.2.3 Groote Eylandt - Alyangula 17 3.2.4 Nhulunbuy 18 3.2.5 Katherine 18 3.2.6 Tennant Creek 18 3.2.7 Alice Springs 19 3.3 DAFF Biosecurity Adult Mosquito Trapping Program 19 3.3.1 Darwin 19 3.4 Exotic Mosquito Interceptions 20 3.5 Receptacle Breeding Surveys 21 4 EXOTIC VECTOR ELIMINATION ROGRAM 22 4.1 Detection of Aedes aegypti in Tennant Creek 22 4.2 Control program 23 5 VECTOR SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL IN THE NORTHERN

TERRITORY 23 5.1 Darwin 23 5.1.1 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 23 5.1.2 Vectors & Disease case data 27 5.1.3 Routine Ground Larval Mosquito Control Program Darwin 28 5.1.4 Aerial Mosquito Control Program 30 5.1.5 Mosquito Engineering Control Program 31 5.1.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 31 5.2 McArthur River Mine – Katherine Region 33 5.3 Groote Eylandt 33 5.3.1 Mosquito species recorded on Groote Eylandt 33 5.3.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 33 5.3.3 Vector & Disease case data 35 5.3.4 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 35 5.4 Nhulunbuy 36

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5.4.1 Mosquito species recorded in Nhulunbuy 36 5.4.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 36 5.4.3 Trapping sites 38 5.4.4 Larval survey and control program 38 5.4.5 Vector & Disease case data 39 5.4.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 40 5.5 Katherine 40 5.5.1 Mosquito species recorded in Katherine 40 5.5.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 40 5.5.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 41 5.5.4 Vector & Disease case data 42 5.5.5 Visits or surveys by ME 42 5.5.6 Engineering measures 42 5.5.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 43 5.6 Tennant Creek 43 5.6.1 Mosquito species recorded in Tennant Creek 43 5.6.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 43 5.6.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program 44 5.6.4 Vector & Disease case data 44 5.6.5 Visits or surveys by ME 45 5.6.6 Engineering measures 45 5.6.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 45 5.7 Alice Springs 45 5.7.1 Mosquito species recorded in Alice Springs 45 5.7.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 45 5.7.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program 46 5.7.4 Vector & Disease case data 47 5.7.5 Visits or surveys by ME 48 5.7.6 Engineering measures 48 5.7.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 48 6 MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE CASE DATA IN THE NORTHERN

TERRITORY 49 6.1 Ross River virus disease 49 6.2 Barmah Forest virus disease 50 6.3 Murray Valley encephalitis virus disease 50 6.4 Kunjin virus disease 51 7 ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH 51 7.1 Sentinel Chicken Program 51 7.2 Virus Isolation Program 52 7.3 Honey bait surveillance traps 52 8 MALARIA SURVEILLANCE 53 8.1 Case data 53 9 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS AND COMMENTS 53

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9.1 Development comments 53 10 MOSQUITO FIELD SURVEYS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY 54 11 MOSQUITO AWARENESS AND TRAINING 55 11.1 Mosquito awareness campaign 55 11.2 ME training 55 12 PUBLIC ENQUIRIES 55 13 COMMITTEES AND ADVISORY GROUPS 55 13.1 National Arbovirus And Malaria Advisory Committee 55 13.2 North Australian Health Ministers Vector Working Group 56 13.3 Technical Advisory Group – Aedes albopictus Eradication Program Torres

Strait 56 14 PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS 57 15 REFERENCE COLLECTIONS 57 16 DATA MANAGEMENT 57 16.1 Medical Entomology Data Collection System 57 16.2 Geographic Information Systems 57 17 STAFF MATTERS 58 18 REFERENCES 58 19 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 59

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FIGURES 1 – 23 Fig. 1. Darwin adult mosquito monitoring CO2 and BG trap sites and

sentinel chicken locations. Fig. 2. Darwin urban ovitrap monitoring program. Location of ovitrap and

sentinel chicken sites. Fig. 2. Darwin rural ovitrap monitoring program. Location of ovitrap and

sentinel chicken sites. Fig. 4. Alyangula adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites and ovitrap

locations. Fig. 5. Angurugu adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites and ovitrap

locations . Fig. 6. Nhulunbuy adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites, ovitrap and

sentinel chicken locations. Fig. 7. Katherine adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites, ovitrap and

sentinel chicken locations. Fig. 8. Tennant Creek adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites and

sentinel chicken locations. Fig. 9. Alice Springs adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trapsites, ovitrap

and sentinel chicken locations. Fig. 10. DAFF Biosecurity Darwin adult mosquito CO2 and BG trap sites. Fig. 11. Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program – Darwin City and outer

Darwin 2012/13. Fig. 12. Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program – Darwin rural and

Palmerston 2012/13. Fig. 13. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin. Average number of Aedes

notoscriptus, Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris group, and all species trapped per trap night per year for the eleven continuous monitoring sites and annual rainfall in Darwin – 1983/84 to 2012/13.

Fig. 14. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin. Average number of all female mosquitoes per trap night caught using weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps at the eleven continuous monitoring sites - 2008/09 to 2012/13.

Fig. 15. Monthly rainfall and monthly Ross River virus disease cases for towns of the Northern Territory from July 1996 – June 2013. RRV disease cases from CDC, Darwin. Rainfall data from Bureau of Meteorology.

Fig. 16. Monthly rainfall and monthly average number of Cx. annulirostris grp. (average per trap night, CO2 baited traps) for towns of the Northern Territory from July 1996 – June 2013. Rainfall data from Bureau of Meteorology.

Fig. 17. Darwin. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp. & Ve. funerea July 1991 to June 2013.

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Fig. 17A.Darwin. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp. & Ve. funerea July 2012 to June 2013.

Fig. 18. Darwin. monthly RRV disease cases in relation to Ae.notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris & Ve. funerea July 1991 to June 2013.

Fig. 19. Aerial applied mosquito larval control program - major mosquito breeding areas – Darwin.

Fig. 20. Ross River virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases from CDC (by month of report) 1999/00 to 2012/13.

Fig. 21. Location of sentinel chicken flocks in the NT. Fig. 22. Northern Territory rainfall deciles 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013. Fig. 23. Northern Territory rainfall totals (mm) 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

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Tables 1 - 41 Table 1. Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program - Darwin city and

outer Darwin. July 2012 - June 2013. Table 2. Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program – Darwin rural and

Palmerston. July 2012 – June 2013. Table 3. Adult mosquito species list Darwin. Table 4. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin July 2012 to June 2013.

Total numbers of nine selected species of female mosquitoescaught in eleven continuous weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps.

Table 5. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin July 2012 to June 2013. Total number of nine selected species of female mosquitoes caught in all 16 weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps.

Table 6. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin. Average numbers of nine selected species caught in the eleven continuous weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps for the financial years 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 7. Ross River virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region per month) July 2012 to June 2013.

Table 8. Barmah Forest virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region per month) July 2012 to June 2013.

Table 9. Ross River virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region) 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 10. Barmah Forest virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region) 1991/92 to 2012/13.

Table 11. Location and month of onset of cases of MVE or KUN 1974 – 2013 acquired in the NT.

Table 12. Arbovirus risk periods in the Northern Territory. Table 13. Combined DoH and DPIF NT sentinel chicken flavi virus

surveillance. Progressive results of number of new seroconversions in month of bleeding 2012/13.

Table 14. Combined DoH and DPIF NT sentinel chicken flavivirus surveillance. Summary of new seroconversions by month Jul 1992 – Jun 2013.

Table 15. Combined DoH and DPIF NT sentinel chicken flavivirus surveillance. New seroconversions in month of bleeding by year Jul 1992 – Jun 2013.

Table 16. Adult mosquito species list Gove Peninsular. Table 17.Mosquito monitoring program Nhulunbuy. Total number of

selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the six weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 18. Mosquito monitoring program Nhulunbuy. Average numbers of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the five

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continuous weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps for inancial years 1994/95 to 2012/13.

Table 19. Mosquito monitoring program Nhulunbuy. Total number of female mosquitoes caught in the six CO2 baited mosquito traps 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 20. Adult mosquito species list Groote Eylandt. Table 21. Mosquito monitoring program Alyangula. Total number of

selected species of female mosquitoes caught in all CO2 baited mosquito traps 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 22. Mosquito monitoring program Alyangula. Average numbers of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the CO2 baited mosquito traps for financial years 1995/96 to 2012/13.

Table 23. Mosquito monitoring program Alyangula. Total number of female mosquitoes caught in all CO2 baited mosquito traps 1 July 1995 to 30 June 2013.

Table 24. Adult mosquito species list Katherine town. Table 25. Mosquito monitoring program Katherine. Total numbers of

selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the five CO2 baited mosquito traps 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 26. Mosquito monitoring program Katherine. Average number of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the three continuous CO2 baited mosquito traps for financial years 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 27. Mosquito monitoring program Katherine. Total numbers of female mosquitoes caught in all CO2 baited mosquito traps for financial years 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 28. Adult mosquito species list Tennant Creek town. Table 29. Mosquito monitoring program Tennant Creek. Total number of

selected species of female mosquitoes caught in all weeklyCO2 baited traps 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 30. Mosquito monitoring program Tennant Creek. Average number of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the 3 continuous CO2 baited traps for financial years 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 31. Mosquito monitoring program Tennant Creek. Total number of female mosquitoes caught in all weekly CO2 baited traps for financial years 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 32. Adult mosquito species list Alice Springs town. Table 33. Mosquito monitoring program Alice Springs. Total number of

selected species of female mosquitoes caught in all weekly CO2 baited traps 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 34. Mosquito monitoring program Alice Springs. Average number of selected species caught in the continuous weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps for financial years 1990/91 to 2011/13.

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Table 35. Mosquito monitoring program Alice Springs. Total number of female mosquitoes caught in all weekly CO2 baited traps for financial years 1990/91 to 2012/13.

Table 36. DAFF Biosecurity exotic mosquito monitoring program - Darwin.Total number of female mosquitoes caught in all weekly CO2 baited EVS traps 1July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 37. DAFF Biosecurity exotic mosquito monitoring program - Darwin. Total number of female mosquitoes caught in all weekly CO2 baited Biogents sentinel mosquito traps 1July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 38. Malaria notifications in The Northern Territory 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.

Table 39. Interception of exotic mosquitoes in Northern Territory seaports July 2000 - June 2013.

Table 40. Medical Entomology survey and travel July 2012 to June 2013. Table 41. Medical Entomology publications 2012/13.

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3 EXOTIC VECTOR SURVEILLANCE

3.1 Introduction The most frequently intercepted exotic mosquitoes in the NT are the dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the Asian tiger mosquito, Ae. albopictus. These dengue and chikungunya vectors can be transported as eggs or larvae in actual or previously water-filled receptacles on ships and cargo arriving from foreign ports, or as desiccant resistant eggs on receptacles relocated from areas in north Queensland (Qld) where they are either (Ae. aegypti) with the former, or recently established in the Torres Strait (Ae. albopictus).

There have been three instances since the late 1950’s where the exotic mosquito Ae. aegypti was found as established populations in the NT. Two of these establishments were discovered through surveillance detections in Tennant Creek in 2004 (through the adult mosquito surveillance program) and in Alyangula in 2006 (through the ovitrap surveillance program). In both instances, the populations were eliminated after two year programs by DoH with funding assistance from the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. In 2011/12, Ae. aegypti was again found in Tennant Creek (through the ovitrap surveillance program), and an Ae. aegypti elimination project is currently underway to ensure the NT remains free of this dengue vector.

At present, local and only periodic transmission of dengue in Australia is restricted to Qld where Ae. aegypti occurs. Transmission occurs when the viruses are introduced by infected overseas travellers. Aedes aegypti is geographically widespread in north and outback Qld, but the NT remains dengue vector free except where the elimination project is under way in Tennant Creek.

The NT has an appreciable public health and economic benefit by preventing the dengue vectors and other exotic vectors of disease from becoming established. ME has routine exotic mosquito monitoring and exclusion programs around all major towns and entry points to prevent the introduction or establishment of dengue vectors, and conducts periodic surveys of other towns and localities to ensure the NT remains dengue vector free.

3.2 Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program The exotic Aedes ovitrap (egg trap) surveillance program is a continual routine program used to detect any importations of exotic Aedes mosquito species into the NT, and thus allows timely control or elimination measures. In 2012/13 there were 38 ovitraps in the Darwin area (Table 1, Fig. 2) and 14 ovitraps in the Palmerston and rural areas (Table 2, Fig. 3) that are collected, inspected, and re-set fortnightly. The regional ovitrap programs in Alyangula, Nhulunbuy, Katherine, Tennant Creek and Alice Springs are also inspected and re-set fortnightly. The Darwin ovitraps are set and retrieved by ME, while the ovitraps in the regional centres are set and retrieved

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by Environmental Health Officers (EHO), local land corporations or mine site personnel.

Ovitraps in Darwin are located in most suburbs and in various rural residential areas. They are also set adjacent to vulnerable entry points for either exotic mosquito incursions from overseas or Qld. Vulnerable entry points include port areas, interstate trucking yards, removalist companies, caravan parks, tyre yards and plant nurseries.

Ovitrap paddles from all regions except Darwin are received by ME, along with any preserved larvae found in the traps. The eggs on the paddles are hatched in the ME laboratory and all subsequent larvae are reared to fourth instars for identification to species level. Often, when the endemic species Ae. katherinensis is suspected to be present, the larvae are reared through to the adult stage for identification confirmation, as Ae. albopictus is very similar to Ae. katherinensis in the larval stage.

The number of mosquito eggs laid on ovitrap paddles is generally dependant on the abundance of the adult (female) population, and in turn can relate to the productivity, number, and proximity of suitable breeding sites where the ovitrap is located. The seasonal pattern of larval numbers (eggs laid) from ovitraps is also dependant on the extent and frequency of rainfall in the wet season or the artificial filling of receptacles during the dry season due to garden irrigation.

The ovitrap programs undergo a continual reassessment throughout the year to increase the efficiency of the program. Ovitrap site placements are adjusted according to changed conditions and risk levels, such as loss of overhead vegetation cover, changes in property ownership, access issues, the arrival of risk cargo imported from locations where the target mosquitoes are prevalent, and when there are detections of adult mosquitoes from Quarantine collections.

Given that the exotic disease vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus can potentially utilise the same breeding habitats as the endemic Aedes species, the recovery of endemic receptacle breeding Aedes in vulnerable locations, such as the port areas, are an indicator of available breeding sites for exotic Aedes. The recovery of appreciable numbers of endemic Aedes species in the ovitraps are an indication that ongoing awareness campaigns aimed at household and commercial premises with regards to receptacle-breeding mosquitoes need to continue.

3.2.1 Darwin City and Outer Darwin In Darwin, of all ovitraps sampled (858), 41.49% (356) were positive for mosquito larvae (Table 1). This percentage of positive ovitraps is slightly higher compared to last year (34.62% positive). There was an increase in Aedes notoscriptus numbers in September, most likely due to localised rain triggering a population increase. Numbers then remained steady until the population started to further increase in January, coinciding with the onset of the wet season rain in late December (Fig. 11). Initial lower Ae. notoscriptus numbers are most likely due to lower population

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densities in the dry season, followed by an increase in numbers due to more breeding places becoming available with the onset of rain and an increase in the population size. At the end of the wet season Ae. notoscriptus collected in the ovitraps decreased again, before a sharp increase in numbers occurred in early June due to unseasonal rain in late May (Fig. 11).

The species most often detected in all traps was Ae. notoscriptus (present in 96.63 % of positive ovitraps), followed by Culex quinquefasciatus (present 13.48% of positive ovitraps) (Table 1).

Up to 66.40 % of ovitraps collected from residential premises were positive for mosquito eggs. The next highest were caravan parks (36.54%), transport companies (25.51%), port areas (20.86%) and commercial premises (14.56%) (Table1).

3.2.2 Darwin Rural and Palmerston In 2012/13, 35.87% (113) of ovitraps sampled (315) in Darwin rural and Palmerston were positive for mosquito larvae (Table 2, Fig. 12). The species most often detected was Ae. notoscriptus (105 times, present in 92.92% of positive ovitraps) followed by Ae. tremulus (21 times, present in 18.58% of positive ovitraps) (Table 2).

In the Darwin rural and Palmerston ovitraps, Ae. notoscriptus abundance increased in February, most likely due to the onset of heavy wet season rain in January. Numbers started to decline in May before a sharp increase occurred in June due to unseasonal rainfall in May (Fig. 12).

3.2.3 Groote Eylandt - Alyangula Alyangula is a mining town located on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in the East Arnhem region. Many of the vessel arrivals are for ore export or coastal cargo transport barges to and from Darwin. There is also a possibility of illegal vessels landing on Groote or nearby areas. Similar to Nhulunbuy, the area is considered a vulnerable entry point for exotic Aedes species into the NT from Qld and overseas.

The ovitrap program operates in collaboration between the Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) and ME. The ovitrap program was established in July 1998 and continued to March 2000, when local staff shortages resulted in its suspension. The program was re-established in March 2003. The five ovitraps are located at the wharf, the airport, mine site, and the Alyangula Township (Old and New Town) and are serviced fortnightly (Figs 4 and 5).

In 2012/13, Aedes notoscriptus, Ae. tremulus, Ae. katherinensis and Culex quinquefasciatus were the endemic species collected. No exotic mosquitoes were detected in 2012/13.

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3.2.4 Nhulunbuy Nhulunbuy is a mining town and the principal town in the East Arnhem region. The town is considered a vulnerable entry point for exotic Aedes species into the NT because of mining related transport arriving from overseas and Qld, as well as illegal foreign fishing vessels (IFFVs) being detained near Port Melville and prepared for onshore destruction at Drimmie Head by a local contractor. An ongoing ovitrap surveillance program was established in Nhulunbuy in 1995/96 in collaboration with the Nhulunbuy Corporation. The Nhulunbuy Corporation suspended the program in July 2011, but Medical Entomology in liaison with Environmental Health re-established this important program in February 2013.

The eight ovitraps are serviced by the Environmental Health Officer in Nhulunbuy each fortnight, and the paddles and any larvae are forwarded to ME for larval rearing and identification (Fig. 6).

In 2012/13, Aedes notoscriptus, Ae. tremulus and Culex quinquefasciatus were the endemic species collected. No exotic mosquitoes were detected in 2012/13.

3.2.5 Katherine The ovitrap surveillance program in Katherine currently consist of eleven routine ovitraps, located adjacent to vulnerable entry points into Katherine (Fig. 7).

The ovitraps are serviced by the Environmental Health Officer in Katherine each fortnight, and the paddles and any larvae are forwarded to ME for larval rearing and identification.

In 2012/13, no exotic mosquitoes were recovered from the Katherine ovitraps. Aedes notoscriptus, Ae. kochi, Ae. tremulus, Ae. katherinensis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Tripteroides punctolateralis were the endemic species collected from the ovitraps.

3.2.6 Tennant Creek The Tennant Creek ovitrap surveillance program usually consists of three ovitraps set at the Memorial Club, 3 Kittle Street and the Caravan Park (Lot 2133). The traps are serviced fortnightly by the Tennant Creek EHO during the wet season only, commencing after the first appreciable rains.

However, due to the Tennant Creek Ae. aegypti elimination program, the ovitrap program was temporarily suspended in 2011/12 and 2012/13 (for details see section 4). The ovitrap program will be re-established in 2013/14.

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3.2.7 Alice Springs The Alice Springs ovitrap surveillance program consists of seven ovitraps (Fig. 9).The ovitraps are serviced fortnightly by the Alice Springs Environmental Health Officer during the summer months (November to May). The ovitrap at the Metal Recyclers and the 24 Hour Store were moved to the Diggamen Office and the Greyhound bus depot.

In 2012/13, mosquitoes were collected in the ovitraps on only one occasion, with Aedes notoscriptus collected in the Alice City Tyre Power ovitrap.

3.3 DAFF Biosecurity Adult Mosquito Trapping Program In 1999, ME resumed the mosquito identifications of the DAFF Biosecurity adult mosquito trapping program samples as a cost per service program. The aim of the program is to monitor for exotic adult mosquitoes around the Darwin port and airport areas. Weekly routine adult mosquito carbon dioxide baited EVS trapping is conducted by DAFF Biosecurity staff at vulnerable entry points in these areas (Fig. 10, Table 36).

In early 2010, Biogents sentinel adult mosquito traps (BG), specifically designed to attract and collect Ae. aegypti and other Aedes (Stg) species, such as the exotic Ae. albopictus and the endemic Ae. katherinensis, were incorporated into the quarantine monitoring program (Fig. 10, Table 37). Carbon dioxide gas was used to enhance the attractiveness of the traps (Meeraus et al 2008).

The three CO2 baited EVS traps and the four BG traps are set and collected weekly by the DAFF Biosecurity Vector Officers and the mosquitoes are forwarded to ME for identification. Once identified, the results with comments are forwarded to DAFF Biosecurity, the RAAF and Darwin Airport, Toll Marine Shipping Environmental and Safety Officers and the Darwin Port Authority.

The three routine DAFF Biosecurity EVS monitoring trap sites in Darwin are located at Fort Hill Wharf, Darwin Airport and the Fighter Re-Plenishing Apron (FRA) at the RAAF base (Fig. 10). The four Biogents sentinel adult mosquito traps are located at the RAAF base, Toll Marine and the East Arm wharf (Fig. 10).

3.3.1 Darwin In April and May this year, two incursions of Aedes aegypti occurred at the Darwin port (Table 39). The April incursion, during which five adult Ae. aegypti were detected at the Toll Marine international wharf quarantine shed, was associated with the berth of an international vessel, while the second incursion, with one female Ae. aegypti detected in the same Biogents BG trap and larvae and pupae in a sentinel tyre trap, was most likely associated with a vessel from Cairns. DoH in liaison with DAFF Biosecurity successfully responded to both incursions following established protocols, with no further exotic mosquitoes detected.

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Due to the detection of Ae. aegypti in the Darwin port, most likely associated with a vessel travelling between Cairns, Gove and Darwin, two routine BG traps were established in the Gove port area in May 2013 to monitor for exotic mosquitoes.

On 16th January 2013, the DAFF Biosecurity BG trap set at East Arm wharf (Darwin) collected a non endemic Hodgesia species, tentatively identified as Hodgesia spoliata. Additional trapping was carried out in the area, but no further specimens were collected. The species was most likely associated with the berth of a vessel from PNG. This species is not known to be associated with human disease.

No exotic mosquitoes were collected in the CO2 baited EVS traps in 2012/13 (Table 36).

3.4 Exotic Mosquito Interceptions In the NT, DAFF Biosecurity survey and treat apprehended IFFVs and illegal persons vessels for any exotic pest threats to Australia, including mosquitoes. Illegal vessels are usually detained and escorted to a port by the Royal Australian Navy and the Australian Custom Services. Some vessels, such as fishing iceboats traditionally carry large 800-1000L drinking water receptacles that are sealed and therefore are not suitable for mosquito breeding. Shark boats and illegal persons vessels however, often use open 200L plastic drums as drinking water receptacles, which are suitable for mosquito breeding, and exotic larvae are often detected in these receptacles.

In 2012/13, information forwarded from DAFF Biosecurity indicated that there were no interceptions of exotic mosquitoes from illegal vessels intercepted in close proximity to NT ports (Table 39).

Table 39 shows port of origin, vessel type and receptacle type for all exotic species recorded in Northern Territory seaports between 2000/01 and 2012/13.

Aedes aegypti has been the most frequently detected exotic species from receptacles at seaports (108 instances out of 141 exotic species detections), with Ae. albopictus only collected 12 times out of the 141 detections since 2000/01 (Table 39).

Previous data showed that the potential importation of Ae. aegypti into the NT is more likely to be through IFFVs via water holding receptacles used for drinking water storage. Aedes albopictus appears more likely to be imported via used tyres and other receptacle types, which generally arrive on cargo vessels. Drinking water receptacles usually have less nutrients present in the form of leaf and insect detritus, and thus may be less attractive for egg laying Ae. albopictus.

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Aedes aegypti is a highly domesticated species that primarily feeds on humans. The proximity of drinking water receptacles and humans at the port of IFFV’s origin would tend to increase the likelihood of Ae. aegypti presence and transportation via this mode. However, since apprehended IFFV’s tend to be moored 1.5 nm from shore during quarantine inspection procedures for the majority of the times they are detained, the higher risk of importations within the Darwin port environs would appear to be via international cargo vessels. The risks of exotic importations into areas other than first ports of call are be from illegal shore landings of IFFV’s or other illegal vessels.

3.5 Receptacle Breeding Surveys As part of the ME exotic vector surveillance program, surveys for receptacle breeding exotic Aedes mosquitoes are conducted as a supplement to the ovitrap program. The aim is to detect exotic mosquito incursions that have breached the 400m quarantine zone at international ports or from those arriving from Qld by road or via any other mode.

Locations that are targeted for the potential presence of exotic receptacle breeding species are port areas, nurseries, caravan parks and transport companies, as they are potential entry points for exotic mosquitoes in the NT. Some commercial and residential premises outside these categories are also surveyed, particularly those close to potential entry points listed above, or that contain a large number of potential receptacle breeding sites.

Port areas receive international shipping traffic and are thus susceptible to potential exotic mosquito incursions. Caravan parks and transport companies represent a risk of interstate vehicles inadvertently transporting Ae. aegypti eggs or larvae in receptacles across the border from Queensland. Nurseries are considered a risk because they often import plants and pots from interstate (including Qld) and overseas, and they can contain suitable breeding or adult harbourage sites.

As shown by the Groote Eylandt Ae. aegypti incursion in 2006, remote coastal locations close to frequent IFFV activity are potentially subject to exotic mosquito introductions via routes other than through the main shipping ports. The method of introduction into nearby towns or communities may be via relocation of receptacles obtained from IFFV camps.

Following the detection of Aedes aegypti in Tennant Creek in November 2011, an Ae. aegypti elimination program was immediately established, and premise to premise survey and control operations commenced immediately (see section 4). As part of the elimination program, additional exotic vector surveys were carried out in Ti Tree and Ali Curung.

A routine exotic vector survey was also carried out in Jabiru in May 2013. No exotic mosquitoes were detected.

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The majority of the Darwin port areas within the 400m quarantine zone were surveyed early in the wet season of 2012 as a DAFF Biosecurity/ME joint program. This timing allowed for the assessment of the receptivity of each port area before the main wet season so that source reduction recommendations could be conveyed to the respective proprietors, and then actioned in a timely manner before the rains. During the routine receptacle surveys, no exotic mosquitoes were detected.

4 EXOTIC VECTOR ELIMINATION ROGRAM

4.1 Detection of Aedes aegypti in Tennant Creek Aedes aegypti (L), has been generally absent from the NT for over 50 years. However, it is periodically detected at NT international shipping facilities, and has been briefly established in Tennant Creek (2004 – 2006) and on Groote Eylandt (2006 – 2008). Both of these establishments were successfully eliminated by 2 year intensive survey and insecticide treatment programs. Five years after its elimination from Tennant Creek, this species was found to be widely established in Tennant Creek in November 2011 after initial detection in a routine ovitrap. The ovitrap was situated on a property close to the Memorial Club on the West side of town. ME responded immediately to the detection and sent a team to Tennant Creek from 23-26 November to assess the extent of the Ae. aegypti population and to commence a control program. During the survey it was found that Ae. aegypti was again widespread in the town.

A coordinated and intensive emergency control program aimed at eliminating Ae. aegypti from Tennant Creek was started in late November 2011 by the NT Department of Health. The initial surveys and treatments were carried out by ME staff from Darwin, with assistance from Environmental Health, other CDC staff, the National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre and volunteers from DoH and other government organisations. In early 2012, DoH received Commonwealth Department of Health (DoHA) funding of $1.1million for a comprehensive Ae.aegypti elimination program. With the financial support of both the NT Government and DoHA, the elimination program was established and staff recruited immediately (see ME annual report 2011/12).

The program in Tennant Creek involves both dry and wet season property by property larval surveys, and applying the pyrethroid residual insecticide alpha-cypermethrin, liquid chlorine or pellets of a mosquito hormone insecticide, S-methoprene, to all appropriate receptacles in all 1100 odd properties. Additionally, a barrier spray of alpha–cypermethrin is applied to appropriate areas around premises to provide residual control of adult mosquitoes. Piles of internally sprayed tyres with water and pellets of S-methoprene have been established near the transport hubs of all bus and road transport companies to lure, trap and kill any adults about to harbour or lay eggs. Other treatments concentrate on roadside drains and rehabilitation of the municipal dump in cooperation with the local Barkly Shire Council. All rainwater tanks are also inspected and treated as required.

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4.2 Control program Since the initial detection of Ae. aegypti in Tennant Creek in November 2011, five complete rounds of property survey and treatments were carried out in Tennant Creek, with round five completed in early April 2013.

During the first round (23 Nov 2011 to 8 Feb 2012), 146 premises were found breeding Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, representing 13.6% of premises in Tennant Creek. Since then, the number of properties found positive for Ae. aegypti have rapidly decreased, with fourteen properties found positive in round two (9 Feb to 16 Mar 2012), one property in round three (19 Mar to 9 Oct 2012), two properties in round four (12 Oct 2012 to 8 Feb 2013) and one property in round five (11 Feb to 8 Apr 2013).

The program is currently into its sixth round. Aedes aegypti larvae were found in a dog bowl in one property in early June, with no further detections until 30th June 2013.

In October 2012, all Tennant Creek drain side entry pits were cleaned by the Barkly Shire Council and insecticide treated by program staff, before another treatment round of all side entry pits was carried out in March 2013. In 2012/13, Ae. aegypti surveys were also carried out in Ti Tree and Ali Curung as part of the elimination program. However, no exotic mosquitoes were detected.

Due to the detection of Ae. aegypti in June 2013, DoH applied for additional funding from DoHA to continue the program until April 2014.

5 VECTOR SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

5.1 Darwin The most important mosquito species recorded from routine CO2 baited EVS traps in Darwin in 2012/13 and their relative numbers are shown in Tables 4-6.

5.1.1 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 5.1.1.1 Monitoring program

The routine adult mosquito monitoring program in the Darwin area involved 16 CO2 baited EVS traps set throughout the Darwin urban area (Table 5, Fig. 1). Eleven of the traps were set weekly throughout the year, while other traps were either recommenced, or utilised during the peak season for a particular area. The East Point trap was set during the early wet to early dry season to determine the effectiveness of control operations in the East Point area. The Karama East trap was set from January to June, to supplement the Karama and Palm Creek traps, which collect mosquitoes dispersing from the Holmes Jungle Swamp. The Botanic Gardens

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trap was recommenced in October, to assess mosquito control activities in the Mindil Beach and Gardens area. The Lee Point trap was set from November to May, to assess if mosquito numbers north of the Lyons suburb differed from numbers in older suburbs such as Leanyer and Tiwi.

Eleven of the trap sites have been monitored continuously using the same trap type from 1985 to the present (Table 4). A few of these trap sites have been consistently monitored from 1979 to the present, representing one of the longest consistent adult mosquito monitoring data sets in Australia. This data is used to evaluate long term mosquito control and disease risk.

5.1.1.2 Adult mosquito numbers The 2012/13 results for the 11 continuous traps are shown in Table 4. The results from all 16 trap sites are shown in Table 5.

Palm Creek, Karama and Leanyer Dump were by far the most productive trap sites of the 11 continuous sites, recording 36,779, 27,185 and 20,585 adult female mosquitoes respectively (Table 4). The next most productive of the 11 continuous trap sites were Leanyer Gate (12,916) and Longwood (12,544) (Table 4).

The average number of Aedes vigilax per trap night for the 11 continuous traps increased slightly from an average of 53.92 per trap night in 2011/12 to an average of 59.96 per trap night in 2012/13 (Table 6). Average Culex annulirostris numbers per trap night in the eleven continuous traps increased from 59.78 in 2011/12 to 110.12 per trap night in 2012/13 (Table 6). The relatively large increase in average numbers was due to the very poor wet season, which promoted extensive semi-aquatic vegetation growth in the Holmes Jungle and Micket Creek reed swamps, subsequently providing extensive habitat for Cx. annulirostris breeding during the late wet/early dry season.

Anopheles bancroftii and An. farauti s.l. average numbers decreased from an average per trap of 11.38 and 8.58 respectively in 2011/12, to an average per trap of 9.26 and 6.15 respectively in 2012/13 (Table 6). The decrease in numbers of these mosquito species was unusual, as they were expected to be higher than last year due to the increase in potential semi-aquatic reed breeding habitat created by the poor wet season. The pest mosquitoes Mansonia uniformis and Coquillettidia xanthogaster also decreased in numbers, and as with Anopheles mosquitoes this was not expected due to the increase in potential breeding habitat compared to last year. Aerial control operations of the Eleocharis reed edges of the Holmes Jungle Swamp for Cx. annulirostris breeding in the early dry season may have been responsible for the slightly reduced numbers of these species.

5.1.1.3 Seasonal occurrence The salt marsh mosquito Aedes vigilax is most common in the Darwin area from September to January inclusive (Fig. 17). Low numbers can also be encountered in April-August in some years (Fig. 17). In 2012/13, Ae. vigilax was abundant during the

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months of October to December inclusive, and also during May and June (Fig. 17A). Aedes vigilax abundance is associated with monthly high tides (7.4 m ACD or over) and/or appreciable daily rainfall (25 mm and above) during most months of the year, except for February and March in most years, when the majority or all of their principal breeding sites are seasonally flooded and unavailable as egg laying sites.

The common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris is most common during the months of January to August (Fig. 17). During most years, two peaks in abundance generally occur during these months, an early to mid wet season peak in January or February, and an extended peak during the months of April to July. The mid wet season peak is usually larger than the late wet/early dry season peak (Fig. 17). However in 2012/13 the early dry season peak was by far the largest (Fig. 17A). The early wet season peak is generally a result of initial widespread flooding of the Holmes Jungle and Leanyer swamps, and other swamps and smaller ground depressions in other locations, with high mosquito productivity due to the lack of mosquito larvae predators after initial flooding. The late wet to mid dry season peak is a result of the progressive drying of the larger breeding sites, such as the Holmes Jungle Reed Swamp, resulting in the formation of thickly vegetated pools with restricted access for mosquito larvae predators. The late wet and early dry season peak is also contributed to by residual grassy pools in the Leanyer Swamp floodplain, and in vegetated stormwater drains from Leanyer, Malak and Karama.

In 2012/13, there was only one Cx. annulirostris peak in May and June, with abundance during this peak being much higher compared to all other months of the year (Fig. 17A). This early dry season peak was a result of productive breeding in extensive shallow reed and grassy areas of the Holmes Jungle and Micket Creek swamps, with numbers suddenly reaching high levels in the early dry season. Subsequent helicopter operations were carried out to control breeding in both of the swamps. The usual early to mid wet season peak did not occur, due to a late onset of the monsoon, and below average rainfall once the monsoon arrived. In a typical season, the early to mid wet season peak is impractical to effectively control due to concurrent flooding of over 1000 hectares of floodplain in the Leanyer and Holmes Jungle swamps after the first monsoon rains, although the main concentration of larvae are targeted by aerial control to reduce the size of the early to mid wet season peak.

Other important mosquito species such as Cq. xanthogaster, An. bancroftii, An. farauti s.l. and Ma. uniformis are usually most abundant in the late wet season and early dry season, when semi-aquatic vegetation growth is abundant, and deep flooded areas begin to dry, leaving shallow or relatively isolated pools. Despite the below average wet season and proliferation of potential breeding habitat, all of these species recorded a slight decrease in average numbers in 2012/13. The aerial spraying operations carried out in the Holmes Jungle reed Swamp for the early dry season Cx. annulirostris peak are likely to have controlled breeding of these species, as they occur in similar habitat.

5.1.1.4 Trapping sites When comparing total numbers of all mosquito species from all monitoring sites, the Palm Creek and Karama trap sites are usually the most productive. This trend was

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followed in 2012/13, with Palm Creek being the most productive trap site, followed by Karama (Table 5). The higher numbers of all mosquito species at Palm Creek and Karama is due to very large areas of reed swamp and other wetland breeding areas in the nearby Holmes Jungle reed Swamp and upper mangrove areas close to the trap sites. These breeding sites are considerably influenced by rainfall and tides, providing suitable habitats for both freshwater and brackish water mosquito species.

This swamp is not targeted by engineering control methods due to the ecological sensitivity and the importance as a fish breeding site. ME does not routinely control mosquitoes other than the salt marsh mosquito in this swamp, unless there is a relatively high risk of mosquito borne disease from Cx. annulirostris or if numbers of this species and other pest mosquitoes such as An. bancroftii become markedly high. The minimum urban distance buffer of 1.6 km from the edge of this swamp usually results in few pest problems in the nearby residential areas, apart from those caused by the long distance dispersing mosquito Ae. vigilax. These trap sites are also influenced to some extent by Ae. vigilax dispersal from coastal swamps associated with King Creek and the Howard River to the east.

As in previous years, the northern suburb traps of Karama, Palm Creek, Leanyer Gate, Leanyer Dump, Longwood and Casuarina were amongst the most productive traps (Table 5), due to the location of the traps between extensive swamp breeding sites and the urban fringes of the suburbs.

In 2012/13, the traps bordering the Marrara Swamp system were as productive as the Casuarina trap in terms of overall mosquito numbers, with the poor wet season likely to have resulted in larger than usual areas with shallow ponding and semi-aquatic vegetation. Culex annulirostris and Cq. xanthogaster were the two most common mosquitoes in the Aviation Museum and Marrara Rifle Range traps, with breeding of both species also related to the availability of semi-aquatic vegetation and shallow ponding. Usually, the Marrara swamps are only moderate sources of mosquitoes.

Karama was by far the most productive trap site for Ae. vigilax, with Karama East, Palm Creek, Leanyer Dump, Longwood Ave, Leanyer Gate and Lee Point being the next most productive trap sites. Casuarina and Totem Rd were also productive trap sites for Ae. vigilax, with other trap sites recording low overall numbers (Table 5).

Culex annulirostris was most abundant in the traps bordering the Holmes Jungle and Leanyer swamps (Table 5). This has usually been followed by the traps near Marrara Swamp and Casuarina Coastal Reserve. However this year, Richardson Park was the second most productive swamp area for Cx. annulirostris, despite the adjacent mosquito breeding area being tidal mangroves. The extensive breeding in Ludmilla has been the result of the Ludmilla Creek drainage channel being silted and overgrown with mangroves, which has resulted in large areas of freshwater and tidal ponding suitable for mosquito breeding.

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Other important mosquitoes such as the Anopheles mosquitoes and Cq. xanthogaster were most abundant in the Palm Creek and Karama traps (Table 5).

5.1.2 Vectors & Disease case data 5.1.2.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

In 2012/13 there were 210 laboratory notified cases of RRV in the Northern Territory, with the majority of cases reported from the Darwin region (190) (Table 7). This represented a slight reduction in NT wide RRV cases compared to 2011/12, when 222 cases reported. However, this also represented a slight increase in Darwin region cases compared to 2011/12 when only 176 cases were reported (Table 9).

The number of laboratory reported cases of BFV disease in the NT increased substantially from 52 in 2011/12 to 354 in 2012/13 (Table 10). The Darwin region recorded the majority of cases (280), which was considerably higher compared to 2011/12. The substantial increase in laboratory reported cases was not limited to the NT and therefore, nationwide investigations are being carried out to determine possible causes.

The two principal vectors of RRV and BFV in the Darwin region are the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax and the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris.

Aedes vigilax numbers in Darwin increase from the late dry season, when the tides become large enough to flood breeding areas, and into the early wet season until rainfall permanently floods breeding areas (Fig. 18). Culex annulirostris numbers are relatively high in the early to mid wet season and also again in the late wet to mid dry season (Fig. 18).

The dry conditions of the mid to late dry season result in a relatively short longevity of Ae. vigilax and hence in a reduced capacity to transmit RRV .This is why large numbers of Ae. vigilax in October to November generally do not translate to high numbers of RRV cases. As soon as the heavy rains occur (usually in December or January), the increase in humidity, together with vegetation growth, increases the longevity of Ae. vigilax resulting in an increased potential to transmit RRV.

In addition, maximum monthly tide levels generally increase from mid July to December, increasing inundation of the salt marsh habitat. Consequently, Ae. vigilax numbers increase steadily to reach a peak in November to January. The high numbers in November to January are usually a result of highest tides and/or first flooding rains. High tides after January flooding rains and increased rainfall from February to April do not usually result in Ae. vigilax breeding due to the seasonal and complete flooding of all the major breeding sites, making the habitat unsuited for egg laying and larval production. The exception is the Casuarina Coastal Reserve, which breeds high numbers in coastal dune depressions throughout the mid-late dry season. Unlike temperate areas, seasonal temperature variation does not seem to play a part in the production of Ae. vigilax in the Top End. Maximum temperatures in

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the day do not vary much, and thus the temperature in the water is unlikely to be a large factor affecting larval development and hence adult mosquito production.

Culex annulirostris occurs in relatively low numbers in September and October before the first appreciable rains. It is only after the first heavy rains that the population begins to increase. The population arising from ephemeral habitats (wet season flooded grasslands or swamps in the process of filling) reaches a peak in January to February, while peak numbers from extensive perennial swamps occur as the swamps dry from late March to around May and reeds lodge over, reducing the impact of fish predation. For example, peaks in Cx. annulirostris numbers can occur in April, May or even June depending on rainfall in the preceding wet season, the length of time of water present in the swamp, and the proximity to and extent of the nearest perennial swamp. High numbers of Cx. annulirostris in April, May or June are not correlated with high RRV disease cases, most likely due to the longevity of Cx. annulirostris being reduced in this period of lower humidity.

The slight increase in RRV disease cases in the Darwin region could be attributed to slightly higher Ae. vigilax and higher Cx. annulirostris abundance in 2013. Increased reported RRV disease cases could also have been due to decreased immunity in the natural vertebrate hosts, such as wallabies, increased numbers of wallaby young, or more exposure of the young wallabies to mosquito vectors. Alternatively, more people may have presented for mosquito borne disease testing. An increase in the NT workforce, with non – immune people moving to the NT from overseas and interstate may also have played a role in regards to the slight increase in reported cases.

The substantial increase in BFV cases in the Darwin region was unusual, as Ae. vigilax abundance was similar to last year, and Cx. annulirostris abundance only peaked in May and June this year, when mosquito longevity and thus potential to transmit a virus is low compared to the wet season months.

5.1.2.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system to detect the activity of MVEV and KUNV and to indicate potential risk periods for MVEV and KUNV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2012/13 is summarised in Table 13 and discussed in Section 7.1. No cases of MVE or KUN virus disease were reported in the Darwin region in 2012/13 (Table 11).

5.1.3 Routine Ground Larval Mosquito Control Program Darwin 5.1.3.1 Larval survey and control program

Larval mosquito surveys in the Darwin urban and peri urban areas are carried out in cooperation with the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the NT (PWCNT), and Medical Entomology (ME), as part of the DoH Northern Territory Disease Control Program (NTDCP). ME have produced aerial photo vector control maps with 100m grid references of the Darwin area, and has categorised all the potential mosquito breeding sites. Potential breeding sites are generally inspected by ME, with the

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exception of the Botanic Gardens and Charles Darwin National Park, which are inspected and controlled by PWCNT. All current important mosquito breeding sites in Darwin Urban have been mapped on GIS, with the data compatible with Google Earth for easy viewing and file sharing.

City of Darwin (CoD) is responsible for preventing mosquito breeding within its jurisdiction, with major potential breeding areas located in Frances Bay, Fannie Bay, East Point Reserve, Vestey's Beach, Mindil Beach, Nightcliff Foreshore and the Rapid Creek area. Control is carried out by preventative engineering measures (see Section 5.1.5), and larval control carried out by ME. Crown Land areas, such as Ludmilla Swamp and Coconut Grove/Kulaluk are also covered by ME.

Medical Entomology is carrying out mosquito survey and control operations on behalf of PWCNT in Casuarina Coastal Reserve under a user pays scheme.

5.1.3.2 Larval mosquito survey results The major breeding sites at the PWCNT administered Darwin Botanic Gardens were a tidally influenced Brackish Fern area and grassy depressions at the base of Bullocky Point, numerous ground depressions and drains east of Gilruth Ave near the tidal flat, and in the Mindil Beach car park area. Productivity was usually high at most sites, with highest numbers occurring in the early to mid wet season.

The main breeding sites in CoD administrated areas were grassy wet season pools at Vesteys Lake, Lake Alexander, East Point Reserve and Mindil Beach/Gardens Golf Course, as well as tidal flats and drains near Lake Alexander. Other breeding sites controlled included the Nightcliff foreshore rock pools between the jetty and Nightcliff Pool, and tidal drains off Rapid Creek Road.

Crown Land breeding sites included the extensive upper tidal reaches of Ludmilla Creek near Ludmilla School, including the many tidal drains, as well as tidal drains around Fannie Bay and Coconut Grove, and wet season drainage lines in Frances Bay. Other major areas of mosquito breeding were controlled in interdune areas, upper tidal flats and drains and the crab farm ponds at Kulaluk Reserve (Coconut Grove).

The major breeding sites at Casuarina Coastal Reserve were the upper tidal reaches of Sandy Creek, including the Brackish Fern area that receives freshwater from the Rocklands Drive section of Sandy Creek. Other major breeding sites were numerous large and productive interdune depressions scattered along the coast from the Dripstone Cliffs to the mouth of Buffalo Creek, with the Lee Point area containing the majority of these interdune breeding sites.

5.1.3.3 Larval ground control The most common larvicide used in CoD, Crown Land and PWCNT controlled areas was s-methoprene 30 day pellets or 150 day briquettes. S-methoprene briquettes or

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pellets were placed in select Darwin Urban areas, mostly in tidally influenced stormwater drains to provide control in the late dry/early wet season, with breeding sites in Ludmilla Creek, Rapid Creek, Coconut Grove and Fannie Bay treated. Localised wet season ground pools around Darwin, including pools at East Point, Vesteys Lake, Lake Alexander, Mindil Beach, Fannie Bay, Coconut Grove and Nightcliff Foreshore, were also selectively treated with s-methoprene pellets.

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i) was the main larvicide used at the Darwin Botanic Gardens during smaller flooding events, with methoprene pellets also used, particularly after widespread flooding in the mid wet season. All breeding sites at Charles Darwin National Park were controlled with s-methoprene 150 day briquettes.

S-methoprene residual pellets were used at Casuarina Coastal Reserve, which included the aerial application of pellets to a large interdune depression adjacent to the lower reaches of Sandy Creek, northwest of the hospital. This depression is inaccessible on the ground in some parts, and thus necessitates the aerial application of pellets. S-methoprene pellets have the advantage of providing continuous control of mosquito larvae for 30 days. S-methoprene 150 day residual briquettes were also utilised in a number of accessible dune and grassy depressions and creek lines at Casuarina Coastal Reserve, from Dripstone Park to the mouth of Buffalo Creek. The use of briquettes or pellets in all breeding sites greatly reduced survey and control requirements, while maintaining very good control of mosquito breeding.

5.1.4 Aerial Mosquito Control Program The helicopter larval control program in Darwin is aimed primarily at the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax, and the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris. Salt marsh swamps within a 5km range of the edge of the northern suburbs of Darwin are routinely surveyed by either helicopter or all terrain quad bikes by ME after high tides or critical amounts of rain. Swamp areas surveyed and controlled by helicopter include Leanyer Swamp, the Leanyer bomb crater area, Holmes Jungle reed and mangrove swamps, Micket Swamp and parts of the Shoal Bay communication base Swamp (Fig. 19). Insecticides are applied by helicopter in liquid formulations, primarily the bacterial insecticide bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i) or less commonly liquid s-methoprene.

In the 2012/13 season, high spring tides, combined with unseasonal heavy early dry season rains, required numerous extensive aerial salt marsh mosquito survey and control operations in the Leanyer, Holmes Jungle, Micket and Shoal Bay swamps. These operations were very successful in keeping Ae. vigilax numbers at relatively low levels for most of the season. In 2012/13 Medical Entomology sprayed 3185 hectares by helicopter over these swamps compared to 2032 ha in 2011/12 and 2123 ha in 2010/11. The average number of mosquitoes trapped per week in the 11 continuous carbon dioxide traps in Darwin was relatively similar to last year, with a total of 255 mosquitoes trapped this year compared to 214 last year (Table 6).

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5.1.5 Mosquito Engineering Control Program The Darwin Mosquito Engineering Control Program is a cooperative effort between ME and City of Darwin (CoD) to maintain and upgrade Darwin drains which are actual or potential mosquito breeding sites, as well as to rectify actual and potential mosquito breeding depressions. It is funded on a 1:2 dollar basis between CoD : DoH, with a $328,162 program in 2012/13. It is a major program for ME, involving inspections and maintenance work on existing drains and concrete upgrading of sections of drains where there are demonstrated mosquito breeding problems, as well as documenting wet season areas of ponding and actual or potential mosquito breeding for dry season rectification.

In 2012/13, much of the engineering budget was spent on desilting problem stormwater drains, such as those drains along the tidal fringes of Rapid Creek, Coconut Grove, Kulaluk Reserve, Ludmilla, Vesteys Lake, Mindil Beach, Gardens Golf Course, East Point, Lake Alexander and Casuarina Coastal Reserve. Herbiciding and desilting drains in Leanyer Swamp was also carried out, and this was a major part of the program due to the swamp drains incurring the highest maintenance requirements. Other areas of Darwin, in which problem drains were desilted included Marrara, Winnellie/Stuart Park, Bayview Haven and Frances Bay.

The key to the successful mosquito engineering control program is the continued cooperation between ME and CoD, as well as assistance from the Power and Water Corporation and DLPE in regards to drain maintenance and rectification in their areas. The ME database is a valuable tool in identifying frequent mosquito breeding sites, and the ME geographic information system aids in the planning and monitoring of future work programs by utilising high resolution aerial photography to precisely map mosquito breeding areas for rectification.

5.1.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control Mosquito engineering control measures are still required at Ludmilla Creek, Darwin Botanic Gardens, Casuarina Coastal Reserve (including Lee Point and Buffalo Creek), Lake Alexander, Vesteys Lake, East Point, Mindil Beach, Coconut Grove and Leanyer Swamp. These areas contain productive salt marsh mosquito breeding sites, most of which can be engineered to prevent or significantly reduce mosquito breeding, and therefore those mosquito breeding sites should be targeted for rectification.

Lake Alexander requires minor fill operations in numerous grassy depressions, while Vesteys Lake requires shallow fill operations or minor surface drainage in several low lying areas to enable surface water runoff.

Leanyer Swamp requires annual maintenance of the numerous existing open earth drains established under the engineering program. The main problem drains are those from urban areas, with dry season low flows promoting the growth of tidal couch grass (Sporobolus), Eleocharis reeds and grass weeds such as olive hymenachne. Annual herbiciding reduces the potential for the weeds to obstruct the drains. However, desilting works are still required in some drains to minimise water

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ponding after high tides and rainfall events. Other smaller drains in the swamp are subject to mangrove growth closing over the drain and allowing shallow ponding. All drains in the Leanyer Swamp are re-excavated as necessary using a laser guided swamp excavator.

The upper tidal reaches of Ludmilla Creek opposite Richardson Park and Ludmilla School contains extensive Ae. vigilax and Cx. sitiens breeding areas, which are becoming progressively larger each year. Overall, Cx. annulirostris numbers at this site are now exceeding what is caught in the Marrara Swamp traps, indicating that productive breeding of this species is also occurring. Water ponding in this area is a result of a silted outlet channel from the Bagot Rd subsoil drainage system outfall at the rear of the school. The outlet channel requires desilting, and will need to be placed on a periodic maintenance program by the relevant authority to ensure the drain remains free draining. The smaller drainage channels in the upper tidal reaches of Ludmilla Creek from Nemarluk Dve and Richardson Dve also require desilting once the main outlet channel has been rectified.

The Darwin Botanic Gardens require extensive mosquito breeding site rectification works, which include extensive fill operations in low lying areas. Open concrete invert drains could also improve drainage of many areas.

Casuarina Coastal Reserve requires large scale rectification works to rectify numerous interdune depressions that have become mosquito breeding sites, particularly around the Lee Point area. The sand accumulating process from long shore drift of sand just east of Lee Point is gradually creating new interdune mosquito breeding sites, which become more extensive and productive each year. These sites need to be filled with sand from the lower beach line, and graded. If carried out correctly, this would permanently rectify some of the most productive breeding sites in this area similar to what has previously been achieved by ME and CoD in interdune areas in Coconut Grove (Kulaluk area) and other areas in Casuarina Coastal Reserve.

The largest and most productive mosquito breeding site in Casuarina Coastal Reserve, the Lee Point Pillbox depression (approximately 500m west of Lee Point), requires an engineering solution by sand filling and grading to prevent appreciable water ponding and mosquito breeding.

The other major mosquito breeding site is the upper reaches of Sandy Creek near the hospital residential houses. Maintenance works need to be carried out on the upper Sandy Creek low flow pipe system, which has a section of damaged pipe that requires replacing, as well as the removal of sediment accumulation in the pipe near the weir inlet.

Appreciable mosquito engineering works are also required in the Buffalo Creek boat ramp area, to rectify drainage problems caused by the previous construction of the road to the boat ramp.

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In Palmerston, preliminary investigations by ME have shown that most Ae. vigilax breeding sites occur in the upper tidal reaches of Mitchell Creek, including disturbed tidal areas and a tidally affected sediment basin, and at stormwater discharge points at the mangrove fringe on the west side of Palmerston. Recent ME baseline surveys for the Palmerston Eastern Suburbs have located many appreciable Ae. vigilax breeding sites associated with the upper tidal areas of Mitchell and Brooking Creek, which require rectification where possible, routine control with larvicides, or a combination of both.

Ad hoc adult mosquito monitoring has indicated that there are Cx. annulirostris breeding sites affecting the Palmerston suburbs of Darla and Fairway Waters. The breeding sites of these adult mosquitoes require locating for future rectification. The Palmerston area at the moment does not have a regular mosquito survey or control program.

5.2 McArthur River Mine – Katherine Region Mosquito numbers at Bing Bong Port and McArthur River Mine were lower than last year, due to reduced wet season rains. The reduction in mosquito numbers at Bing Bong Port was also likely to have been due to rectification works carried out at the port surrounds. Numbers of all mosquito species at the mine were low, while the northern salt marsh mosquito Aedes vigilax was recorded in relatively high numbers during the mid wet season at Bing Bong Port, although in much lower numbers compared to previous years. The complete results and discussion are outlined in the McArthur River Mine annual mosquito monitoring report 2012/13.

5.3 Groote Eylandt

5.3.1 Mosquito species recorded on Groote Eylandt In 2012/13, 25 mosquito species were recorded on Groote Eylandt (Table 20).

5.3.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 5.3.2.1 Monitoring program

The three routine adult mosquito monitoring sites on Groote Eylandt are located at the mine site near Angurugu, the wharf area in Alyangula Township and the Golf Club (Figs 4 and 5). An Environmental Adviser from GEMCO conducts trapping on a fortnightly basis. The adult mosquitoes are sent to ME for identification, and comments and results are then forwarded to the Environmental Advisor on Groote Eylandt who coordinates mosquito control as required.

5.3.2.2 Adult Mosquito Numbers The average number of adult mosquitoes caught per trap night in the three routine traps in Alyangula in 2012/13 (17.73) was similar to 2011/12 (16.93) (Table 22). The

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most prevalent species caught was Aedes vigilax comprising 28.19% of the total mosquitoes trapped (Table 21). Other mosquitoes trapped in higher numbers, that are not shown in Table 21 include Ad. (Ady) catasticta and Cx. (Cux) sitiens.

The average number of Cx. annulirostris recorded in 2012/13 per trap night (1.00) was similar to 2011/12 (1.34) (Table 22).

Average numbers of Ae. vigilax detected per trap night in 2012/13 (5.00) were slightly lower than in 2011/12 (7.93) (Table 22).

Average numbers of Ae. notoscriptus collected during 2012/13 remained at a similar low level (0.61) compared to previous years. This species abundance decreased to a record low (0.37) in 2007/08 following the Ae. aegypti elimination program in 2006 to 2008 , and is still low after this substantial reduction in the container breeding mosquito population caused by the insecticide applications during this program.

No Ae. aegypti were detected in Alyangula in 2012/13.

5.3.2.3 Seasonal Occurrence and Trapping sites Two of the three adult routine trap sites are located near Alyangula town. The first is at the golf course and the second in the port area, while the third trap site is situated at the mine site, some 20 km south of the township (Figs 4 and 5).

The rainfall recorded in Alyangula in 2012/13 (1107 mm) was slightly higher compared to 2011/12 (1001 mm). Appreciable rainfall occurred in December 2012 (99mm) and January (130mm), February (186mm) and March 2013 (503mm) (Bureau of Meteorology).

The major breeding sites of Ae. vigilax near Alyangula are the coastal areas near the golf club, the small tidal creeks south of the town, the upper reaches of the mangrove creeks east of the road to Deception Bay near the Ngadumiyerrka community (‘little paradise’), and on Connexion Island. A large number of rock pools to the north of Alyangula, near the North West Bluff, may also be capable of producing moderate numbers of Ae. vigilax after the first wet season rains. The pools hold water and become saline from wind borne sea spray. However, it is probable that a considerable proportion of the Ae. vigilax adult population usually detected at Alyangula originated from the extensive breeding sites on Connexion Island.

Connexion Island is situated approximately 6 km west of Alyangula, which is within the flight range of Ae. vigilax. During the monsoon months of January and February, Groote Eylandt experiences prevailing north-westerly winds. Past records show that Ae. vigilax numbers in Alyangula usually increase during this period. This indicates that the adult mosquitoes detected in Alyangula are probably dispersing with the aid of the wind from Connexion Island into the township. Connexion Island has a number of large Ae. vigilax breeding sites that have previously been identified by ME and

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GEMCO. These include some small tidally influenced areas on the southern and eastern shores of the island, and a large salt lake at the northern end of the island. The salt lake is not subject to regular tides, but become extensively flooded after the monsoon rains.

There is minor Cx. annulirostris breeding in ground depressions on the golf course. However, the major Cx. annulirostris breeding sites near Alyangula are located to the north of the town. There are extensive freshwater swamps and sub-coastal areas of grassland behind Deception Bay, directly north of Alyangula that provides suitable breeding sites for this species. However, in 2012/13 very low numbers of this species (total of 49) were recorded (Table 21).

The Alyangula township trap site is close to the port, industrial and commercial areas. These areas often have items such as large tyres, drums, bins and plant machinery that can hold water during the wet season. The presence of Ae. notoscriptus near the port area indicates that there is a need to periodically conduct larval surveys and clean-up operations near the port area at the beginning of the wet season to reduce the risk of an exotic mosquito establishment.

5.3.3 Vector & Disease case data 5.3.3.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

RRV disease cases occur mostly during or towards the end of the wet season. Ross River and Barmah Forest virus disease cases on Groote Eylandt have been relatively low since 1992/93. One to five cases per year of both diseases seem to reflect the normal status (Fig. 15).

In 2012/13, there were 11 reported cases of RRV disease in the East Arnhem region (Table 7), but no cases were recorded on Groote Eylandt. One case of BFV disease was recorded on Groote Eylandt in May 2013. Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris are the main vectors for these diseases, and these species occurred in relatively low numbers in the Alyangula town area.

5.3.3.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The Alyangula sentinel chicken flock was terminated as part of a program revision. The main reason to discontinue the flock was the lack of seroconversions to MVE or KUN, with only one seroconversion to KUN recorded in 2008/09, indicating that the ecology on Groote Eylandt is not optimal for MVE or KUN virus, and may be due to the lack of large populations or breeding sites for the water bird hosts including herons and egrets.

5.3.4 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • It is important to regularly maintain all storm water drains in urban areas to

discourage mosquito breeding. Drains that are not regularly cleared of vegetation, and do not have the drain floor graded to eliminate depressions,

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can pool water from wet season rainfall or dry season low flow. Pools that form along drain lines that have dry season low flows often have a high organic content from vegetation and debris that collects in the drain. These pools are often associated with the presence of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. annulirostris larvae. The adults of these species have been detected in relatively high numbers at the mine and the golf course site on Groote Eylandt. It is recommended that a storm water drain maintenance program be implemented in Alyangula and at the mine site, and that any drains that require maintenance are cleared and graded before each wet season.

• In light of the importation and establishment of Ae. aegypti in 2006, it is

recommended that an exotic Aedes receptacle breeding survey be conducted by ME at least annually in Alyangula. This is in addition to fortnightly collected ovitraps around Alyangula and the mine site. In addition, receptacle surveys should be conducted on a periodic (1-3 years) basis in Umbakumba and Milyakburra and other small outstations in the area that are considered to be at risk to an exotic vector incursion through overseas importations (IFFV landings). The surveys should include premise-by-premise surveys for receptacle breeding mosquitoes in residential areas, as well as person landing and adult trapping targeting exotic vector species. The surveys should be undertaken in liaison with DAFF Biosecurity officers, indigenous ranger groups and GEMCO Environmental staff.

5.4 Nhulunbuy

5.4.1 Mosquito species recorded in Nhulunbuy Thirty three mosquito species were collected from the Gove Peninsula in 2012/13 (Table 16). The most important mosquito species in terms of pest and diseases are shown in Table 17.

5.4.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 5.4.2.1 Monitoring program

There are six routine adult mosquito monitoring sites in Nhulunbuy (Fig. 6). Traps are currently located at Wallaby Beach, Buffalo Creek, Rear Jasper, Contractors Village, the Industrial Estate and Nhulunbuy South. There are five traps that have been in continuous operation since 1990/91and six since the Industrial Estate trap was started in 2004/05. DoH Environmental Health Officers set and collect the traps on a fortnightly basis. Once collected, the mosquitoes are sent to ME for identification, and the results, comments and control advice are forwarded to the Nhulunbuy Corporation Limited (NCL), Nhulunbuy Environmental Health Officers, Centre for Disease Control Nhulunbuy and Arnhem Land Pest Control (ALPC). The NCL then organises mosquito control as required.

5.4.2.2 Adult Mosquito Control ‘Fogging’ or adulticiding by Ultra Low Volume applications (ULV) conducted by Arnhem Land Pest Control under direction from NCL is based on adult mosquito

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monitoring results, with public complaints also influencing fogging frequencies. Fogging thresholds have been previously set for the mosquito species Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris (Montgomery & Love 1995). Fogging is recommended once a week for two weeks, or until numbers go below the thresholds of Ae. vigilax, when numbers exceed 50/trap night, and when Cx. annulirostris numbers exceed 100/trap night at any of the relevant trap locations. The fogging frequency can increase to three times a week for two weeks on occasions when there are over 100/trap night for Ae. vigilax and over 200/trap night for Cx. annulirostris.

5.4.2.3 Adult mosquito numbers The average number of all mosquitoes caught per trap night in the five continuous monitoring traps in 2012/13 (470.45) was the highest recorded since trapping commenced in 1994/95 (Table 18). This was due to very high average Ae. vigilax numbers (322.96) recorded per trap/night in February and March 2013 (Table 18).

Culex annulirostris (82.78 average/trap night) and Ae. vigilax (274.64) average/trap night) were still the two most commonly detected species in all of the routine Nhulunbuy monitoring traps in 2012/13 (Table 17).

The routine trap sites that usually record high numbers of Ae. vigilax in Nhulunbuy are Buffalo Creek, Wallaby Beach, Contractors Village and Nhulunbuy South. These sites are in close proximity to six of the major salt marsh mosquito breeding areas on the Gove Peninsula; namely the upper tidal areas of No Name Creek, the Special Purpose Lease area 270 at the reclaimed red mud ponds (SPL270), Crocodile Creek, the western mudflats, Buffalo Creek and Rainbow Beach.

Historically, there have been large-scale emergences of Ae. vigilax detected on the Gove Peninsula following the first monsoonal rains. The highest Ae. vigilax total numbers in 2012/13 were detected at Wallaby Beach (13453), with substantially less numbers at Rear Jasper (1544) and the Contractors Village (1220) trap sites (Table 17).

The major breeding sites for Cx. annulirostris on the Gove Peninsula are in the depressions on the SPL270 (reclaimed red mud ponds) at Wallaby Beach, followed by the upper reaches of Freshwater Creek, and Nhulunbuy Lagoon. In 2012/13, the traps at Wallaby Beach (2308) and Rear Jasper (1451) collected high numbers of this species (Table 17).

5.4.2.4 Seasonal occurrence Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris are the two major vector species found on the Gove Peninsula, and their numbers are often closely related to rainfall patterns. During 2012/13, a total of 1000 mm of rain was recorded in Nhulunbuy compared to last year (1545mm). The highest rainfall occurred in March 2013 (442mm), with other major rainfall events occurring in January, February and April 2013 (Bureau of Meteorology).

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Aedes vigilax breeds in salt marsh or upper mangrove areas affected by high tides or rain. This species is usually detected in relatively high numbers after spring tides at most routine traps around Gove. However, historically, the largest population peak occurs after the first monsoonal rains when depressions on the SPL270 become filled, causing a hatch of eggs deposited on the surface of the mud during the previous season.

The peak Cx. annulirostris breeding period on the Gove Peninsula is usually between January and April. This species can breed in high numbers in shallow vegetated sections in the reclaimed red mud ponds, and in vegetation that becomes lodged around the margins of the Nhulunbuy Lagoon in the late wet season or in shallow vegetation areas as water levels retreat.

5.4.3 Trapping sites There are a number of major mosquito breeding sites around the Gove Peninsular. Adult mosquito dispersal from some of these breeding sites can directly impact on Nhulunbuy residents. The degree of impact can vary depending on the species flight range. The important Ae. vigilax breeding sites are on the SPL270 at Wallaby Beach, and the nearby Macassar Creek and Crocodile Creek, followed by the western mudflats, No-Name Creek, Buffalo Creek and Rainbow Creek. The main Cx. annulirostris breeding sites are the reclaimed red mud ponds, the top of Freshwater Creek behind Contractors Village and the Nhulunbuy Lagoon.

In 2012/13, the Wallaby Beach detected the highest percentage of total mosquito numbers (60.50%), followed by Rear Jasper (13.64%), Contractors Village (10.64%), Buffalo Creek (5.95%), Nhulunbuy South (5.84%) and Industrial Estate (3.43%) (Table 17).

The Wallaby Beach trap site detected the highest number of Ae. vigilax (13453) in 2012/13 (Table 17). The productive breeding sites for this species were likely to be the nearby Crocodile Creek, Macassar Creek and the reclaimed mud ponds.

The major malaria vector in the NT, Anopheles farauti s.l., was most commonly detected in the Rear Jasper, Wallaby Beach and Buffalo Creek trap sites. These trap sites are in close proximity to residential areas in Nhulunbuy, with subsequent risks of local malaria transmission if imported malaria cases occur in the town, especially during this species’ peak abundance period from March to June.

5.4.4 Larval survey and control program Arnhem Land Pest Control (ALPC) carries out larval surveys in liaison with ME. High tides (> 2.9-3.0 m) or appreciable rainfall (in excess of 25 mm in 24 hrs) determine the need for larval surveys. Breeding sites are inspected about 2-3 days after rain or high tide events. Larval surveys are limited to areas accessible during the wet season. Some parts of the Western mudflats become inaccessible during the wet season and the Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the Special Lease 270 are only accessible

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from the edges. Larval control with Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (B.t.i) is therefore limited to the areas that can be controlled by all terrain vehicle spray equipment.

5.4.4.1 Larval control Larval control is carried out by ALPC usually using B.t.i liquid when using spray equipment. All terrain vehicles are used to enable more effective larval control operations, particularly at large sites where control is difficult.

S-methoprene briquettes are periodically used for larval control at Crocodile Creek, Buffalo Creek, SPL270, the Western Mudflats and around the margins of Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the top of Freshwater Creek.

Although larval survey and control operations target known Ae. vigilax breeding sites, it is possible that some breeding sites remain undetected. Some areas around the Gove Peninsular can be inaccessible during the wet season, thus hindering larval surveys and control operations at these sites.

The Nhulunbuy Corporation also organises weedicide of Typha reeds in the Nhulunbuy Lagoon, which contributes to the reduction of mosquito breeding habitats for Cx. annulirostris, Ma. uniformis and Cq. xanthogaster.

5.4.5 Vector & Disease case data 5.4.5.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

In 2012/13, 11 cases of RRV disease (Table 7) and 15 cases of BFV disease were recorded in the East Arnhem region (Table 8), with all 11 RRV disease cases and 8 BHF disease cases recorded in Nhulunbuy.

5.4.5.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The NT sentinel chicken program is designed to detect flavivirus activity, such as Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and Kunjin virus (KUNV), as well as exotic flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus.

In 2012/13, the sentinel chickens in Nhulunbuy were bled on seven occasions between November 2012 and June 2013, with no seroconverions to MVE or KUN detected (Table 13). Generally, MVEV and KUNV activity in Nhulunbuy is relatively low, with most seroconversions occurring in the period January – June (Table 13). There has only been one recorded case of MVEV disease in the East Arnhem region over the last 30 years, which was in 1981 on Groote Eylandt (Table 11).

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5.4.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • An ongoing dry season drain maintenance program is required to ensure the

free flow of water in the Nhulunbuy drains, to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce the risk of arbovirus borne disease. In particular, the drains around the Nhulunbuy Lagoon, Nhulunbuy Golf Course and Contractors Village need ongoing maintenance. This should include weediciding to remove vegetation, filling of depressions to prevent pooling, re-engineering where the inverts are at the incorrect level, lining certain areas with rock baskets or concrete, and maintaining the batter to improve water flow and reduce erosion. It is recommended that this program be carried out by Nhulunbuy Corporation in liaison with ME and ALPC, with guidance on the most effective methods of preventing mosquito breeding in town drains.

• ME recommends ongoing maintenance of all fogging tracks during the dry season. These tracks are subject to damage and erosion during the wet season, and if not regularly maintained, can restrict vehicular access, and therefore the overall effectiveness of adult control operations.

• ME recommends regular exotic vector surveys in Nhulunbuy town. The presence of IFFV's, and the increased shipping traffic from South East Asia due to the refinery expansion increases the risk of an exotic vector incursion at this location.

• Regular reviews and assessments of larval control operations are needed to ensure that all Ae. vigilax control operations are being carried out in all areas within the three to four days after tides or rain events. The strategy of s-methoprene briquette use offers greater flexibility and greater certainty in controlling unpredicted hatches of Ae. vigilax.

5.5 Katherine

5.5.1 Mosquito species recorded in Katherine Thirteen mosquito species were collected in Katherine town in 2012/13 (Table 24), with no new species detected.

5.5.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 5.5.2.1 Monitoring program

There were five mosquito adult monitoring sites located in Katherine in 2012/13. Three of these sites, the Brigalow Farm (Dairy Dam), Meatworks and the Sewage Ponds are routine trap sites, while the trap at O’Keefe House is set to monitor for receptacle breeding mosquitoes, and the Hickey’s Lake trap to monitor mosquito numbers following heavy rainfall and inundation of the area (Fig. 7). The Hickey’s Lake trap was not set in 2012/13, as the area was not sufficiently flooded during the wet season to warrant trapping.

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In Katherine, adult mosquito trapping is only carried out during the wet season from November to May. However, due to an issue with dry ice supply and the unavailability of local EH staff, trapping was only carried out between November 2012 and February 2013. The results of the ME identification of adult mosquitoes are forwarded to the DoH Environmental Health Officers in Katherine, who then coordinate mosquito control with the local Katherine Council or other landholders.

5.5.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers The average number of adult mosquitoes of all species per trap night collected from the three continuous routine adult monitoring sites in 2012/13 (13.47) was the lowest since trapping commenced in 1990/91 (Table 26). This is most likely due to no trapping carried out during March, when most of the rain occurred (320mm).

5.5.2.3 Seasonal occurrence In 2012/13, a total of 1028.7mm of rain was recorded in Katherine, with most of the rain occurring between November 2012 and April 2013 and with the highest rainfall recorded in March (320mm) (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology).

The adult mosquito monitoring results showed that in 2012/13 mosquito numbers were extremely low compared to previous years (Table 27). This was most likely due to the relatively dry wet season, and the fact that no adult mosquito trapping was carried out after 8th February 2013.

5.5.2.4 Trapping sites In 2012/13 the O’Keefe Residence was the most prolific trapping site of all the routine monitoring sites, with 43.89% of the total catch, followed by the Katherine Sewage Ponds with 24.44% (Table 25).

5.5.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 5.5.3.1 Larval monitoring program

No larval surveys of Katherine storm water drains were carried out in 2012/13.

5.5.3.2 Larval mosquito numbers In 2012/13 no larval mosquito specimens were sent to ME for identification.

5.5.3.3 Breeding sites In 2012/13 no detailed information on mosquito breeding was received by ME.

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5.5.3.4 Larval control In Katherine, larval mosquito control is the responsibility of the local council or other landholders. If mosquito control operations are required, the local council or landholders are notified by the Katherine EHO and control options are discussed. The local EHO usually receives feedback on control carried out from the local council.

5.5.4 Vector & Disease case data 5.5.4.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

RRV disease cases in Katherine coincide with high rainfall and the start of the increase in Cx. annulirostris numbers (Figs 15 and 16). November through to March is the highest risk period for RRV disease. There were 7 RRV disease cases reported in the Katherine region in 2012/13, compared to 23 cases in 2011/12 (Table 9). Five of these cases were reported in Katherine town (Fig. 15). The low case numbers are most likely due to the relatively dry wet season and low Cx. annulirostris numbers.

There were 14 cases of BFV disease reported in Katherine in 2012/13. The increased number of Katherine cases coincides with a national trend, and a case investigation is currently underway to determine possible causes.

5.5.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system for the potential risk of MVEV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2012/13 are summarised in Tables 13 - 15. The highest risk period for MVEV disease in Katherine is March to May (Table 12). In 2012/13, the Katherine chicken flocks were bled seven times between November 2012 and June 2013, with a total of 68 chickens bled. There were no seroconversions to MVEV or KUN in 2012/13 (Table 13).

5.5.5 Visits or surveys by ME ME did not visit Katherine in 2012/13.

5.5.6 Engineering measures In October 2011, ME recommended engineering measures to be carried out in some of the Katherine storm water drains (see section 5.6.3.1). The DLP advised that re-contouring of the drains was an issue due to the drain levels, and advised that the department is currently investigating long term maintenance strategies for all Katherine drains under their responsibility.

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5.5.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • As mentioned in previous years, improvements in post flood drainage are

needed to both reduce the extent of the flooding and the extent of flooded areas requiring mosquito larval control. The drainage improvements would enable sooner access to certain areas and ensure floodwaters drained much sooner after flooding (see ME annual report 2005/06).

• An ongoing drain maintenance program is required to ensure the free flow of water in the Katherine storm water drains, to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce the risk of arbovirus borne disease. The major drains under the Katherine Town Council responsibility that need to be included in the program are the Third Street, Acacia and the New subdivision drains. Drains under the Department of Lands Planning responsibility to be included are the Lockheed, De Julia, Ronan Court and Martin Crescent drains.

• For Brigalow Farm, ME recommends ongoing maintenance, including removal of all vegetation on the dam walls and in the base of the first dam and the trenches, to provide access to all sites for mosquito monitoring, and to reduce mosquito breeding. Vegetation can be removed by aerial or ground weediciding using Glyphosate (Roundup) as the weedicide of choice. Maintenance such as vegetation removal and weediciding of both drains and dams should be carried out on an annual basis.

5.6 Tennant Creek

5.6.1 Mosquito species recorded in Tennant Creek In 2012/13, eleven mosquito species were recorded in Tennant Creek (Table 28).

Aedes (Fin) mallochi, a tree hole breeder, was collected for the first time in a BG trap in Tennant Creek. This species has previously been collected in the Katherine and Alice Springs regions.

Aedes aegypti was found in November 2011, and an elimination program is currently underway (see section 4).

5.6.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 5.6.2.1 Monitoring program

Routine adult mosquito monitoring in Tennant Creek is only conducted during the wet season. There are three regular mosquito monitoring sites located in Tennant Creek, with CO2 baited EVS traps set and collected on a weekly basis (Fig. 8). In 2012/13, all trapping was carried out by ME staff employed by the Aedes aegypti elimination program.

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5.6.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers Average number of female adult mosquitoes per trap night (5.89) collected in the continuous adult mosquito monitoring traps in 2012/13 were the lowest since 2004/05 (Table 30). The lower average number of mosquitoes was due to very low rainfall (364.3) in Tennant Creek in 2012/13. Most of the rainfall occurred in December 2012 (117.8mm), followed by 62.7mm in February 2013 (Bureau of Meteorology).

The prevalent species caught in 2012/13 in all monitoring traps was Culex quinquefasciatus comprising 46.95 % of the total mosquitoes trapped, followed by Cx. annulirostris, with 39.52% (Table 29).

5.6.2.3 Trapping sites

In 2012/13, the Tennant Creek Sewage Ponds was the most prolific collection site, with 73.21% of the total catch, followed by Kittle Street (15.12%) and the Hospital Grounds (11.67%) (Table 29).

5.6.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program In Tennant Creek, routine larval survey and control activities are usually carried out by the local EHO after appreciable rainfall. However, in December 2012 ME staff present in Tennant Creek carried out treatment of the sewage evaporation ponds with s-methoprene pellets, and also treated selected sites around the rail terminal. In addition, DPI carried out drain maintenance works in the main Tennant Creek storm water drains (East and South drains) and the Village camp drain.

5.6.4 Vector & Disease case data 5.6.4.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

RRV disease cases in Tennant Creek are usually associated with high summer rainfall (November to March) due to the higher number of Cx. annulirostris. In 2012/13 no RRV cases was recorded in the Barkly region (Table 7).

One BFV disease case was recorded in Tennant Creek in February 2013 (Table 8).

5.6.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system for the potential risk of MVEV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2012/13 are summarised in Tables 13 - 15. The risk period for MVEV disease in Tennant Creek is from February to May, with a correlation with the highest rainfall and the highest Cx. annulirostris numbers. The chickens were bled on five occasions between December 2012 and June 2013, with a total of 56 chickens bled. No seroconversions to MVEV or KUN were recorded in 2012/13 (Table 13).

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5.6.5 Visits or surveys by ME In 2012/13, ME staff were routinely present in Tennant Creek, due to the Aedes aegypti elimination program (see section 4).

5.6.6 Engineering measures In 2012/13, the Department of Infrastructure carried out drain maintenance works in the main Tennant Creek storm water drains (East and South drains) and the Village camp drain.

5.6.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • An ongoing storm water drain maintenance program is required in Tennant

Creek, with maintenance carried out by DLP and the Tennant Creek Town Council, to prevent mosquito breeding and mosquito borne disease. Drain maintenance should be carried out before each wet season to ensure adequate water flow.

• Ongoing sewage ponds maintenance, including weediciding, is required at

the Tennant Creek Sewage Treatment Plant, to prevent mosquito breeding. Weediciding should be carried out on an annual basis before each wet season. If mosquito breeding occurs in the evaporation ponds, the ponds should be treated with s-methoprene pellets or briquettes.

5.7 Alice Springs

5.7.1 Mosquito species recorded in Alice Springs A total of ten mosquito species were recorded in Alice Springs in 2012/13 (Table 32).

One single female Coquillettidia linealis was collected for the first time in the Ilparpa Swamp (Swamp B trap) in Alice Springs on 8th December 2011. This species is endemic to Queensland, NSW and Victoria. Coquillettidia linealis most likely breeds in fresh water swamps. It is a vicious day biter and is known to be a competent vector for RRV and BFV. This species has not been collected again since it was first detected in 2011.

5.7.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 5.7.2.1 Monitoring program

There are six regular mosquito monitoring sites located in Alice Springs, with CO2 baited EVS traps set and collected on a weekly basis by the Alice Springs Environmental Health Officer (Fig. 9). ME carries out the identifications and forwards the results and suggestions for control to the Environmental Health Officer, who then coordinates mosquito control.

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5.7.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers The average number of female adult mosquitoes per trap night (1.99) collected in the continuous adult mosquito monitoring traps in 2012/13 was the lowest recorded since trapping commenced in 1990/91 (Table 34). The extremely low average number of mosquitoes was due to very low rainfall, with a total of 180.2 mm recorded in 2012/13.

The prevalent species caught during 2012/13 in all monitoring traps was Culex quinquefasciatus comprising 33.17 % of the total mosquitoes trapped, followed by Cx. australicus with 28.16 % and Cx. annulirostris with 16.23 % (Table 33).

5.7.2.3 Seasonal occurrence

The total rainfall (180.2mm) for Alice Springs in 2012/13 was slightly lower compared to last year (201.4mm) and very low compared to 2010/11 (670.6mm). Most of the rainfall occurred in November 2012 and May 2013, with 42.4mm and 43.4mm recorded respectively (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology) (Fig. 15). Due to the very low rainfall, Cx. annulirostris adult numbers remained low in all monitoring traps, with an average of 0.29 per trap per night in 2012/13 (Table 33).

5.7.2.4 Trapping sites In 2012/13, Ilparpa Swamp B was the most prolific collection site, with 32.70% of the total catch, followed by Bloomfield Street (17.66%) and Ilparpa Swamp A (17.42%) (Table 33).

In 2012/13, adult Cx. quinquefasciatus were again detected in the Bloomfield Street trap (Table 33). High numbers of this species in the Bloomfield Street trap have continuously been observed in previous years. Numbers of this species are generally underestimated by adult CO2 baited EVS traps. This means that even though numbers seem to be low, there is likely to have been an appreciable pest problem nearby. The breeding source, a collapsed section of the pipe, was successfully located by ME staff during a storm water drain inspection in September 2006, and recommendations for rectification were made on numerous occasions. The drain section remains unrectified.

5.7.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program 5.7.3.1 Monitoring program

Between July 2012 and April 2013, a total of 15 larval surveys were conducted in Alice Springs town, the 7 Mile Airport and the Ilparpa Swamp by Alice Springs Environmental Health Officers.

Of the 15 larval surveys conducted, six surveys were carried out in the Brown Street area (Brown St and the Hong St drains) in responds to public complaints about high mosquito numbers. Extensive Culex quinquefasciatus breeding was found in both drains. The Brown St drain requires urgent vegetation removal and rectification to

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allow the free flow of water to prevent mosquito breeding. The Hong St drain should also be assessed to determine maintenance and rectification measures required.

Mosquito species found during larval surveys included Ae. tremulus, An. annulipes, Cx. australicus and Cx. quinquefasciatus.

5.7.3.2 Larval mosquito numbers In 2012/13 Cx. quinquefasciatus was detected 22 times, with highest numbers (1605) collected in the Brown St drain in December 2012. Specimens of Aedes tremulus, Cx. australicus and An. annulipes were only collected once.

5.7.3.3 Breeding sites No regular mosquito larval control is carried out in the Ilparpa Swamp due to the size (approximately 100 ha) and inaccessibility of the swamp, and the lack of local aerial control equipment. When adult vector mosquito numbers exceed indicator thresholds in the routine adult mosquito monitoring traps, adult fogging operations are conducted around the swamp margins using ULV equipment mounted on a vehicle. It is recognised that this method of control is not very effective, due to the wide extent of the swamp and the dense vegetation. However, it can have an effect on average longevity of vectors, which may tip the balance to reduce vector borne disease transmission.

Mosquito breeding in Ilparpa Swamp can also be reduced through controlled effluent release from the sewage ponds into the swamp. The timing and location of effluent release is crucial to reduce the availability of potential breeding habitat. ME recommends effluent release into the swamp A area (eastern end) through the EP7 outlet pipe, as this greatly reduces the swamp area available for mosquito breeding. In an emergency, effluent might also be released into the swamp B area (western end). To allow summer rain and related effluent flows to be retained in the ponds, effluent discharge should occur during autumn and winter (between May and August) and early to mid spring. Effluent should not be released after the end of October, to allow the swamp to dry up before summer rain and higher temperatures occur, promoting Cx. annulirostris breeding. If effluent is released in summer, it should be pulse released, with a few days release followed by a spell of enough days to let all or most of the released water evaporate, infiltrate or drain via the Ilparpa outlet drain.

5.7.4 Vector & Disease case data 5.7.4.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

High summer rainfall (Dec – Feb) is likely to result in localised flooding and pooling that creates breeding sites for Cx. annulirostris, the main vector for RRV disease in Alice Springs. In 2012/13, the average number of Cx. annulirostris between December and March was 0.29 and the accumulated rainfall between December and February was 60.4mm. The ME predictive models for MVE and RRV indicated that this amount of rain would not lead to an outbreak of MVE or RRV.

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In 2012/13, only one RRV disease cases was reported in Alice Springs in March 2013 (Fig. 16).

Thirty-four cases of BFV disease were reported in Alice Springs in 2012/13. The high number of cases reflects the national wide increase in BFV disease cases since October 2012. An investigation has been launched to determine possible causes (see section 6.2).

5.7.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The highest risk period for mosquito borne disease in the Alice Springs region is between January and May when Cx. annulirostris numbers are highest due to high summer rainfall (Fig. 16). MVEV seroconversions of sentinel chicken flocks occur in Alice Springs primarily between February and June (Table 14). During this time there has been historically an increased potential risk of a MVEV disease outbreak. However, since the Ilparpa Swamp was drained in 2001 there has been very little MVE activity in the Alice Springs area. In 2012/13, the sentinel chickens were bled eight times, with no chickens seroconverting to MVEV or KUN (Table 13). No MVE virus disease cases were reported in Alice Springs.

5.7.5 Visits or surveys by ME Medical Entomology did not visit Alice Springs in 2012/13.

5.7.6 Engineering measures No engineering measures were carried out in Alice Springs in 2012/13.

5.7.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • The majority of the Alice Springs storm water drains have often been found in

poor condition during past inspections by ME and EH staff. To prevent mosquito breeding in those drains, an ongoing drain maintenance program as outlined in the draft Alice Springs mosquito management plan is required, with silt or vegetation removal or rectification to be carried out before each wet season. Drain re-construction is also required for some of the drains outlined in the Alice Springs stormwater drain assessment report 2009.

• The second draft of the Alice Springs mosquito management plan was finalised in 2011/12. However, due to staff changes in the Minister’s Office, the management plan has not yet been submitted again. The plan needs to be submitted and accepted by all stakeholders to formalise mosquito management responsibilities in Alice Springs.

• In 2009, the storm water drain running along the back of the Old Timers was identified as a major breeding source of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Rectification

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works need to be carried out, as the drain continues to be a source of mosquito breeding. Ownership of the drain needs to be established.

• The Ilparpa Swamp outlet drain maintenance responsibility issue needs to be resolved as part of the Alice Springs mosquito management plan in liaison with DLP and PWC in order to keep the drain functional to reduce mosquito breeding in Ilparpa Swamp. The main outlet drain to St. Mary’s Creek needs to be cleared of silt and vegetation on a regular basis before the summer months to improve flow.

6 MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE CASE DATA IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

6.1 Ross River virus disease RRV disease is the most common arbovirus (arthropod borne) disease in the NT. The virus is in the alphavirus family. The major vectors for RRV in the coastal areas of the Top End are Aedes vigilax and Culex annulirostris, with Cx. annulirostris and Ae. normanensis the probable main vectors in sub-coastal and inland areas. Aedes normanensis commonly occurs sub-coastally south of Darwin to around the Tennant Creek area. It has previously been collected in Alice Springs but is relatively uncommon south of Tennant Creek.

The isolation of RRV from the domestic receptacle breeding mosquito Ae. notoscriptus was first documented in the NT and later in Queensland and New South Wales (Russell 2002). Information on its vector competence indicates that this species may play a minor part as an urban vector of RRV, with this occurring in situations where Ae. notoscriptus numbers are relatively high and RRV disease cases are present.

In 2012/13 there were (210) laboratory identified cases of RRV in the NT (Table 7), which was similar to the 222 cases reported in 2011/12 (Table 9). Most (190) cases were recorded in the Darwin region (Table 9), and occurred in January and June, with a total of 30 and 29 cases recorded respectively (Table 7).

Very low numbers of cases were recorded in the Katherine region (7) and the Alice Springs region (2), with no cases recorded in the Barkly region in 2012/13 (Table 7).

In the Darwin region there were 80 cases reported in urban Darwin, 70 in rural Darwin (Litchfield Shire) and 34 in Palmerston. This represents an attack rate (cases per 100,000 population) of 65 in Darwin urban (population: 81239), 10 in Palmerston (population: 30400) and 14 in rural Darwin (population: 20000). Population figures are based on Australian Bureau of Statistic figures from June 2012.

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Although there is only limited mosquito control carried out around Palmerston, the Palmerston attack rate reflects the benefits of being in an area more remote from extensive mosquito breeding areas, and a well -planned area in relation to urban design and drainage.

The low attack rate in the rural area compared with the urban area of Darwin is unusual and has been much higher in previous years. The relatively low attack rate in the Darwin rural area per 100,000 population might be due to under reporting of RRV disease cases in 2012/13.

6.2 Barmah Forest virus disease BFV disease is the second most common arbovirus disease in the NT. The symptoms of this disease are similar to RRV disease but are milder and of shorter duration. The isolation of BFV from Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris and Ae. normanensis in the NT indicates that these species are the probable vectors in the NT. The isolation of BFV from Ae. vigilax in Gove in the NT during the first recorded outbreak of BFV disease indicates that this species is probably the principal vector in coastal areas of the NT. The recent vector competence work on Ae. notoscriptus indicates that this species may also be involved as an urban vector of BFV disease under certain circumstances. Interstate, Verrallina funerea has also been implicated as a possible vector, and this species is common in certain local coastal areas in the NT during the wet season.

In 2012/13, BFV disease cases reached a record high, with 354 cases recorded NT wide (Tables 8 and 10). Most cases were recorded in the Darwin region (280), with the highest number of cases recorded between October and June (Table 8). High numbers of cases were also recorded in the Alice Springs (34) and the Katherine regions (24).

In response to the high case numbers, an investigation was launched consisting of case investigations carried out by CDC between February and June 2013, and mosquito trapping and virus isolations carried out by ME in Darwin in May 2013 (see section 7.2 for details on virus isolations). No BFV was isolated from the 4641 mosquitoes tested.

Overall, 79 cases were followed up in detail. Investigation revealed that a high proportion of these (60-75%) may have been false positives, a result that concurs with laboratory evidence in other jurisdictions.

6.3 Murray Valley encephalitis virus disease MVEV disease is a potentially fatal disease caused by infection with the flavivirus MVEV. The vector of MVEV in the NT is thought to be primarily Cx. annulirostris, with Cx. palpalis possibly involved near large coastal swamp areas associated with the larger rivers.

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No MVE disease cases were recorded in the NT in 2012/13 (Table 11).

6.4 Kunjin virus disease KUNV is another member of the flavivirus family. Human cases and seroconversions in sentinel chickens occur periodically throughout mainland Australia and are commonly recorded in the NT and the north west of Western Australia. KUNV causes an illness characterised by fever and severe headache and usually has much less severe symptoms than MVEV disease, with encephalitis a rare occurrence. The vector for KUNV in the NT is thought to be primarily Cx. annulirostris.

No KUNV disease cases were recorded in the NT in 2012/13 (Table 11).

7 ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH

7.1 Sentinel Chicken Program The sentinel chicken program in the NT is part of a national program involving the NT, WA, NSW and VIC and is designed to detect flavivirus activity (including the endemic arboviruses MVEV and KUNV, as well as exotic arboviruses such as JE (Broome et al. 2001)). The current NT program commenced in January 1992 and replaced an earlier program run by Commonwealth Quarantine (DAFF Biosecurity). Sentinel chicken flocks in the NT are maintained, bled and analysed for flavivirus in a combined program between the DoH, the virology laboratories of DPIF and volunteers.

Sentinel chicken flocks are located at Leanyer, Howard Springs, Coastal Plains Research Station (CPRS), Katherine, Nhulunbuy, Tennant Creek, Alice Springs and Nathan River (Fig. 21). DPIF officers or volunteers usually bleed flocks once a month and the samples are tested for MVEV and KUNV. When chickens from a flock show new antibodies to MVEV during a prime risk period, a media warning is issued for the general area or the region for the risk period. These warnings advise residents of the need to take added precautions to avoid mosquito bites.

Chickens are replaced if birds die or a large proportion seroconvert. They are well positioned to detect flavivirus activity near the principal towns of the NT and hence provide timely and accurate indication of risk to people in those towns. In February 2012, the NT sentinel chicken program was revised, with chickens now being bled during the highest MVE risk period between December and June inclusive.

In the 2012/13 season, no chickens seroconverted to MVEV or KUNV (Table 13).

However, as part of a new flavi virus surveillance system trail, using honey bait cards, two honey bait traps were deployed in parallel with the sentinel chickens in 2012/13. In April 2013, honey bait cards from the trap set at Beatrice Hill Research

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Farm near Darwin tested positive for MVEV, indicating that MVEV activity was present in the Top End in 2012/13 (for details see section 7.3).

7.2 Virus Isolation Program Patients with possible arbovirus illness who are negative in the specific tests for the alphaviruses RR virus and BF virus or the flaviviruses MVE and KUN could be further tested for a range of viruses including the bunyaviruses (Gan Gan and Trubanaman), the other flaviviruses (Edge Hill and Kokobera), and the other alphavirus Sindbis. The prevalence of antibodies to these viruses has not been recently established in the NT human population. There are reports of a number of arbovirus-like illnesses that are negative for the more routinely tested arboviruses. More information on case data and requests for specific testing by general practitioners for the lesser known arboviruses known to occur in the NT may shed light on some of these viral illnesses. When indications of viral transmissions are detected, ME will target specific areas for arbovirus isolation to determine what arboviruses are circulating and what the possible vectors are.

As part of the investigation into the increased number of BFV disease cases in the NT in 2012/13, mosquito trapping and virus isolations were carried out in liaison with DPIF in May 2013, to determine possible high levels of BFV circulating in wild mosquito populations in the Darwin urban area. Four CO2 baited EVS traps were set adjacent to areas with high mosquito vector activity. A total of 4641 mosquitoes were tested for virus. No BFV was isolated but two yet unidentified viruses were isolated from Culex annulirostris.

7.3 Honey bait surveillance traps Queensland Health developed a new sugar baited surveillance system (honey bait traps) to detect alpha and flavi viruses. The traps could potentially be deployed in remote areas where arbovirus surveillance is logistically difficult (Van den Hurk et al. in prep). The traps were first trailed in Qld and the NT by Qld Health in liaison with James Cook University and DoH from February to June 2012, and were successful in detecting RRV and KUNV activity. However, no MVEV was isolated from the honey bait cards.

Between December 2012 and June 2013, ME again trailed two honey bait traps at Leanyer (Darwin) and Beatrice Hill Research Farm near Fogg Dam to test the suitability of the new system for flavi virus surveillance. In April 2013, the honey bait cards from the trap set at Beatrice Hill Research Farm tested positive for MVEV, while none of the sentinel chickens seroconverted to MVEV during the season.

Results from both last year and this year indicate that the new surveillance system is highly sensitive in detecting arbovirus activity. However, before this new tool can potentially be deployed, more testing is required to rectify some of the persisting technical issues that were encountered during both seasons.

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8 MALARIA SURVEILLANCE

8.1 Case data People diagnosed with malaria in Darwin are likely to report to medical practitioners, thereby facilitating rapid detection, treatment and reporting of the case, and allowing for timely entomological investigations. A delay in the detection of a case can delay the epidemiological and entomological investigations. This delay means a less accurate measure of vector presence and abundance at the case residence during the time when the case was or may have been infective to local Anopheles. The epidemiological and entomological information is used to determine if further action is required. Delays in detection of cases after a first fever potentially allow the parasite to develop sexual stages in the blood of the patient, which can then be transmitted to local vector Anopheles mosquitoes.

The number of malaria cases imported into the NT each year is variable and is related to the volume, travel destinations, time of year and the malaria situation in the various countries visited by travellers. The area north of the 19° parallel (just north of Tennant Creek) is regarded as the area receptive to malaria reintroduction in the NT, but transmission can occur throughout the whole of the Territory during summer.

There were 23 cases of imported malaria in the NT in 2012/13 reported to CDC, which is slightly higher compared to last year (16). Nineteen of the cases were recorded in the Darwin region and 4 in the Alice Springs region (Table 38). One of the cases was assessed as requiring an entomological investigation.

Eight malaria cases originated from Africa, five from West Papua, four from Indonesia, three from PNG, one from the Philippines, one from India and one was of unknown origin.

The main parasite detected in imported malaria cases in the NT was Plasmodium falciparum, accounting for fourteen cases, with P. vivax, accounting for 8 cases (Tables 38).

9 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

INVESTIGATIONS AND COMMENTS

9.1 Development comments Routine planning and development responses have been devolved from the central Environmental Health Directorate to regional Environmental Health Offices. Each region is responsible for a coordinated DoH response to the Department of Planning and Infrastructure (DPI) for planning developments in that region. Each region submits planning proposals to ME for comment when there are potential biting insect

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problems, or for the larger urban and rural residential developments. The urban and rural residential development planning process in Darwin usually requires a ME officer to evaluate or approve certain aspects such as drainage construction before title to the land is issued.

For larger projects such as Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and Preliminary Environmental Reports (PER), where specific advice on biting insects is sought at an early planning stage (Notice of Intent), ME continues to deal with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the proponent.

Routine planning applications for the Darwin region in 2012/13 generally covered the Darwin urban, Palmerston and Darwin rural districts, with comment on major mining projects in the Katherine and Roper regions. Major projects requiring Medical Entomology input included the new Palmerston suburbs of Zuccoli, Johnston and Durack Heights. In Darwin urban, the new northern suburb of Muirhead has required ongoing input from Medical Entomology. Major industrial/mine projects include the Inpex Gas Plant, the Mt Todd Gold Mine, and two Roper River Iron Ore Mine projects. These projects have required continuing Medical Entomology input in the Environmental Assessment phase and Biting Insect Management Plan phase of the developments. Medical Entomology has also provided detailed advice to DLP regarding the proposed Karama North urban residential development, along with planning advice regarding the Wickham Point Immigration Accommodation Facility and adjacent Wickham Point Workers Construction Camp.

10 MOSQUITO FIELD SURVEYS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

In April 2013, ME officers travelled to Batchelor to carry out adult mosquito trapping in response to a complaint about high mosquito numbers. Five CO2 baited EVS traps were set on 11th April close to potential mosquito breeding sites in the general Batchelor area. Trapping results showed elevated numbers of Cq. xanthogaster, with breeding most likely occurring in areas with semi-aquatic vegetation associated with the extensive creek systems in the area.

A mosquito survey was also carried out in Jabiru in May, which was the annual exotic container breeding survey of the town. The annual survey is conducted due to the absence of an ovitrap program in Jabiru. A selection of residential and commercial premises were inspected for mosquito breeding, with adult mosquito traps also set at the historic West of Town and Caravan Park trap sites. No exotic mosquitoes were detected.

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11 MOSQUITO AWARENESS AND TRAINING

11.1 Mosquito awareness campaign A mosquito awareness campaign was conducted this year, included self-protection and mosquito borne disease awareness through newspapers, TV and radio interviews.

Various interviews were given during periods of high mosquito numbers or potential disease situations in various towns. DoH issued a total of 11 biting insect related press releases, including warnings for MVEV, KUNV, RRV and dengue disease risks, high numbers of pest biting midges, and dengue mosquito related activities in Tennant Creek.

11.2 ME training In 2012/13, ME staff attended eight different training courses, including a ChemCert, defensive driving, intermediate Excel, First Aid and human resource and project management course.

12 PUBLIC ENQUIRIES

A total of 97 public enquiries were recorded in 2012/13, with the majority of enquiries coming from the public (38), government (34), businesses (18) and other (7). The majority of public enquiries were regarding mosquitoes (38), followed by planning issues (15). Out of the total mosquito related enquiries, six were mosquito complaints.

Other public enquiries in 2012/13 included those related to bites and stings (6), biting midges (5), bed bugs (3), spiders (3) and other insects.

13 COMMITTEES AND ADVISORY GROUPS

13.1 National Arbovirus And Malaria Advisory Committee The National Arbovirus Advisory Committee (NAAC) was formed in September 2000 after the National Public Health Partnership formally agreed to form a technical advisory group to report to the National Public Health Partnership (NPHP) through the Communicable Disease Network of Australia (CDNA). This decision was in part a result of pressure from the Chief Health Officer (CHO) of the NT. The Committee includes Professor Bart Currie from Menzies and Peter Whelan from ME. In 2003 the National Arbovirus Advisory Committee was renamed the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee (NAMAC) to reflect and include aspects of malaria surveillance in Australia.

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A number of NAMAC telephone conferences were held in 2012/13, and a face to face meeting in May 2013. The main topics discussed were the Ae. albopictus project in the Torres Strait, the MVEV guidelines, enhanced exotic vectors surveillance at international ports, Lyme disease, and the Ae. aegypti elimination program in Tennant Creek.

The NAMAC makes recommendations to CDNA on surveillance models for arboviruses. It will also make recommendations on a Memorandum of Understanding between States, Territories and the Commonwealth, detailing co-operation in relation to arbovirus matters, including surveillance and control of exotic vectors, information dissemination and arbovirus disease response plans, as well as recommendations towards strategic approaches for arbovirus disease management and control. The NAMAC website is:

http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/nphp/workprog/cdna/

13.2 North Australian Health Ministers Vector Working Group

In 2012/13 no formal Northern Australian Health Ministers (NAHM) Vector Working Group face to face meeting took place. The three Medical Entomologists from the NT, Qld and WA held informal discussions on northern Australian vector issues during a NAMAC conference, the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) meetings, and by email and telephone at various times as issues arose.

13.3 Technical Advisory Group – Aedes albopictus Eradication Program Torres Strait

The Ae. albopictus Eradication Project Technical Advisory Group (TAG) was formed in 2005 following the detection of Ae. albopictus in the Torres Strait in May 2005. The Director of ME is an invited member of the TAG. The role of the TAG is to advise the Manager of the Tropical Population Health Unit Network of technical aspects associated with the Queensland Health, Population Health Branch Ae. albopictus Eradication Project in Queensland. In addition, the role of the TAG is to review the activities of the Ae. albopictus Eradication Project, particularly following each wet season, and to advise on the appropriateness of such activities and make recommendations for improvements to the project. The TAG also reviews current information available on the distribution and control of Ae. albopictus and assists in the dissemination of this information to mosquito control agencies in Queensland.

TAG face to face meetings were held in Cairns in November 2012 and February and April 2013. Points of discussion included the project funding post June 2013, the development of a mainland incursion strategy and project progression.

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14 PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS

ME produced three scientific publications on comparisons of adult mosquito trapping regimes across seasons and ecosystems, evidence in Australia for a case of airport dengue and a new insect specific flavi virus in northern Australia (Table 40).

In addition, ME produced three biting insect investigation reports and the ME annual report 2011/12 (Table 41).

Presentations on Ae. aegypti in Tennant Creek and mosquito breeding and control strategies in NT salt marshes were given at the MCAA conference in Brisbane (Surfers Paradise) in September 2012.

15 REFERENCE COLLECTIONS

Cataloguing and improving the medically important arthropods reference collections has continued this year. The reference collection is continually added to from each locality visited or as relevant specimens become available from the monitoring programs. The majority of the collection consists of mosquitoes and biting midges, but also includes other insects and arthropods of medical importance. This reference collection is a very valuable resource and is the definitive collection of mosquitoes from the NT.

16 DATA MANAGEMENT

16.1 Medical Entomology Data Collection System ME has a data collection system in the form of a Microsoft Access 2003 database. This database stores all insect specimen records and allows data to be retrieved and collated for trend analysis and report writing.

ME also utilises an access database for data management such as public enquiries, and for publication and report management, as well as to manage its electronic alpha and handout filing systems.

16.2 Geographic Information Systems ME has a Geographical Information System (GIS) for ME mosquito monitoring, survey and control programs. This system has been developed to aid recording, reporting and performing spatial analysis for mosquito breeding issues in the Northern Territory. It has continuously been applied to the Leanyer, Holmes Jungle, Micket Creek and Shoal Bay Swamp mosquito helicopter surveys and baseline biting insect investigations. The system allows outputs in the form of maps of areas and the results of larval surveys.

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17 STAFF MATTERS

In 2012/13 ME professional and technical staff travelled to Tennant Creek on nine occasions, to progress the Aedes aegypti elimination program (see section 4 and Table 40). In February 2013, six ME staff members and EH Officers carried out extensive property surveillance and control operations in Tennant Creek, following significant rainfall. In addition, ME staff carried out mosquito surveillance in Batchelor in April and in Jabiru in May 2013, and the ME Director attended TAG meetings in November 2012 and February and April 2013. The ME Director, the Tennant Creek dengue mosquito elimination Project Officer and the Coordinator attended and presented at the MCAA conference in Brisbane in 2012 (Table 40).

Nadine Copley re-joined the ME team in July 2012 as Technical Officer, Gemma Farmer permanently joined ME in October 2012 as Administration Officer, Storm Barrett joined ME in late October 2012 as Technical Officer (as part of the Tennant Creek dengue mosquito elimination team), and Benjamin Maunder left ME in December 2012. In addition, the Tennant Creek dengue elimination Project Officer, Sohail Qureshi, left ME in December 2012, and William Pettit took on the additional project management duties while acting in the ME Exotic Vector Officer position, while the incumbent, Huy Nguyen has been on extended leave.

ME is a small but highly productive team, making a large and measurable contribution to the health and well being of the people of the NT. ME, together with other members of the DoH, other individuals, other government and local government departments, and other organisations who have assisted in the mosquito monitoring and control program, have once again made a significant contribution in preventing mosquito pest and disease problems in the NT.

Nina Kurucz

Director - Medical Entomology

January 2014

18 REFERENCES

Broom A, Whelan PI, Smith D, Lindsay M, Melville L, Bolisetty S, Wheaton G and Brown Alex (2001). An outbreak of Australian encephalitis in western Australia and central Australia (Northern Territory and South Australia) during the 2000 wet season. Arbovirus Research in Australia, Vol 8.

Meeraus WH, Armistead JS and Aria JR (2008). Field comparison of novel and gold standard traps for collecting Aedes albopictus in northern Virginia. J. AM Mos Control Assoc 24(2): 344-348.

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Montgomery B and Love B (1995). Nhulunbuy and Wallaby Beach mosquito investigation 20 - 23 March 1995. Department of Health and Community Services, Branch Report.

Russell RC (2002). Ross River virus: Ecology and distribution. Annual Review of Entomology 47, 1-31.

Van den Hurk A, Hall-Mendelin S, Townsend M, Kurucz N, Edwards J, Ehlers G, Rodwell C, Moore F, McMahon J, Northill J, Simmons R, Cortis G, Melville L, Whelan PI and Ritchie S (in prep). Applications of a sugar – base surveillance system to track arboviruses in wild mosquito populations. Vector – Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.

19 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following are gratefully acknowledged for their valuable contributions and ready assistance over the last year:

DoH Centre for Disease Control;

The Executive Director - Health Protection Division;

Medical Entomology staff;

Menzies School of Health Research;

DoH Environmental Health;

DoH Transport;

DoH Library;

Nhulunbuy Corporation;

Arnhem Land Pest Control;

Department of Lands and Planning;

City of Darwin;

City of Palmerston;

Environmental Protection Agency;

Northern Territory Parks & Wildlife Commission;

Land Development Corporation;

Darwin Port Corporation;

MacMahon - Shoal Bay Dump;

Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM);

EcOz Australia Pty Ltd;

Vista Gold;

McArthur River Mine;

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Pacific Biologics;

Australian Defence Force;

Power and Water Authority;

DAFF Biosecurity;

GEMCO - Groote Eylandt;

Jayrow Helicopters;

University of Western Australia;

University of Queensland;

Queensland Health;

Department of Health WA;

Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries;

Sentinel chicken volunteers;

Garrards – Darwin;

Toll Marine Logistics – Darwin;

All DoH staff and volunteers involved in the Tennant Creek Aedes aegypti elimination program.

Our apologies to anyone inadvertently omitted. If you have been inadvertently omitted could you please advise Nina Kurucz on (08) 89228333.

Medical Entomology, Centre for Disease Control

Department of Health, Northern Territory 2014.

This publication is copyright. The information in this report may be freely copied and distributed for

• non-profit purposes such as study, research, health service management and public information subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. Reproduction for other purposes requires the written permission of the Chief Executive of the Department of Health, Northern Territory.

Printed by the Government Printer of the Northern Territory, 2014.

An electronic version is available at: www.health.nt.gov.au/Medical_Entomology/index.aspx General enquiries about this publication should be directed to: Nina Kurucz

Director

Medical Entomology CDC Department of Health PO Box 41326, NT 0811

Phone: (08) 8922 8901

Facsimile: (08) 8922 8820

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FIGURE 1: DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES AND SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATIONS

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FIGURE 2: DARWIN URBAN OVITRAP MONITORING PROGRAM LOCATION OF OVITRAP SITES AND SENTINEL CHICKEN SITES

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig2_dwnurban_ovi1213.doc

FIGURE 3: DARWIN RURAL OVITRAP MONITORING PROGRAM LOCATION OF OVITRAP SITES AND SENTINEL CHICKEN SITES

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig3_dwnrural_ovi1213.doc

FIGURE 4: ALYANGULA ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig4_aly_allsites_1213.doc

FIGURE 5: ANGURUGU ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES AND OVITRAP LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig5_ang_allsites_1213.doc

FIGURE 6: NHULUNBUY ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, OVITRAP AND SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig6_nhul_allsites_1213.doc

FIGURE 7: KATHERINE ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, OVITRAP AND SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Katherine\Fig7_kath_allsites_1213.doc

FIGURE 8: TENNANT CREEK ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, OVITRAPS AND SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig8_tc_allsites_1213.doc

FIGURE 9: ALICE SPRINGS ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES, OVITRAP AND SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig9_alice_allsites_1213.doc

FIGURE 10: DAFF BIOSECURITY DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 AND BG TRAP SITES

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig10_aqis_dwnadult_1213.doc

FIGURE 11:

F:\ento\ento-files\meb_programs\ovitraps\Darwin\Darwin_urban_data\dwn_urban_OVNO_1213\dwn_urban_sp_rain_CHT_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 31/12/2013

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0

200

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1200

1400

1600

10-J

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Num

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aps

Collection date

Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program - Darwin City and Outer Darwin 2012/13 Total number of larvae in all thirty eight trap sites; rainfall at Darwin airport

Total rainfall (mm) between date set and collected Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus

FIGURE 12:

F:\ento\ento-files\meb_programs\ovitraps\Darwin\Darwin_routine_data\Fig12_dwn_rural_palmerston_OVNO_1213\dwn_rural_palm_sp_rain_CHT_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 31/12/2013

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

9-Ju

l-12

23-J

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27-N

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3

25-J

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3

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Num

ber

of la

rvae

in a

ll tr

aps

Collection date

Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program - Darwin Rural and Palmerston 2012/13 Total number of larvae in all fourteen trap sites; rainfall at Palmerston

Total rainfall (mm) between date set and collected Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus

FIGURE 13: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig13_14_Dm1213an\av_vigcxall_rain_CHT_8312 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 31/12/2013

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

40019

83/8

4

1984

/85

1985

/86

1986

/87

1987

/88

1988

/89

1989

/90

1990

/91

1991

/92

1992

/93

1993

/94

1994

/95

1995

/96

1996

/97

1997

/98

1998

/99

1999

/00

2000

/01

2001

/02

2002

/03

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

2008

/09

2009

/10

2010

/11

2011

/12

2012

/13

RA

INFA

LL

(mm

)

AVE

RA

GE

NU

MB

ER

OF

FEM

AL

E M

OSQ

UIT

OE

S PE

R T

RA

P N

IGH

T

FINANCIAL YEAR

AVERAGE NUMBER OF AEDES NOTOSCRIPTUS, AEDES VIGILAX, CULEX ANNULIROSTRIS GROUP, AND ALL SPECIES TRAPPED PER TRAP NIGHT PER YEAR FOR THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES AND ANNUAL

RAINFALL IN DARWIN 1983/84 TO 2012/13

Rainfall All species Cx. annulirostris grp.* Ae. notoscriptus Ae. vigilax

Cx. annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris & Cx. palpalis Darwin Airport rainfall data from Bureau of Meterology

FIGURE 14: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\\Fig13_14_Dm1213an\AVE0809_1213_CHT_5yr Medical Entomology CDC DoH 2/01/2014

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Lea

nyer

Gat

e

Lon

gwoo

d

Lea

nyer

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Kar

ama

Palm

Cre

ek

Mar

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Rou

nd S

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RA

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NU

MB

ER

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FEM

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OSQ

UIT

OE

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R T

RA

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TRAP LOCATION

AVERAGE NUMBER OF ALL FEMALE MOSQUITOES PER TRAP NIGHT CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES, 2008/09 TO 2012/13.

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Darwin

Alyangula

Alice Springs Nhulunbuy

Tennant Creek Jabiru

Katherine

RR virus cases Monthly rainfall

Figure 15 : Monthly rainfall and monthly Ross River Virus cases for towns of the Northern Territory from July 1996 - June 2013. RRV disease cases from CDC, Darwin.

Rainfall data from Bureau of Meteorology.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME_anrp_1213\RR_1213 Medical Entomology, DoH

FIGURE 15:

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

10001110

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

10001524

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

50007587, 5963 8899 11426932, 6898

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

10002854, 1146

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

10001080

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

10001111, 1713 3933

0

200

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1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

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/01,

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2001

/02,

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2002

/03,

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/04,

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/05,

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/06,

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/07,

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/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Darwin

Alyangula

Alice Springs Nhulunbuy

Tennant Creek Jabiru

Katherine

Monthly average number of Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night Monthly rainfall

Figure 16 : Monthly rainfall and average number of Cx. annulirostris grp per month (average per trap night, CO2 baited traps) for towns of the Northern Territory from July 1996 - June 2013.

Rainfall data from Bureau of Meteorology.

Number of trap sites per town: Darwin: 11; Jabiru: 4, Nhulunbuy: 5; Alyangula: 3; Katherine: 4; Tennant Creek: 3 (irregular trapping after rainfall only); Alice Springs; 4.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME_anrp_1213\Cxannul_rain1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH

FIGURE 16:

FIGURE 17:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Darwin\rain_disease_species_Darwin_1213\DM_month_Cxgrp_rainCHT_1991_13 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 2/01/2014

0

100

200

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400

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600

700

800

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

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800

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1991

/92,

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1992

/93,

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1993

/94,

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1994

/95,

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1995

/96,

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1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

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/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

No.

of A

e. n

otos

crip

tus,

Ae.

vig

ilax,

Cx.

ann

ulir

ostr

is g

rp.,

& V

e. fu

nere

a pe

r tr

ap n

ight

Mon

thly

rai

nfal

l (m

m)

DARWIN. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp., & Ve. funerea July 1991 to June 2013

Total monthly rainfall (mm), Darwin AirportAverage monthly no. of female Ae. notoscriptus per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ve. funerea per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)

953 1110

FIGURE 17A:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Darwin\rain_disease_species_Darwin_1213\DM_month_Cxgrp_rainCHT_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 2/01/2014

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Jul-2

012

Aug

-201

2

Sep-

2012

Oct

-201

2

Nov

-201

2

Dec

-201

2

Jan-

2013

Feb-

2013

Mar

-201

3

Apr

-201

3

May

-201

3

Jun-

2013

No.

of A

e. n

otos

crip

tus,

Ae.

vig

ilax,

Cx.

ann

ulir

ostr

is g

rp.,

& V

e. fu

nere

a pe

r tr

ap

nigh

t

Mon

thly

rai

nfal

l (m

m)

DARWIN. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp., and Ve. funerea July 2012 to June 2013

Total monthly rainfall (mm), Darwin AirportAverage monthly no. of female Ae. notoscriptus per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ve. funerea per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)

528

FIGURE 18:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\\Fig17_rain_disease_species_Darwin_1213\DM_month_CXgrp_RRVCHT_1991_13 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 31/12/2013

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1991

/92,

Jan

1992

/93,

Jan

1993

/94,

Jan

1994

/95,

Jan

1995

/96,

Jan

1996

/97,

Jan

1997

/98,

Jan

1998

/99,

Jan

1999

/00,

Jan

2000

/01,

Jan

2001

/02,

Jan

2002

/03,

Jan

2003

/04,

Jan

2004

/05,

Jan

2005

/06,

Jan

2006

/07,

Jan

2007

/08,

Jan

2008

/09,

Jan

2009

/10,

Jan

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

No.

of

Ae.

not

oscr

iptu

s, A

e. v

igila

x &

Cx.

ann

ulir

ostr

is g

rp.,

& V

e.

fune

rea

per

trap

nig

ht

Mon

thly

RR

V d

isea

se c

ases

DARWIN. Monthly RRV disease cases in relation to Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris grp., and Ve. funerea July 1991 to June 2013

No. of laboratory confirmed Ross River virus disease cases in Darwin Suburbs (includes Berrimah)Average monthly no. of female Ve. funerea per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ae. notoscriptus per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)

953

FIGURE 19: AERIAL APPLIED MOSQUITO LARVAL CONTROL PROGRAM MAJOR MOSQUITO BREEDING AREAS - DARWIN.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig19_leanyer_helicopter_1213.doc

FIGURE 20:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\9_Rrv1213\rrv9900_1213ch Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jul

Oct

1999

Jan

Apr Ju

lO

ct20

00 J

anA

pr Jul

Oct

2001

Jan Apr Ju

lO

ct20

02 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

03 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

04 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

05 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

06 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

07 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

08 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

09 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

10 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

11 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

12 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

13 J

an Apr

NU

MB

ER

OF

CA

SES

MONTH AND YEAR OF REPORT

ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES FROM CDC (BY MONTH OF REPORT)

1999/00 TO 2012/13

FIGURE 21: LOCATION OF SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS IN THE NT

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig21_sent chick_location 1213.doc

FIGURE 22:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\climate\Rainfall\Rainfall-maps\wet deciles 2012/13

FIGURE 23:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\climate\Rainfall\Rainfall-maps\wet totals 1213

TABLE 1: EXOTIC AEDES OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - DARWIN CITY AND OUTER DARWIN JULY 2012 - JUNE 2013 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\Fig11_dwn_urban_OVNO_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 31/12/2013

No of times

detected

Sum of No

of larvae

No of times

detected

Sum of No

of larvae

No of times

detected

Sum of No

of larvae

No of times

detected

Sum of No

of pupae

No of times

detected

Sum of No

of larvae

No of times

detected

Sum of No

of larvae

No of times

detected

Sum of No

of larvae

No of times

detected

No of times

detected4 Marrara Malak Caravan Park. No. 440 McMillans Rd. Caravan 26 7 26.92 6 147 1 48 198 Winnellie Shady Glen Caravan Park. No. 11 Farrell Cresent Caravan 26 12 46.15 11 562 4 147 1 74 14

Caravan Total 52 19 36.54 17 709 4 147 2 122 3345 Darwin City NT News Commercial 26 1 3.85 1 14 1 65 2546 East Arm Toll Services, under demountable LHS at front. Commercial 25 1 4.00 1 46 24 1

47 East ArmNorthern Cement on Berrimah Road - under demountable LHS when driving towards exit.. Commercial 26 13 50.00

12 577 1 4 13

41A East ArmPJ's Custom Brokers & Darwin Forwarding Pty Ltd. Unit 1, 3302 Export Drive. Commercial 26 0 0.00

26

Commercial Total 103 15 14.56 14 637 1 65 1 4 88 1

25 Darwin CityLot 5552 Frances Bay Dr. (Dinah beach Mooring Basin) Port 3 0 0.00

3 2

26 Darwin City

Lot 5500 Frances Bay Dr. (VB Perkins shipping yard). Trap moved 28/2/06 from lot 5360 to lot 5500. Port 26 3 11.54

3 93 23

27 Darwin CityLot 5360 Frances Bay Dr. (VB Perkins shipping yard). Port 26 7 26.92

7 161 19

30 Darwin City Kitchener Dr. (Fort Hill Wharf) Port 25 1 4.00 1 14 24 135 East Arm Rooney Shipping, Muramats Rd - TDZ Port 6 0 0.00 6

36 East ArmTiwi Barge Service 3245 Muramats Rd. Outdoor toilet block. Port 25 17 68.00

17 733 1 26 1 28 8 1

50 Bayview Bayview Marina Port 26 5 19.23 5 11 2118A Cullen Bay Marina Office Port 26 5 19.23 5 97 21

25A Darwin CityAustfish 5 Fishermans Pl - Lot 6406 (Duck Ponds) Port 21 4 19.05

4 22 17

29A Darwin PortMavie St, LHS exit Frances Bay Marine, under bushes Port 26 3 11.54

1 70 1 1 2 100 23

35a East Arm ShoreBarge 2 Pearl Court, Lot 4814 Port 20 3 15.00 2 16 1 1 17Port Total 230 48 20.86 44 1203 2 27 1 1 4 142 182 4

1 Wanguri 2 Aubrey St. Residential 26 10 38.46 9 286 1 1 163 Malak 55 Darwent Street Residential 23 17 73.91 16 353 3 75 6 3

10 Winnellie Kennons residence No. 6 Menmuir Street Residential 26 14 53.85 13 491 2 19 4 103 1211 The Narrows 46 Wilmot St. Residential 19 7 36.84 7 346 12 412 Ludmilla 46 Wells Street Residential 26 22 84.62 22 1250 1 1 3 94 413 Parap 45 Gregory Street Residential 26 23 88.46 1 1 23 1567 1 12 2 31 1 37 13 612 314 Fannie Bay 28 East Point Rd. Residential 26 19 73.08 19 1013 2 54 715 Stuart Park 3 Graham St Residential 25 21 84.00 21 2120 3 5 4 116 Darwin City 15 Sheperd St. (Auserv) Residential 26 6 23.08 6 171 2017 Larrakeyah 6 Murray Street. Residential 26 17 65.38 1 17 17 972 1 6 920 Coconut Grove Bahkita Village Residential 25 17 68.00 17 1086 8 122 Rapid Creek 124 Ryland Rd. Residential 26 21 80.77 1 1 21 1563 1 283 511a The Narrows 8 Pearson Street Residential 3 3 100.00 3 4318B Larrakeyah 37 Temira Cres Residential 26 19 73.08 19 1830 1 29 1 53 719B Ludmilla 12 Mawalan Court Residential 1 0 0.00 1 319c Ludmilla 34 Nermulak Drive Residential 19 16 84.21 16 1176 1 11 2 4 4 470 3 121B Nightcliff 8 Camphor Street Residential 26 17 65.38 16 857 4 330 9

Residential Total 375 249 66.409 Winnellie Grace Removals No. 504 Stuart Highway Transport company 20 1 5.00 1 1 19 67 Berrimah_Ovitrap Ascot Haulage No. 16 Berrimah Rd. Transport company 26 21 80.77 20 915 2 70 5 323 1 31 5

ES1 Darwin CityTransit Centre, Greyhound bus stop, Lot 6587, no. 69 Mitchell St Transport company 26 1 3.85

1 5 25

ES2 Winnellie Greyhound Depot, 37 Winnellie Rd Transport company 26 2 7.69 2 16 24Transport Total 98 25 25.51 24 937 2 70 5 323 1 31 73 6

Totals 858 356 3 19 344 18610 18 377 5 36 1 37 48 2677 2 35 502 24

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 41.49 0.84 96.63 5.06 1.40 0.28 13.48 0.56 141.01 6.74

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 6.33 54.10 20.94 7.20 37.00 55.77 17.50 0.00 1.00

% of ovitraps recovered = 97.28

Nil mosquitoes

Not collected mosquitoesTp. (Trp) magnesianus

NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVE

TIMES SPECIES RECORDED(TOTAL NUMBER OF LARVAE)

Ae. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Culex species pupaeCx. (Cux) annulirostris

grpCx. (Cux)

quinquefasciatus

SITE NO. SUBURB TRAP LOCATIONLOCATION

TYPE

TABLE 2: EXOTIC Aedes OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM - DARWIN RURAL AND PALMERSTON. JULY 2012 - JUNE 2013MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

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No of times detected

Sum of No of larvae

No of times detected

Sum of No of larvae

No of times detected

Sum of No of larvae

No of times detected

Sum of No of larvae

No of times detected

No of times detected

No of times detected

32 Holtze Lot 10, Wallaby Holtze Rd. Residential 26 23 88.46 23 2206 7 299 333 Durack (Fairway Waters) 6 Hayward Place, Fairway Waters Residential 26 4 15.38 4 13 22

49 Tivendale235 Tivendale Road - Hannan Australia's Removalist. Commercial 7 0 0.00

7

R1 Driver 1/16 McInnis Circuit Residential 26 10 38.46 10 352 1 1 16R2 Gray 49 Essington Ave Residential 7 3 42.86 3 175 4R2a Gray 6 Dillon Circuit Residential 18 12 66.67 12 530 6 1R3A Woodroffe 46 Emery Ave, Fire Station Commercial 26 7 26.92 7 228 19R4A Howard Springs Jenny's Orchid Garden, 10 Niel Court Nursery 26 6 23.08 6 80 20

R5A Howard SpringsHoward Springs Caravan Park, 170 Whitewood Rd Caravan 26 10 38.46

10 437 16

R6 Humpty Doo Arnhem Nursery, 35 Arnhem Hwy Nursery 26 12 46.15 11 601 2 36 1 53 14

R7B Humpty DooWater Tanks, Troughs & Polypipe, 30 Spencely Rd. Section 4140 Commercial 23 11 47.83

8 187 7 306 12 2 1

R8 Virginia17 Mile Service & Muffler Centre, Lot 1 Virginia Rd Commercial 26 7 26.92

6 182 3 87 19

RB1 HoltzeSenior Officers Quarters, House 820 McLaurin Place, Robertson Barracks Residential 26 5 19.23

2 34 1 19 1 2 2 39 21

RB2 Holtze Under Fuel Station Depot, Robertson Barracks Transport company 26 3 11.54 3 84 23

Totals 315 113 105 5109 21 748 1 2 3 92 202 3 1

% of positive ovitraps positive for this species 35.87 92.92 18.58 0.88 2.65 178.76 2.65 0.88

Average number of larvae/trap/fortnight of ovitraps positive for this species 48.66 35.62 2.00 30.67 0.00 1.00 1.00

% of ovitraps recovered = 98.75

Trap failure mosquitoesAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulus Culex species pupae Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus

TIMES SPECIES RECORDED(TOTAL NUMBER OF LARVAE)

Nil mosquitoesNot collected mosquitoes

SITE NO. NUMBER SAMPLED

NUMBER POSITIVE

PERCENT POSITIVESUBURB TRAP LOCATION LOCATION

TYPE

TABLE 3:

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Mosquito species collected since 1977 to 2011/12

(all collection types)Mosquito species

collected in 2012/13Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. ( ? ) species 160Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Cha) tulliae Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Mac) nr species 121Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) species 76Ae. (Fin) quasirubithorax s.l. Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Lor) dasyorrhus Ae. (Mol) pecuniosusAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mac) species 126 Ae. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Mac) species 70 Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Stg) aegypti*Ae. (Mac) species nr 147? Ae. daliensisAe. (Mac) stoneorum An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Och) normanensis An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Och) phaecasiatus An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. (Och) species Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Och) species 159 Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Och) species 85 Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) vigilax Cx. (Cux) gelidusAe. (Rhi) longirostris Cx. (Cux) palpalisAe. (Stg) aegypti* Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Stg) albopictus* Cx. (Cux) sitiensAe. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Cux) vicinusAe. (Stg) scutellaris grp Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupAe. daliensis Cx. (Lop) cubiculiAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Lop) hilliAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Lop) species 167An. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Ocu) squamosusAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Ho. ( ) species 157An. (Cel) hilli Ho. spoliata ?***An. (Cel) meraukensis Ma. (Mnd) uniformisAn. (Cel) novaguinensis Mi. (Eto) elegansCq. (Coq) near crassipes Tp. (Trp) magnesianusCq. (Coq) near crassipes ? Ur. (Ura) lateralisCq. (Coq) xanthogaster Ur. (Ura) moresbyensisCx. (Cui) pullus Ur. (Ura) nivipesCx. (Cux) annulirostris Ur. (Ura) tibialisCx. (Cux) crinicauda Ve. (Ver) funereaCx. (Cux) gelidus Ve. (Ver) reesiCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) species 92Cx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) cylindricusCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 154Cx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) near bitaeniorhynchus**Cx. (Ocu) squamosusCx. (Ocu) starckeaeHo. ( ) species 157Lu. (Met) halifaxiiMa. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaMl. ( ) genurostrisTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusTx. (Tox) speciosusUr. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Pfc) hirsutifemoraUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) amiensisUr. (Ura) argyrotarsisUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) moresbyensisUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) novaguinensisUr. (Ura) paralateralis?Ur. (Ura) species 156Ur. (Ura) species 49Ur. (Ura) species 82Ur. (Ura) tibialisVe. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) leilaeVe. (Ver) reesi* Ae. aegypti & Ae. albopictus were previously detected by DAFF Biosecurity during quarantine inspections. These species are currently not established in Darwin or anywhere else in the NT, except for Ae. aegypti in TCK which is in the process of elimination.

** An exotic mosquito detected at Marrara in May 2011 - Cx. (Ocu) cornutus had been tentatively identified from 2 specimens only and verified by R. Russell of Westmead Hospital in NSW, but requires additional specimens to confirm its identification from Cx. (Ocu) sinensis . It was detected through the weekly Darwin adult mosquito monitoring program. Further DNA analysis indicates that this species is closer to endemic NT species Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchus and is now being identified as Cx. (Ocu) near bitaeniorhynchus .

*** An exotic mosquito, tentatively identified as Ho. spoliata ? was collected in a routine DAFF Biosecurity trap at the East Arm Wharf in Darwin. This damaged specimen was the only specimen collected.

Adult mosquito species list Darwin Collected by ME, DoH

TABLE 4: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN JULY 2012 TO JUNE 2013.TOTAL NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ELEVEN

CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

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SITE TRAP SITE TOTAL AVERAGE %NO. PER

Ae. (Fin) notoscritpus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) hilli An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other TRAP

1 Leanyer Gate 8 4316 112 53 378 2 602 5582 187 1676 12916 52 248.38 8.93

2 Longwood 14 4649 188 284 62 2 217 4955 47 2126 12544 52 241.23 8.67

3 Leanyer Dump 57 4689 796 411 234 59 816 11290 301 1932 20585 52 395.87 14.23

4 Karama 80 9343 1529 905 179 111 2037 12118 52 831 27185 52 522.79 18.79

5 Palm Creek 12 5060 2205 1591 116 279 9200 16165 146 2005 36779 52 707.29 25.42

6 Marrara Round Swamp 87 771 223 25 8 254 1796 1745 51 269 5229 52 100.56 3.61

7 Aviation Museum 201 823 61 35 6 23 3394 2744 51 925 8263 51 162.02 5.71

8 Marrara Rifle Range 38 322 75 52 5 10 1887 2868 41 2621 7919 51 155.27 5.47

9 Casuarina 197 2106 57 48 1 2 429 3199 23 2031 8093 52 155.63 5.59

10 Coconut Grove 133 781 5 27 2 0 173 574 18 440 2153 51 42.22 1.49

11 Totem Road 19 1199 7 64 9 4 158 1252 45 280 3037 51 59.55 2.10

TOTALS 846 34059 5258 3495 1000 746 20709 62492 962 15136 144703 568 254.76 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 1.49 59.96 9.26 6.15 1.76 1.31 36.46 110.02 1.69 26.65 254.76

PERCENTAGE % 0.58 23.54 3.63 2.42 0.69 0.52 14.31 43.19 0.66 10.46 100.00

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOESNO. OF

SUCCESSFUL TRAP

NIGHTS

TABLE 5: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN JULY 2012 TO JUNE 2013.TOTAL NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 16 WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

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SITE TRAP SITE TOTAL AVERAGE %NO. PER

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) hilli An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other TRAP

1 Leanyer Gate 8 4316 112 53 378 2 602 5582 187 1676 12916 52 248.38 7.01

2 Longwood Ave 14 4649 188 284 62 2 217 4955 47 2126 12544 52 241.23 6.81

3 Leanyer Dump 57 4689 796 411 234 59 816 11290 301 1932 20585 52 395.87 11.18

4 Karama 80 9343 1529 905 179 111 2037 12118 52 831 27185 52 522.79 14.76

5 Karama East*1 12 1222 1651 1113 101 60 3183 14906 90 825 23163 21 1103.00 12.58

6 Palm Creek 12 5060 2205 1591 116 279 9200 16165 146 2005 36779 52 707.29 19.97

7 Marrara Round Swamp 87 771 223 25 8 254 1796 1745 51 269 5229 52 100.56 2.84

8 Aviation Museum 201 823 61 35 6 23 3394 2744 51 925 8263 51 162.02 4.49

9 Marrara Rifle Range 38 322 75 52 5 10 1887 2868 41 2621 7919 51 155.27 4.30

10 Casuarina 197 2106 57 48 1 2 429 3199 23 2031 8093 52 155.63 4.39

11 Lee Point*2 37 4248 74 57 20 3 330 2612 59 872 8312 27 307.85 4.51

12 Coconut Grove 133 781 5 27 2 0 173 574 18 440 2153 51 42.22 1.17

13 Totem Road 19 1199 7 64 9 4 158 1252 45 280 3037 51 59.55 1.65

14 Botanic Gardens*3 34 160 9 2 6 0 133 444 31 188 1007 35 28.77 0.55

15 Richardson Park*4 9 715 11 15 7 0 243 3583 75 1130 5788 35 165.37 3.14

16 East Point*5 5 545 1 4 2 0 151 348 8 158 1222 31 39.42 0.66

TOTALS 943 40949 7004 4686 1136 809 24749 84385 1225 18309 184195 717 256.90 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 1.32 57.11 9.77 6.54 1.58 1.13 34.52 117.69 1.71 25.54 256.90

PERCENTAGE % 0.51 22.23 3.80 2.54 0.62 0.44 13.44 45.81 0.67 9.94 100.00

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

Note: *1 - 'Karama East' commenced 8/1/13 and ceased 1/6/13*2 - 'Lee Point' commenced 26/11//2012 and ceased 31/5/13*3 - 'Botanic Gardens' commenced 30/10/12*4 - 'Richardson Park' commenced 30/10/12 *5 - 'East Point' Wet season monitoring commenced 29/10/12 and ceased 31/5/13

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL

TRAP NIGHTS

TABLE 6: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWINAVERAGE NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE ELEVEN

CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13.

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SPECIES1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus 2.40 2.62 2.09 4.06 4.29 2.68 3.16 2.34 2.81 3.09 1.45 4.08 2.32 2.88 2.05 3.57 3.81 3.17 3.42 2.81 2.59 2.41 1.49

Ae. (Och) vigilax 23.96 10.78 20.65 137.96 59.71 17.34 20.15 23.38 66.50 16.22 9.03 12.06 94.46 63.13 23.28 93.05 34.76 42.80 47.09 66.65 154.64 53.92 59.96

An. (Ano) bancroftii 13.94 14.43 27.49 39.33 23.80 38.09 21.82 7.57 35.24 47.54 22.85 11.52 14.77 19.62 29.77 13.30 16.15 8.46 13.85 10.46 25.05 11.38 9.26

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 2.41 2.63 2.02 6.79 6.14 13.79 5.51 1.95 22.41 34.50 5.18 10.10 3.88 6.23 3.22 8.98 6.44 2.91 2.15 4.54 12.59 8.58 6.15

An. (Cel) hilli 1.13 1.43 1.56 2.61 1.53 2.75 6.73 1.76 3.93 5.44 5.18 3.92 2.09 1.36 1.05 1.62 0.95 1.11 1.96 1.90 1.88 2.37 1.76

An. (Cel) meraukensis 4.27 4.32 1.72 10.06 9.86 2.98 2.46 2.40 7.95 3.92 2.69 0.80 2.06 4.17 1.04 4.14 2.13 1.14 0.89 1.32 1.15 1.61 1.31

Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster 7.93 9.69 27.83 10.47 11.24 31.12 15.22 17.92 27.71 35.24 30.81 19.12 20.90 29.87 17.87 13.61 21.56 6.56 8.31 17.45 37.12 41.90 36.46

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 74.12 24.84 35.62 89.33 61.08 51.39 64.57 60.89 91.26 80.07 64.88 52.04 87.03 148.71 83.16 71.92 91.20 63.73 58.30 92.16 67.06 59.78 110.12

Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 1.32 2.67 1.54 1.71 1.77 16.21 0.61 1.40 2.43 9.81 8.95 1.42 0.81 1.81 3.06 1.28 1.89 0.93 3.61 0.83 5.36 14.51 1.69

Other species 20.75 9.21 12.12 23.53 28.15 20.24 22.01 13.98 37.61 23.65 12.98 17.89 20.17 27.28 12.51 28.88 18.47 15.11 12.81 17.59 45.30 17.82 26.55

TOTALS 152.22 82.62 132.65 325.85 207.57 196.58 162.22 133.58 297.85 259.50 164.01 132.94 248.48 305.08 177.01 240.37 197.36 145.92 152.39 215.73 352.74 214.28 254.76

Mosquitoes included in the table are female mosquitoes only

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

Totem Road commenced 8/5/1985. Trap site moved approx 20 m (remained within Tropicus Nursery) 7/1/1992Marrara SE ceased 18/10/94 & was replaced by Aviation Museum on the 25/10/95

Changes to trap sites

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp. * includes Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis

TABLE 7:ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION PER MONTH)

JUL 2012 TO JUN 2013

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FINANCIAL YEAR REGION TOTALS

Alice Springs Barkly Darwin East Arnhem Katherine

JULY 0 0 9 0 0 9

AUGUST 0 0 4 0 0 4

SEPTEMBER 0 0 12 0 0 12

OCTOBER 0 0 8 3 0 11

NOVEMBER 0 0 13 2 0 15

DECEMBER 0 0 16 1 1 18

JANUARY 0 0 30 0 0 30

FEBRUARY 0 0 19 1 3 23

MARCH 1 0 14 2 0 17

APRIL 0 0 15 1 2 18

MAY 0 0 21 0 1 22

JUNE 1 0 29 1 0 31

TOTALS 2 0 190 11 7 210

TABLE 8:

BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC

(BY REGION PER MONTH)JUL 2012 TO JUN 2013

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MONTH REGION TOTALS

Alice Springs Barkly Darwin East Arnhem Katherine

JULY 0 0 0 0 0 0

AUGUST 1 0 5 0 0 6

SEPTEMBER 1 0 8 0 0 9

OCTOBER 1 0 14 1 1 17

NOVEMBER 1 0 9 1 0 11

DECEMBER 5 0 9 0 1 15

JANUARY 0 0 27 0 2 29

FEBRUARY 3 1 43 1 5 53

MARCH 7 0 39 1 1 48

APRIL 7 0 52 2 8 69

MAY 6 0 45 5 4 60

JUNE 2 0 29 4 2 37

TOTALS 34 1 280 15 24 354

TABLE 9:ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION)

1990/91 TO 2012/13

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FINANCIAL YEAR REGION TOTALS

Alice Springs Barkly Darwin East Arnhem Katherine

1990/91 31 49 306 22 45 453

1991/92 3 6 116 54 15 194

1992/93 12 32 188 29 36 297

1993/94 1 4 286 23 20 334

1994/95 35 5 281 20 38 379

1995/96 1 4 67 17 24 113

1996/97 51 24 123 5 28 231

1997/98 5 1 86 11 21 124

1998/99 1 7 112 11 16 147

1999/00 16 9 98 9 27 159

2000/01 7 69 106 4 48 234

2001/02 1 5 41 7 17 71

2002/03 0 5 99 10 20 134

2003/04 5 1 170 7 20 203

2004/05 4 0 136 12 21 173

2005/06 8 5 216 16 19 264

2006/07 13 2 181 26 37 259

2007/08 15 5 187 11 28 246

2008/09 54 28 269 28 31 410

2009/10 35 6 234 15 30 320

2010/11 24 6 190 12 30 262

2011/12 8 1 176 14 23 222

2012/13 2 0 190 11 7 210TOTALS 332 274 3068 374 601 5439

TABLE 10: BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGIONS)1991/92 TO 2012/13

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FINANCIAL YEAR REGION TOTALS

Alice Springs Barkly Darwin East Arnhem Katherine

1991/92 0 1 0 41 0 42

1992/93 1 0 10 7 2 20

1993/94 0 1 24 6 2 33

1994/95 0 0 9 1 2 12

1995/96 1 0 17 4 3 25

1996/97 4 5 24 4 6 43

1997/98 1 1 11 2 5 20

1998/99 0 0 17 5 2 24

1999/00 1 1 8 2 1 13

2000/01 1 5 14 6 7 33

2001/02 0 1 18 5 1 25

2002/03 2 0 13 2 1 18

2003/04 3 1 5 2 3 14

2004/05 7 0 31 2 3 43

2005/06 14 2 64 10 6 96

2006/07 17 2 68 12 9 108

2007/08 5 2 51 2 3 63

2008/09 16 6 82 8 8 120

2009/10 9 1 70 8 5 93

2010/11 5 1 45 5 6 62

2011/12 4 0 45 1 2 52

2012/13 34 1 280 15 24 354

TOTALS 125 31 906 150 101 1313

TABLE 11:

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Year Month of onset

Ethnicit

Sex Age Virus Location of infection(Region)

No's. Comment

1974 February MVE Tennant Creek (Barkly) 1March MVE Alice Springs (Alice) 1March MVE Alice Springs (Alice) 1March MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1April MVE Barkly Area 1

1981 March MVE Groote Eylandt (East Arnhem)

1

1987 July A M 18 mth MVE Belyuen (Darwin) 1

1988 March A M 1 mth MVE Maningrida (Darwin) 1April O M 7 mth MVE South Alligator (Darwin) 1

May A M 4 MVE Maningrida (Darwin) 1

1991 April O F 74 MVE Berry Springs (Darwin) 1 Patient died

May A M 8 mth MVE Tanami (Alice) 1

1992 Aug O F 40 KUN (Darwin) 1

1993 April A F 6 mth MVE Beswick (Katherine) 1April A F 1 MVE Lajamanu (Katherine) 1 Patient died

April O M 22 MVE Tennant Creek (Barkly) 1May U F 33 MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1May O M 61 MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1April O M 32 MVE Katherine (Katherine) 1

1995 Nov O F 61 KUN unknown 1

1997 March O M 59 MVE* Alice Springs (Alice) 1 Died. Presumptive caseCont NT, notif Qld

May M 21 KUN Eva Downs (Barkly) 1May KUN Eva Downs (Barkly) 1 ? Cont NT, notified in WAJune F 26 KUN Eva Downs/Ten Ck.(Barkly) 1

1999 May M 66 KUN (Darwin) 1

2000 March A F 3 mth MVE Willowra (Alice) 1 Flaccid quadrapMarch A M 69 MVE Docker River (Alice) 1 Severe impairmentApril A M 2 mth MVE Hermannsburg (Alice) 1 Recovery completeMay O M 15 MVE Borroloola/Roper

(Katherine)1

Igm + ve plus clinical April A M 4 KUN Hermannsburg (Alice) 1 Recovery complete

March M 32 KUN Holtze (Darwin) 1

2001 February O F 49 MVE Alice Springs (Alice) 1 Flaccid quadrapFebruary O M 59 MVE Alice Springs (Alice) 1 Notified SA, RecoveredMarch O M 11 KUN Alice Springs (Alice) 1

May A F 23 KUN Alice Springs (Alice) 1

July A F 2 MVE Oenpelli (Darwin) 1 Recovered

2004 March A F 11mth MVE Willowra (Alice) 1 Quadrap, died 8months after

2005 March A M 3 MVE Oenpelli (Darwin) 1 Recovered

2009 March O M 58 MVE Batchelor (Darwin) 1 Patient died

May O M 83 MVE Channel Point (Darwin) 1 Patient died

2010 June O M 80 KUN Howard Springs (Darwin) 1 Encephalitic, recovered

2011 March O M 33 MVE Tennant Creek (Barkly) 1 Encephalitic, recovered

March A M 14 mth MVE Ali Curung (Barkly) 1 Fitting only

April O M 60 KUN Brunette Downs (Barkly) 1 Non encephalitic

May O F 19 MVE Top End (Darwin/Kath) 1 Encephalitic, died (Canada)

May O F 63 MVE Roper Bar (Katherine) 1 Encephalitic, recovered

Total MVE 34

Total KUN 12

LOCATION AND MONTH OF ONSET OF CASES OF MVE OR KUNJIN 1974-2013 ACQUIRED IN THE NT

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

* Presumptive Case. A Aboriginal, O Other,U Unknown . Note Kunjin recorded only from 1992

TABLE 12: ARBOVIRUS RISK PERIODS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

F:\ento\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\meb_anrp_1213\12_Arbovirus risk\Arbovirus risk Medical Entomology DoH 3/01/2014

VIRUS FROM VECTORS/

ABUNDANCE &

LONGEVITY

FROM VIRUS

ISOLATION

FROM SENTINEL ANIMALS

FROM HUMAN CASE

DATA

PEAK RISK

PERIOD

PROBABLE

MAIN RISK

PERIOD

MVE JAN-SEPT MAR DEC-OCT FEB-JULY FEB-MAY JAN-JULY

KUNJIN JAN-SEPT APRIL-JUN DEC-SEPT MARCH-NOV FEB-MAY JAN-JULY

RRV NOV-SEPT JAN-APR - JAN-DEC JAN-MAR DEC-JUN

BFV NOV-SEPT DEC-APR - DEC-OCT JAN-MAR DEC-JUN

TABLE 13: COMBINED DoH AND DPIF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE

PROGRESSIVE RESULTS OF NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING 2012/13

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\13_Sentinel chickens NT 2012-13

Medical Entomology DoH3/01/2014

REGION LOCATION Total +ve Total bledLeanyer Date bled 5/12 2/1 13/2 13/3 3/4 8/5 12/6(Urban) Nos bled 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 84

Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Howard Springs Date bled 5/12 2/1 13/2 13/3 3/4 8/5 12/6(Rural) Nos bled 10 9 9 12 9 11 10 70

Flock change 3 newFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Adelaide River Date bled 29/11 3/1 7/2 7/3 4/4 2/5 11/6Coastal Plains Nos bled 12 10 10 10 10 10 9 71Res. Stn. Flock changeBeatrice Hill Flavi only 1 0(Rural) KUNV 0

MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Nhulunbuy Date bled 19/11 10/12 3/2 3/3 7/4 13/5 12/6Nos bled 7 10 10 9 9 9 9 63Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Katherine Date bled 28/12 20/1 22/2 11/3 9/4 22/5 27/6/Res. Stn. Nos bled 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 68

Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Nathan River Date bled 12/12 30/3 22/5Nos bled 6 5 5 16Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

EAST

AR

NH

EM

MarchAugustJuly

DA

RW

INK

ATH

ERIN

E

January FebruaryNovember DecemberSeptember October April May June

TABLE 13: COMBINED DoH AND DPIF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE

PROGRESSIVE RESULTS OF NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING 2012/13

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\13_Sentinel chickens NT 2012-13

Medical Entomology DoH3/01/2014

REGION LOCATION Total +ve Total bledMarchAugustJuly January FebruaryNovember DecemberSeptember October April May JuneTennant Creek Date bled 7/12 2/2 21/2 4/4 11/6

Nos bled 12 11 11 12 10 56Flock changeFlavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Arid Zone Date bled 20/11 4/12 9/1 5/2 12/3 3/4 1/5 11/6Research Nos bled 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 56Institute Flock change

Flavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0Flavi only 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0Number bled 484

00

000 0

67

BA

RK

LYA

LIC

E SP

RIN

GS

26

00

0

Monthly Summary00

0

00 0

00

0

Note: MVEV/KUNV can either be MVE or KUN or both and can't be differentiated between.

000

0

00

00

000 000 6948

0080

065

00

0000 0

00

63

1000

00066

0

TABLE 14: COMBINED DoH AND DPIF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE

SUMMARY OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS BY MONTH JUL 1992 - JUN 2013

F:\ENTO\ento_files\meb_programs\sentinel_flocks\chickens\summary_tables\conversions by month\seroconv by month 1991_13 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

LOCATION Flock established July August September October November December January February March April May June + ve Totals Totals bledDarwin Rural January 1992 Nos bled 188 194 199 202 171 214 192 159 170 221 242 214 2366Howard Springs KUNV 3 1 3 3 2 3 1 11 4 31

MVEV 2 3 2 1 1 1 7 6 23Darwin urban September 1992 Nos bled 177 188 206 215 192 191 200 185 208 227 241 209 2439Leanyer KUNV 3 2 2 1 1 7 3 7 11 4 41

MVEV 1 1 9 2 7 4 24Coastal Plains July 1993 Nos bled 186 212 194 169 231 149 222 224 292 243 247 228 2597Research Station KUNV 1 3 2 4 3 3 8 5 29Adelaide River MVEV 3 1 6 21 5 10 7 53Kakadu November 2004 Nos bled 25 20 18 12 28 16 28 7 64 36 41 45 340Jabiru KUNV 1 2 2 1 11 2 19

MVEV 2 2 2 2 8Nhulunbuy January 1992 Nos bled 108 93 112 110 91 72 92 114 130 117 137 114 1290

KUNV 2 1 1 3 1 7 7 2 24MVEV 1 2 1 3 4 4 15

Alyangula Nos bled 57 49 30 39 36 48 38 48 52 54 55 32 538KUNV 1 1MVEV 0

Katherine June 1993 Nos bled 155 144 200 189 127 175 181 205 250 191 146 166 2129KUNV 1 3 1 3 5 8 6 5 32MVEV 2 1 2 3 8 11 8 11 3 49

Nathan River April 2006 Nos bled 10 63 63 24 48 50 48 49 59 60 44 68 586KUNV 1 3 2 6 2 1 2 17MVEV 7 4 6 1 3 3 24

Tennant Creek February 1995 Nos bled 59 74 46 48 66 108 103 125 208 160 133 72 1202KUNV 2 1 1 10 10 2 1 27MVEV 3 4 28 25 10 9 1 80

Alice Springs November 1996 Nos bled 148 166 143 134 155 160 134 166 199 164 151 176 1896Arid Zone KUNV 2 1 3Research Institution MVEV 1 5 4 10 2 2 24Alice Springs January 2002 Nos bled 91 112 90 93 91 87 80 92 89 106 93 105 1129Ilparpa KUNV 0

MVEV 4 4Totals KUNV 11 12 7 1 1 5 10 22 33 39 57 26 224

MVEV 9 6 1 5 1 7 12 53 78 45 55 32 304Number bled 1204 1315 1301 1235 1236 1270 1318 1374 1721 1579 1530 1429 16512

Note: The Jabiru, Alyangula and Alice Springs Ilparpa Swamp flocks were discontinued in 2012 due to a revision of the program.Note: The program was revised in 2012, with sentinel chickens only bled between December and June

TABLE 15: COMBINED DoH AND DPIF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE

NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING BY YEAR JUL 1992-JUN 2013

F:\ENTO\ento_files\meb_programs\sentinel_flocks\chickens\summary_tables\conversions by year\serocon by years 92-13 Medical Entomology CDC DoH3/01/2014

LOCATION Flock established 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 + ve TotalsDarwin Rural January 1992 MVEV 7 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 23Howard Springs KUNV 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 3 31

Nos bled 69 75 160 92 84 120 127 137 118 166 166 95 127 125 103 75 48 162 112 135 70 2366Darwin urban September 1992 MVEV 1 10 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 23Leanyer KUNV 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 5 1 6 5 5 6 41

Nos bled 81 92 137 89 81 101 128 163 133 132 161 103 102 134 140 140 104 142 132 144 84 2523Coastal Plains

July 1993 MVEV 13 4 4 5 3 3 1 2 4 1 1 10 2 53

Adelaide River KUNV 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 3 3 1 7 29Nos bled 121 139 132 138 129 135 158 130 147 160 113 113 122 102 120 120 105 118 140 71 2513

Kakadu November 2004 MVEV 3 2 2 1 8Gagadju KUNV 5 4 1 9 19

Nos bled 44 25 72 49 27 40 74 9 340Nhulunbuy January 1992 MVEV 3 1 4 1 1 2 3 11

KUNV 2 2 3 2 1 4 1 2 2 5 22Nos bled 30 15 10 85 93 97 85 75 73 72 72 72 68 86 53 61 109 71 63 1290

Alyangula April 2006 MVEV 0KUNV 1 1Nos bled 31 27 32 66 155 142 85 538

Katherine June 1993 MVEV 12 3 1 2 3 2 4 1 4 2 3 2 8 2 49KUNV 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 6 6 2 2 4 32Nos bled 69 67 50 43 127 85 128 109 136 164 99 97 126 129 128 111 144 132 117 68 2129

Nathan River April 2006 MVEV 3 3 2 10 6 24KUNV 1 3 3 7 3 17Nos bled 34 110 78 73 79 96 100 16 586

Tennant Creek February 1995 MVEV 7 7 10 8 12 6 1 1 1 17 4 6 80KUNV 3 3 5 1 4 1 1 6 3 24Nos bled 20 65 60 73 55 73 60 55 96 96 59 69 67 41 91 72 62 32 56 1202

Alice Springs November 1996 MVEV 7 5 8 2 2 22Arid Zone KUNV 1 2 3Research Nos bled 21 75 126 109 144 114 99 75 131 122 118 112 115 90 159 118 112 56 1896Institution 0Alice Springs January 2002 MVEV 4 0Ilparpa KUNV 0

Nos bled 71 118 115 86 120 116 110 85 146 126 36 1129Totals MVEV 8 44 8 4 21 2 20 27 26 17 2 2 12 15 11 5 52 5 15 8 0 304

KUNV 3 4 2 7 4 8 6 10 9 10 8 9 11 13 24 18 27 2 41 8 0 224Nos bled 180 372 544 428 491 761 732 900 749 881 1013 824 822 976 1046 974 868 1265 1221 981 484 16512

Note: The Jabiru, Alyangula and Alice Springs Ilparpa Swamp flocks were discontinued in 2012 due to a revision of the program.Note: The program was revised in 2012, with sentinel chickens only bled between December and June

TABLE 16:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Nhul\species list Nhul 1213\Species list Nhul town_1112 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

Mosquito species collected since 1978 to 2011/12

(all adult mosquito collection methods)

Mosquito species collected in 2012/13

(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Mac) nr species 121Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Ae. (Mol) pecuniosusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) tremulus An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Och) eidsvoldensis An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Och) normanensis An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Och) phaecasiatus An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. (Och) pseudonormanensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Och) vigilax Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Psk) bancroftianus Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Rhi) longirostris Cx. (Cux) palpalisAe. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. daliensis Cx. (Cux) sitiensAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Lop) cubiculiAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Lop) hilliAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Lop) species 167An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cx. (Ocu) squamosusAn. (Cel) hilli Ma. (Mnd) uniformisAn. (Cel) meraukensis Mi. (Eto) elegansAn. (Cel) novaguinensis Ve. (Ver) funereaCq. (Coq) near crassipes Ve. (Ver) reesiCq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) squamosusCx. (Ocu) starckeaeHo. ( ) species 157Ma. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) argyrotarsisUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) moresbyensisUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) novaguinensisUr. (Ura) species 82Ve. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi

Adult mosquito species list Gove PeninsularCollected by ME, DoH

TABLE 17: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY.1 JULY 2012 TO 30 JUNE 2013.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Nhul\rain_disease_species_Nhul_1213\gmss1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTALS AVERAGE %

Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other PER TRAP

NIGHT

1 Contractors Village 1220 26 1 0 50 1220 2 384 2903 12 241.92 10.64

2 Rear Jasper 1544 95 27 0 124 1451 202 279 3722 10 372.20 13.64

3 Buffalo Creek 718 29 14 2 17 355 11 477 1623 12 135.25 5.95

4 Wallaby Beach 13453 127 35 0 0 2308 1 580 16504 10 1650.40 60.50

5 Nhulunbuy South 1151 33 0 0 12 163 0 234 1593 12 132.75 5.84

6 Industrial Estate 315 4 1 0 5 49 1 561 936 11 85.09 3.43

TOTALS 18401 314 78 2 208 5546 217 2515 27281 67 407.18 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 274.64 4.69 1.16 0.03 3.10 82.78 3.24 37.54 407.18

PERCENTAGE % 67.45 1.15 0.29 0.01 0.76 20.33 0.80 9.22 100.00

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL TRAP NIGHTS

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TABLE 18:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Nhul\rain_disease_species_Nhul_1213\GMaver7sp94_13_(contin_sites) Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SPECIES

1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Ae. (Och) vigilax 14.45 75.69 35.18 44.26 84.29 43.45 32.97 95.74 65.02 98.65 135.04 105.34 66.36 50.62 42.59 52.07 130.94 169.37 322.96

An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. 1.74 1.85 2.27 3.07 1.39 1.30 1.60 4.82 3.38 3.39 3.87 2.16 1.98 3.56 11.47 6.62 5.91 4.04 5.54

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 2.37 4.56 2.61 9.61 9.39 9.89 3.86 5.78 1.58 3.44 9.98 2.19 13.64 2.88 9.16 5.15 3.64 2.47 1.38

An. (Cel) meraukensis 0.69 0.77 0.80 0.54 0.81 0.45 1.14 0.33 0.24 0.96 1.60 0.69 1.08 1.04 2.34 1.14 0.66 0.27 0.04

Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster 1.59 3.10 3.29 1.69 7.66 3.14 8.00 4.61 5.32 22.21 16.59 9.37 23.63 8.46 21.39 17.17 85.24 15.08 3.63

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 19.74 24.39 26.30 36.52 39.25 34.05 37.67 100.55 115.81 52.83 81.96 73.59 43.09 52.54 95.79 136.56 116.34 66.52 98.16

Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 5.15 12.83 8.88 9.97 22.84 29.44 36.62 19.58 0.77 8.45 32.23 4.48 11.26 10.51 14.64 17.26 33.06 4.27 3.86

Other species 7.07 10.73 9.55 12.41 14.35 13.41 15.96 37.42 9.70 12.41 13.69 19.50 14.86 19.91 35.49 38.42 36.65 25.44 34.89

TOTALS 52.79 133.91 88.88 118.09 179.97 135.13 137.82 268.83 201.82 202.34 294.96 217.32 175.89 149.51 232.87 274.39 412.43 287.47 470.45

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp. and Cx. palpalis.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE FIVE CONTINUOUS WEEKLY

CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1994/95 TO 2012/13.

TABLE 19: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUYTOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE

SIX WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Nhul\rain_disease_species_Nhul_1213\GMTOTSP90_13_(all_monit_sites) Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SITE TRAP SITE

NO. 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

1 Contractors Village N/S N/S N/S 2685 3745 3998 3666 3823 3326 3452 4350 19073 8401 8160 7557 6345 4629 5200 7022 4540 6375 2488 29032 Rear Jasper 6649 9522 6287 8630 3268 6829 6163 9015 12992 11128 14672 18719 16090 5458 8787 8478 7176 6589 7625 8859 13718 1638 3722

3 Buffalo Creek 5194 3980 2673 5311 1723 5477 2261 6226 6045 5121 4727 2889 2670 4517 4550 4102 3043 2633 1400 3976 4094 1087 1623

4 Wallaby Beach 10236 8599 10531 10094 2770 13531 7892 7375 20780 11601 7647 14828 11019 16331 14744 9355 6143 9258 6456 8766 6754 13886 16504

5 Nhulunbuy South 2991 5438 3241 3739 1216 3911 2504 3909 3830 3021 1404 4172 2587 3169 4181 5187 3106 1588 1948 2396 5353 1886 1593

6 Industrial Estate N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S N/S 1249 2687 2194 2290 2933 1717 2714 1189 936

TOTALS 25070 27539 22732 30459 12722 33746 22486 30348 46973 34323 32800 59681 40767 37635 41068 36154 26291 27558 27384 30254 39008 22174 27281

TOTAL TRAP NIGHTS 184 179 203 222 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 153 177 160 169 125 127 106 88 67

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGH 136.25 153.85 111.98 137.20 52.79 139.45 92.53 124.38 191.73 139.52 132.79 240.65 163.72 150.54 268.42 204.26 164.32 163.07 219.07 238.22 368.00 251.98 407.18N/S = Traps Not set

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER YEAR

TABLE 20:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alyangula\species list1213\Species list Alyangula_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

Mosquito species collected since 1978/99 to 2011/12

(all adult mosquito collection methods)

Mosquito species collected in 2012/13

(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Mac) nr species 121Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) tremulus An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Och) normanensis An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Och) phaecasiatus An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. (Rhi) longirostris Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Stg) aegypti * Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. daliensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Cux) sitiensAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Lop) hilliAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Lop) species 167An. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cx. (Ocu) squamosusAn. (Cel) hilli Ur. (Ura) lateralisAn. (Cel) meraukensisAn. (Cel) novaguinensisCq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) squamosusHo. ( ) species 157Ma. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) moresbyensisUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) species 156Ve. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi

* Note: Ae. (Stg) aegypti was detected in Alyangula in October 2006, and declared eliminated in May 2008.

Adult mosquito species list Groote Eylandt (Includes collections from Alyangula town, Angurugu and Umbakumba)

Collected by ME, DoH

TABLE 21: MOSQUITO MONITORNING PROGRAM ALYANGULA1 JULY 2012 TO 30 JUNE 2013.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alyangula\rain_disease_species_Alyangula_1213\grootess1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOESTOTALS

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other

1 Mine Site 1 6 99 3 7 12 38 200 365 18 20.28 42.00

2 Township Site 2 15 96 0 7 6 30 139 293 16 18.31 33.72

3 Alyangula Golf Course Site 3 9 50 5 7 31 2 107 211 15 14.07 24.28

TOTALS 30 245 8 21 49 70 446 869 49 17.73 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.61 5.00 0.16 0.43 1.00 1.43 9.10 17.73

PERCENTAGE % 3.45 28.19 0.92 2.42 5.64 8.06 51.32 100.00

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL TRAP NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

NIGHT %SITE NO. TRAP SITE

TABLE 22:MOSQUITO MONITORNING PROGRAM ALYANGULA

AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1995/96 TO 2012/13.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alyangula\rain_disease_species_Alyangula_1213\groote_aver6sp90_13 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SPECIES

1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus 2.18 3.03 2.26 10.00 5.89 3.21 0.84 2.50 2.89 1.56 4.26 5.26 0.37 0.46 0.62 0.63 0.51 0.61

Ae. (Och) vigilax 9.27 15.94 16.34 14.44 1.84 4.13 9.58 43.20 37.48 3.56 16.28 9.64 11.11 17.98 4.41 1.23 7.93 5.00

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 0.76 0.14 0.29 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.89 1.85 2.38 1.05 0.48 0.41 0.36 0.20 1.85 0.31 0.30 0.16

Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster 0.79 0.06 0.23 1.23 0.64 1.19 1.32 1.31 0.75 0.37 0.29 0.13 0.41 0.07 0.15 0.38 0.85 0.43

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 3.06 1.66 5.14 2.35 2.52 2.68 2.89 7.11 5.09 1.97 6.26 2.53 1.74 2.05 2.59 0.15 1.34 1.00

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 8.61 13.54 10.57 4.33 11.43 10.34 5.63 20.50 10.42 7.18 1.69 14.40 9.50 10.76 4.18 2.21 2.33 1.43

Other species 2.67 1.94 4.34 7.28 6.02 2.79 3.21 10.46 11.00 4.84 9.26 6.43 4.00 4.05 5.38 6.56 3.67 9.10

TOTALS 27.33 36.31 39.17 39.81 28.55 24.53 24.37 86.94 70.02 20.53 38.52 38.80 27.50 35.56 19.18 11.46 16.93 17.73

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp.* and Cx. palpalis.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

TABLE 23: MOSQUITO MONITORNING PROGRAM ALYANGULA1 JULY 1995 TO 30 JUNE 2013.

TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alyangula\rain_disease_species_Alyangula_1213\rain_disease_species_Alyangula_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SITE TRAP SITE

NO. 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

1 Mine Site 1 233 448 466 249 537 546 172 1711 1470 821 393 1236 880 623 260 236 290 365

2 Township Site 2 195 403 425 780 336 203 86 1417 1193 86 573 746 400 520 225 227 634 293

3 Alyangula Golf Course Site 3 474 420 480 683 383 404 205 1567 1818 366 1538 734 645 315 167 87 109 211

TOTALS 902 1271 1371 1712 1256 1153 463 4695 4481 1273 2504 2716 1925 1458 652 550 1033 869

TOTAL TRAP NIGHTS 33 35 35 43 44 47 19 54 64 62 65 70 70 41 34 48 61 49

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 27.33 36.31 39.17 39.81 28.55 24.53 24.37 86.94 70.02 20.53 38.52 38.80 27.50 35.56 19.18 11.46 16.93 17.73

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER YEAR

TABLE 24:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Kathrine\kath_species list_1213\Species list Kath town_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

Mosquito species collected since 1976 to 2011/12

(all adult mosquito collection methods)

Mosquito species collected in 2012/13

(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Cha) wattensis Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Fin) britteni An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Fin) kochi An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Fin) mallochi An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Mac) species 121 Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Mac) species 76 (confirmed id) Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Mac) stoneorum Cx. (Cux) sitiensAe. (Mac) tremulus Ma. (Mnd) uniformisAe. (Mol) pecuniosusAe. (Muc) alternansAe. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensisAe. (Och) normanensisAe. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Och) species 159Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Och) vittigerAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Stg) katherinensisAe.(Och) pseudonormanensisAn. (Ano) bancroftiiAn. (Ano) powelliAn. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.An. (Cel) farauti s.l.An. (Cel) hilliAn. (Cel) meraukensisAn. (Cel) novaguinensisCq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicus (possible misidentification)Cx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) squamosusCx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) squamosusCx. (Ocu) starckeaeMa. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) nivipesVe. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi

Adult mosquito species list Katherine town Collected by ME, DoH

TABLE 25: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE.1 JULY 2012 TO 30 JUNE 2013.

NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE FIVE CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Kathrine\rain_disease_species_Kath_1213\kmss1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES TOTALS NO. OF AVERAGE %

Ae. (Och) normanensis Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) amictus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other SUCCESSFUL PER TRAP

TRAP NIGHTS NIGHT

1 Dairy Dam 27 4 1 2 0 14 0 5 53 5 10.60 14.72

2 Meatworks 11 5 13 0 0 7 23 2 61 5 12.20 16.94

3 Katherine Sewage Ponds 5 3 21 0 0 53 1 5 88 5 17.60 24.44

5 O'Keefe Residence 1 19 2 6 0 42 39 49 158 5 31.60 43.89

TOTALS 44 31 37 8 0 116 63 61 360 20 18.00 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 2.20 1.55 1.85 0.40 0.00 5.80 3.15 3.05 18.00

PERCENTAGE % 12.22 8.61 10.28 2.22 0.00 32.22 17.50 16.94 100.00

Hickeys Lake trap not set in 2011/12 & 2012/13 as the Hickeys lake area did not flood.Note: In Katherine trapping was conducted between Nov 2012 and February 2013.

TABLE 26: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE.AVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 3 CONTINUOUS CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS

FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Kathrine\rain_disease_species_Kath_1213\KMaver7sp90_13_(3Continsites) Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SPECIES

1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Ae. (Och) normanensis 2.50 0.26 8.03 1.28 3.51 4.03 4.60 0.55 1.36 3.05 6.02 2.01 1.24 11.03 1.87 15.16 2.50 0.49 7.66 11.36 16.69 41.18 2.87

Ae. (Och) vigilax 1.34 0.26 0.60 1.17 1.41 0.09 0.51 0.30 2.15 1.37 0.13 0.34 0.66 2.09 0.05 0.61 0.53 0.65 0.97 0.69 0.15 5.04 0.8

An. (Cel) amictus 63.16 2.93 10.34 7.77 2.89 5.78 7.60 6.93 7.01 3.95 3.53 3.92 1.58 1.80 4.65 12.53 1.86 1.52 5.27 4.72 22.42 101.50 2.33

An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. 1.24 0.15 0.87 0.94 0.49 0.34 2.35 3.31 0.50 0.88 0.25 0.34 0.39 2.25 1.02 2.66 0.34 0.48 1.66 0.49 2.69 0.96 0.13

Cx. (Cui) pullus 4.58 0.15 2.43 5.66 16.52 0.59 8.69 18.32 7.25 22.53 50.96 33.66 19.42 38.17 1.40 134.59 12.19 40.46 48.90 54.15 18.19 1.93 4.93

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 196.34 30.43 129.91 88.95 107.84 25.69 65.93 117.62 37.60 59.62 60.75 207.29 41.64 55.17 8.56 84.69 23.36 57.89 45.37 39.49 28.58 27.04 0.00

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 2.84 0.98 0.87 1.45 1.82 1.09 2.94 1.26 1.28 1.37 4.34 5.91 1.80 17.01 6.16 6.36 12.03 11.35 5.57 1.15 0.38 0.46 1.6

Other species 2.87 0.67 1.00 0.55 2.53 1.34 2.69 0.81 5.39 14.72 22.15 13.21 3.09 9.05 3.50 69.85 7.86 6.33 21.91 6.46 11.23 6.21 0.8

TOTALS 274.87 35.85 154.06 107.77 137.01 38.97 95.32 149.11 62.54 107.49 148.13 266.68 69.83 136.58 27.21 326.46 60.67 119.17 137.30 118.51 100.35 184.32 13.47

Note: Since 2010 trapping is only conducted in the wet season between October and May

Note: In 2012/13 trapping was conducted between November and February

Note: Continuous trap sites includes Dairy Dam, Meatworks and Katherine Sewage

Note: Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris, Cx. annulirostris grp.* and Cx. palpalis

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

TABLE 27: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE.TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS

FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Kathrine\rain_disease_species_Kath_1213\KMTOTSP90_11_Allsites Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SITE TRAP SITE

NO. 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

1 Dairy Billabong 8959 2218 3956 3700 5487 275 3656 3975 2458 8619 11106 10681

2 Dairy Dam 4218 405 3042 2537 6166 620 2779 1858 1667 3635 4108 13905 2386 3408 756 8400 736 3609 3914 3508 596 745 53

3 Meatworks 491 731 5983 2640 2046 1146 1973 4108 1604 1641 1583 2817 505 4224 544 10887 1536 2640 3266 427 764 1197 61

4 Katherine Sewage Ponds 5736 513 1759 1720 1790 728 2111 5068 1232 3108 8085 3546 2416 2748 387 4871 1611 1259 2019 687 1249 3219 88

5 Hickey's Farm 2271 887 1507 2388 70 6970 435 1081 541 237 425

6 O'Keefe residence 204 1801 1567 974 5481 761 1229 673 296 526 527 158

7 Second Street - Govt. Centre. 21 417 183 412 186 45

TOTALS 19404 3867 14740 10597 15489 2769 10519 15009 6961 17003 27153 32040 8615 14335 2752 37026 5262 10230 10599 5333 3560 5688 360

TOTAL TRAP NIGHTS 55 62 94 83 97 85 97 99 97 105 135 105 107 109 90 137 112 113 97 68 42 39 20

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 352.80 62.37 156.81 127.67 159.68 32.58 108.44 151.61 71.76 161.93 201.13 305.14 80.51 131.51 30.58 270.26 46.98 90.53 109.27 78.43 84.76 145.85 18.00

Note: Since 2010 trapping is only conducted in the wet season between October and May

Note: In 2012/13 trapping was conducted between November and February

Note: Hickeys Lake trap not set in 2011/12 & 2012/13 as the Hickeys lake area did not flood.

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER YEAR

TABLE 28:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2011/12\reg_1112\Tennant Creek\species list_Tck1213\Species list Tennant Ck_1213 Medical Entomology DoH 3/01/2014

Mosquito species collected since 1979 to 2011/12

(all adult mosquito collection methods)

Mosquito species collected in 2012/13

(all adult mosquito collection methods)Ae. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Fin) mallochi^Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) species nr 147?Ae. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Och) species 159Ae. (Mac) species nr 147? Ae. (Stg) aegypti **Ae. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Neo) lineatopennis Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis Cx. (Cux) australicusAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Och) species 159Ae. (Och) species 71Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Och) vittigerAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Stg) aegypti*An. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.An. (Cel) hilliAn. (Cel) novaguinensis (possible misidentification)Cx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicusCx. (Cux) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Cux) Vishnui group #Cx. (Lop) cylindricusTp. (Pol) punctolateralis

*Note: Established in Tennant Creek in 2004 - 2006 and declared eliminated in March 2006.** Note: Re-established in Tennant Creek in 2011 - an elimination project is currently conducted#Note: Features rubbed^Note: Ae. (Fin) mallochi collected for the first time in TCK in 2012/13

Adult mosquito species list Tennant Creek town Collected by MB, DoH

TABLE 29: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEK1 JULY 2012 TO 30 JUNE 2013.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg_1213\Tennant Creek\rain_disease_species_Tennant_1213_draft\tmss1213 Medical Entomology DoH 3/01/2014

SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTALS NO. OF AVERAGE %

Ae. notoscriptus Ae. normanensis An. amictus Cx. annulirostris Cx. quinquefasciatus Other SUCCESSFUL PER

TRAP NIGHTS TRAP NIGHT

1 Kittle Street 0 0 0 1 55 1 57 17 3.35 15.12

2 Hospital Grounds 0 0 0 2 37 5 44 24 1.83 11.67

3 Tennant Creek Sewage Ponds 0 39 0 146 85 6 276 23 12.00 73.21

TOTALS 0 39 0 149 177 12 377 64 5.89 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.00 0.61 0.00 2.3 2.77 0.19 5.89

PERCENTAGE % 0.00 10.34 0.00 39.52 46.95 3.18 100.00

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

Note: Trapping was carried out between October 2012 and June 2013

TABLE 30: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEKAVERAGE NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 3 CONTINUOUS CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg_1213\Tennant Creek\rain_disease_species_Tennant_1213_draft\TMaver3sp90_13 Medical Entomology DoH 3/01/2014

SPECIES1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

Ae. (Och) normanensis 11.00 0.00 20.74 9.17 3.67 n/a 6.40 1.17 n/a 15.90 439.76 28.76 94.35 56.52 0.13 9.31 5.35 0.48 1021.38 n/a 243.67 n/a 0.61

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.56 n/a 3.00 0.25 n/a 7.57 19.15 2.04 0.50 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.00 n/a 0.00

An. (Cel) amictus 71.50 0.08 2.64 2.13 0.00 n/a 57.20 1.88 n/a 2.10 3.91 0.67 16.65 0.74 0.88 6.97 13.41 1.65 21.54 n/a 1.00 n/a 0.00

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* 86.00 3.00 44.26 5.97 1.11 n/a 75.60 9.21 n/a 118.33 744.18 29.33 130.35 12.26 1.86 24.26 21.19 25.25 86.85 n/a 90.33 n/a 2.33

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 0.50 0.83 18.31 7.10 17.78 n/a 14.60 7.88 n/a 5.29 3.33 2.41 14.70 7.48 1.00 3.91 8.04 1.35 10.85 n/a 7.93 n/a 2.77

Other species 4.25 0.42 2.79 0.50 0.44 n/a 8.60 0.33 n/a 28.33 6.64 2.33 4.08 9.37 0.95 24.86 3.82 3.65 8.08 n/a 9.40 n/a 0.19

TOTALS 173.25 4.33 88.74 25.03 23.56 0.00 165.40 20.71 n/a 177.52 1216.97 65.54 260.63 86.63 4.82 69.31 51.82 32.38 1148.69 n/a 352.33 n/a 5.89

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.

No traps set for 1995/96, 1998/99, 2009/10 and 2011/12

Continuous trap sites includes Ford Crescent, Kittle St, Hospital Grounds and Tennant Creek Sewage Ponds

Trapping is conducted in the wet season only.In 2008/09 the Ford Cr trap was moved to Kittle St. The data is included in this table, as both trap sites are very close.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

TABLE 31: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEKTOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS

FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg_1213\Tennant Creek\rain_disease_species_Tennant_1213_draft\TMTOTSP_90_13 Medical Entomology DoH 3/01/2014

SITE TRAP SITE

NO. 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

1 Ford Crescent 0 0 762 128 83 n/a 60 103 n/a 907 4263 404 1429 377 80 995 573 152 6 n/a 66 n/a 57

2 Hospital Grounds 1 18 519 148 89 n/a 125 126 n/a 742 5700 222 2355 359 47 566 547 128 1405 n/a 585 n/a 44

3 Tennant Creek Sewage Ponds 692 34 2446 475 40 n/a 642 268 n/a 2079 30197 2389 6641 1603 244 5924 2404 1015 13522 n/a 4634 n/a 276

TOTALS 693 52 3727 751 212 n/a 827 497 n/a 3728 40160 3015 10425 2339 371 7485 3524 1295 14933 n/a 5285 n/a 377

TOTAL TRAP NIGHTS 4 12 42 30 9 n/a 5 24 n/a 21 33 46 40 27 77 108 68 40 13 n/a 15 n/a 64

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 173.25 4.33 88.74 25.03 23.56 n/a 165.40 20.71 n/a 177.52 1216.97 65.54 260.63 86.63 4.82 69.31 51.82 32.38 1148.69 n/a 352.33 n/a 5.89

No traps set for 1995/96, 1998/99, 2009/10 and 2011/12.

Note: The Ford Crescent trap site was moved to 3 Kittle St in March 2009.

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER YEAR

TABLE 32:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alice Springs\species list_1213\Species list Alice town_1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

Mosquito species collected since 1976 to 2011/12

(all collection methods)Mosquito species collected in

2012/13Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) mallochi Ae. (Mac) species nr 147?Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Mac) species 125 An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Mac) species 126 An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Mac) species 76 Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Mac) species nr 147? Cx. (Cux) australicusAe. (Mac) tremulus Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Muc) alternans Tp. (Pol) punctolateralisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensisAe. (Och) normanensisAe. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Och) sagaxAe. (Och) sapiensAe. (Och) species 159Ae. (Och) species 71Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Och) theobaldiAe. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Och) vittigerAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe.(Och) pseudonormanensisAn. (Ano) bancroftiiAn. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.An. (Cel) hilliCq. (Coq) linealis*Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicusCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) globocoxitusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) species 92Cx. (Cux) starckeaeCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) cylindricusTp. (Pol) punctolateralis

Note: Cq. (Coq) linealis was collected for the first time in Alice Springs on 8th December 2011 in the Swamp B trap

Adult mosquito species list Alice Springs town Collected by ME, DoH

TABLE 33: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGS.1 JULY 2012 TO 30 JUNE 2013.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alice Springs\rain_disease_species_AliceSprings_1213\amss1213 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOESAn. (Cel) amictus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Cux) australicus Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other

1 Ilparpa Swamp A 2 2 20 26 0 20 3 73 43 1.70 17.42

2 Ilparpa Swamp B 2 0 41 71 0 19 4 137 40 3.43 32.70

3 Bloomfield Street 0 2 2 1 0 61 8 74 35 2.11 17.66

4 Old Timers 0 0 1 0 0 28 3 32 41 0.78 7.64

5 Lilliecrapp Road 8 0 0 7 0 9 29 53 37 1.43 12.65

6 Greatorex Road 7 0 4 13 0 2 24 50 40 1.25 11.93

TOTALS 19 4 68 118 0 139 71 419 236 1.78 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.08 0.02 0.29 0.50 0.00 0.59 0.30 1.78

PERCENTAGE % 4.53 0.95 16.23 28.16 0.00 33.17 16.95 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT %SITE NO. TRAP SITE

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL

TRAP NIGHTSTOTALS

TABLE 34: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGSAVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE CONTINUOUS CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alice Springs\rain_disease_species_AliceSprings_1213\AMaver6sp90_13_(contin_sites) Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SPECIES1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

An. (Cel) amictus 1.02 0.30 0.18 1.45 0.55 0.00 39.09 0.09 0.16 10.62 15.56 4.31 3.61 0.44 0.05 0.08 1.32 0.21 0.27 0.88 2.31 0.52 0.03

An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. 29.34 16.71 13.94 27.73 19.44 2.97 10.78 1.22 15.95 8.82 12.70 0.90 2.49 2.65 0.54 0.09 0.28 0.17 0.50 0.77 3.54 0.63 0.03

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* 98.01 28.84 30.13 23.59 129.59 4.21 116.63 6.38 76.32 315.48 433.47 96.79 67.42 23.75 0.60 0.62 12.88 7.17 9.39 28.65 35.67 11.99 0.40

Cx. (Cux) australicus 158.95 12.89 31.54 47.20 32.45 22.44 12.10 9.40 19.18 10.75 1.03 1.04 1.89 14.85 0.37 2.75 0.84 1.24 1.26 1.58 4.83 1.98 0.62

Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus 20.76 439.82 78.54 45.18 25.02 91.97 25.89 26.49 259.82 116.90 162.29 212.52 81.09 100.48 75.75 10.15 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.33 0.03 0 0

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 468.91 27.96 14.69 13.28 27.95 7.25 9.58 4.26 4.42 12.63 4.04 5.51 5.58 5.96 1.33 6.01 3.46 3.03 16.08 5.60 3.28 1.33 0.81

Other species 0.40 8.02 1.35 1.34 2.00 0.19 1.06 0.31 0.79 8.79 7.44 2.81 2.41 1.15 0.12 0.74 0.51 0.18 0.21 1.71 3.32 1.38 0.11

TOTALS 777.39 534.54 170.36 159.78 236.99 129.04 215.14 48.16 376.63 483.99 636.51 323.89 164.48 149.28 78.75 20.43 19.42 11.99 27.73 39.53 52.98 17.84 1.99

Mosquitoes included in the table are female mosquitoes only

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* includes: Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

TABLE 35: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGSTOTAL NUMBERS OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL

WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 1990/91 TO 2012/13.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\reg anrp 1213\Alice Springs\rain_disease_species_AliceSprings_1213\AMTOTSP_monit_sites_90_13 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

SITE TRAP SITE

NO. 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

1 Swamp A 48077 29732 18183 8418 4862 8353 10788 1630 25480 17755 40127 26737 20221 18497 9316 1412 1812 846 2344 3210 5011 1525 73

2 Swamp B 74229 57547 9273 16834 26602 11146 21131 6096 33337 62831 75104 25080 9466 7030 2781 857 1301 1033 504 3604 1944 1153 137

3 Bloomfield Street 2026 4138 1769 2076 2770 1320 1738 695 956 1546 2015 2607 1138 1442 454 1243 571 286 1062 512 598 155 74

4 Old Timers 7825 9077 2802 780 4089 3170 6117 905 4578 7683 9057 9710 2417 2153 3278 553 141 209 1441 738 1242 182 32

5 Lilliecrapp Road 4580 10729 6111 18204 1398 6953 25330 21186 10664 1501 2525 2347 1435 149 118 462 495 3011 172 53

6 Greatorex Road 3088 12194 907 15540 36385 35686 25159 6884 9285 8595 2175 613 262 1999 5957 5811 663 50

7 5 Mcminn Street 44 11

TOTALS 132157 100494 32027 32688 49052 33188 70172 11631 86844 151530 183175 99957 41627 40932 26815 7686 4587 2754 7812 14516 17617 3850 419

TOTAL TRAP NIGHTS 170 188 188 218 200 255 267 292 255 284 300 299 302 291 345 302 296 297 288 310 253 251 236

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 777.39 534.54 170.36 149.94 245.26 130.15 262.82 39.83 340.56 533.56 610.58 334.30 137.84 140.66 77.72 25.45 15.50 9.27 27.13 46.83 69.63 15.34 1.78

Lilliecrapp Road commenced 28/7/1993

Greatorex Road commenced 4/10/1995

5 Mcminn Street commenced 13/10/2004

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER YEAR

TABLE 36: DAFF BIOSECURITY EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN 2012/13.TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED EVS MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\37_quarantine adults1213\QM darwin_CO2 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

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2A FRA (RAAF) - Fighter Replenishment Apron Site 2A 1 2 10 1 17 2 80 0 2 1 7 1 1 1332 2 1872 2 0 67 55 3 2 23 0 0 3483 41 84.95 79.87

4 Airport - Site 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 72 0 85 2 1 2 5 0 0 1 0 0 191 41 4.66 4.38

5 FHW (Fort Hill Wharf) - Site 5 0 0 42 0 2 0 175 1 1 1 18 0 0 54 0 269 8 0 44 7 0 0 59 2 4 687 41 16.76 15.75

TOTALS 1 2 53 1 20 2 275 1 3 2 26 1 1 1458 2 2226 12 1 113 67 3 2 83 2 4 4361 123 35.46 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.01 0.02 0.43 0.01 0.16 0.02 2.24 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.01 11.85 0.02 18.10 0.10 0.01 0.92 0.54 0.02 0.02 0.67 0.02 0.03 35.46

PERCENTAGE % 0.02 0.05 1.22 0.02 0.46 0.05 6.31 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.60 0.02 0.02 33.43 0.05 51.04 0.28 0.02 2.59 1.54 0.07 0.05 1.90 0.05 0.09 100.00

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TOTAL

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL

TRAP NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

SITE NO.

TRAP SITE %

TABLE 37: DAFF BIOSECURITY EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN 2012/13.TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED BIOGENTS SENTINEL MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\37_quarantine adults1213\QM darwin_BG Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

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BG1 QM BG1 Backloading Shed, TOLL (Perkins), Frances Bay Dv 1 0 2 0 3 5 18 0 23 1 0 11 0 1 4 0 62 3 1032 22 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 1198 38 31.53 4.77

BG2 QM BG2 Quarantine shed (international wharf), TOLL (Perkins), Frances Bay 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 3 19 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 38 2 555 36 1 1 5 0 0 0 1 0 8 1 0 0 1 1 0 691 37 18.68 2.75

BG4 QM BG4, East Arm Wharf 11 5 22 0 1 10 507 0 0 0 0 88 6 0 85 1 98 0 17571 107 0 0 0 0 0 1 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 18559 39 475.87 73.94

BG6 QM BG6 MHS (RAAF), (AQIS adult routine monitoring site) 0 2 79 0 1 40 47 0 0 3 1 3 2 0 669 0 343 0 3441 14 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4653 39 119.31 18.54

TOTALS 12 7 103 1 5 56 578 3 42 4 1 107 8 1 764 1 541 5 22599 179 1 1 6 1 1 1 33 1 9 2 1 7 1 1 18 25101 153 164.06 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.08 0.05 0.67 0.01 0.03 0.37 3.78 0.02 0.27 0.03 0.01 0.70 0.05 0.01 4.99 0.01 3.54 0.03 147.71 1.17 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.12 164.06

PERCENTAGE % 0.05 0.03 0.41 0.00 0.02 0.22 2.30 0.01 0.17 0.02 0.00 0.43 0.03 0.00 3.04 0.00 2.16 0.02 90.03 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.07 100.00

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

TOTAL

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL

TRAP NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

SITE NO.

TRAP SITE %

TABLE 38:

F:\ento\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_20012_13\meb_anrp_1213\38_Malcas1213\MAL1213 NT location Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

LOCATION OF NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMBERFIRST FEVER OF CASES ENTOMOLOGICAL REQUIRING

P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale INVESTIGATIONS MOSQUITO CONTROLAlawa 1 1Berrimah 1 1Darwin 1 1Gray 1 1Karama 2 2Rapid Creek 2 1 1The Gardens 6 3 3The Narrows 1 1Wagaman 4 2 2 1Alice Springs 4 4TOTAL 23 14 8 1 1 0

LOCATION OF FIRST FEVER IN NT

MALARIA NOTIFICATIONS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

1 JULY 2012 TO 30 JUNE 2013

PARASITE SPECIES

Table 39:

INTERCEPTION OF EXOTIC MOSQUITOES IN NORTHERN TERRITORY SEAPORTS JULY 2000 - JUNE 2013

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\39_interception_summary_tablesrecept_Sp_vessel type_2000 - 13 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 3/01/2014

1: PORT OF ORIGIN

PORT OF ORIGIN 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 TOTAL

Indonesia 17 8 27 9 24 8 1 5 2 1BG 0 0 0 102

East Timor 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 14

Singapore 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 7

Singapore/East Timor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2BG 2BG 1BG 1BG 6

Other 2* 2 4 0 2 0 1* 0 0 0 0 0 1BG 12TOTAL

INTERCEPTIONS 29 10 34 10 26 9 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 141Other = China, Japan, Malaysia, Philipines, USA, Vietnam or unkown.

09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13

Foreign Fishing Vessel 15 9 31 6 24 8 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 100

Cargo Vessel 8 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 1, 3 BG 1, 2BG 2, 1BG 2BG 27

On-shore Ovitrap 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

Other 4 0 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 11TOTAL

INTERCEPTIONS 29 10 34 10 26 9 3 5 3 4 3 3 5 141Note that multiple receptacles may be positive within a shipment.Other = barge, motor launch, passenger vessel, data not collected.Note that Ae. aegypti larvae were found in a sentinel tyre on 14th May following the initial incursion on 3rd May 2013. The larvae are not recorded in this

09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13

Tyres 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7Water Receptacle (<than 200L) 4 6 6 0 6 2 1 2 2 1BG 0 0 0 29

200L Water Receptacle 13 3 16 1 18 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57

On-shore Ovitraps 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

Adult Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2BG 2BG 1BG 2BG 8

Other 10 1 11 6 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 0 37TOTAL

INTERCEPTIONS 29 10 34 10 26 9 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 141

09/10 10/11 12/13

Aedes aegypti 16 6 31 6 25 8 1* 5 3 1, 2BG 1BG 1BG 2BG 108

Aedes albopictus 1, 1* 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1BG 1, 1BG 0 0 12

Culex spathifurca 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Other 9, 1* 3 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 19TOTAL

INTERCEPTIONS 29 10 34 10 26 9 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 141

2. Larval Collections = Numerals without superscript symbols.

4. *Ovitrap Collection.

08/09 TOTAL 11/12

3. Adult Collection Type: EVS (Encephalitis Virus trap - established 1999), BG (Biogents Sentinel trap - established 2010).

06/07

5. Data on exotic mosquito interceptions in receptacles provided by DAFF.

01/02

1. † Note that this is not a species count, since a species may be detected more than once i.e, in different receptacles within a shippment.

02/03 03/04SPECIES DETECTED

04/05 05/06

01/0200/01

01/02 02/03 03/04

04/05 05/0600/01 07/08

08/0907/08

Other = machinery, equipment, vehicles, luggage, data not collected.

4: MOSQUITO SPECIES DETECTED AS EGGS, LARVAE OR ADULTS†

3: POSITIVE RECEPTACLES & MODE OF DETECTION

TOTAL 00/01

Note that multiple species may be present in one receptacle.

03/04 04/05

2: MODE OF DETECTION & VESSEL TYPES IMPLICATED IN IMPORTATION

06/07 07/08 08/09 TOTAL 02/03

VESSEL TYPE

RECEPTACLE TYPE 05/06

06/07

TABLE 40: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY MOSQUITO SURVEYS AND TRAVEL JULY 2012 TO JUNE 2013

DATE LOCATION PERSON PURPOSE

16-20/7/2012 Tennant Creek William Pettit, Ben Maunder,

Sohail Qureshi Aedes aegypti elimination program

27-31/8/2012 Tennant Creek Peter Whelan, William Pettit Aedes aegypti elimination program

9-14/9/2012 Brisbane Peter Whelan, William Pettit, Sohail Qureshi

MCAA conference

8-10/10/2012 Tennant Creek Nina Kurucz Aedes aegypti elimination program

19-21/11/2012 Cairns Peter Whelan Aedes albopictus technical advisory group meeting

7-11/1/2013 Tennant Creek William Pettit Aedes aegypti elimination program

11-15/2/2013 Tennant Creek William Pettit, Jaana Wenham, Allan Warchot

Aedes aegypti elimination program

11-15/2/2013 Cairns Peter Whelan Aedes albopictus technical advisory group meeting

18-22/2/2013 Tennant Creek Nina Kurucz, Peter Whelan, Nadine Copley

Aedes aegypti elimination program

11-12/4/2013 Batchelor Storm Barrett, Jaana Wenham Setting mosquito traps

15-19/4/2013 Tennant Creek William Pettit Aedes aegypti elimination program

15-18/4/2013 Cairns Peter Whelan Aedes albopictus technical advisory group meeting

7-8/5/2013 Jabiru Jaana Wenham, Storm Barrett Exotic mosquito survey

27-31/5/2013 Tennant Creek William Pettit Aedes aegypti elimination program

24-28/6/2013 Tennant Creek William Pettit Aedes aegypti elimination program

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2012_13\ME anrp 1213\40_survey_travel_1213.doc Medical Entomology CDC DoH 12/06/2013

TABLE 41: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PUBLICATIONS 2012/13

BRANCH REPORTS Medical Entomology annual report 2011/12 Karama North Baseline Biting Insect Assessment, January 2013 Western Desert Resources Ltd Roper Bar Iron Ore Mine. Biting Insect Investigation, April 2013 Mt Todd Gold Mine Baseline Biting Insect Assessment, February 2012 to January 2013 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Jacups S and Whelan PI (2012). A comparison of adult mosquito trapping regimes across seasons and ecosystems in Darwin, Australia. Journal of Vector Ecology Vol. 376, No. 2, pp 284-288. Peter Whelan, Huy Nguyen, Krispin Hajkowicz, Josh Davis, David Smith, Alyssa Pyke, Vicki Krause, and Peter Markey (2012). Evidence in Australia for a case of airport dengue. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Vol. 6, No. 9, pp 1-4. Hobson-Peters J, Lu J, Yam A, Kurucz N, Walsh S, Prow N A, Davis SS, Weir R, Melville L, Hunt N, Webb R, Blitvich BJ, Whelan PI and Hall R (2013). A new insect-specific flavivirus from northern Australia suppresses replication of Kunjin virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in co-infected mosquito cells. PLOS ONE Vol. 8, No. 2, pp 1-12.

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