Medical emergencies

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

ANATOMY Planes of the body

Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral

Superficial Deep Internal External Proximal Distal

ANATOMY Directional Terms

ANATOMY Movement terms

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction External Rotation Internal Rotation Pronation Supination

Lateral flexion Rotation Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Inversion Eversion

ANATOMY Anatomic Position

Anatomical Position Supine Prone Sidelying Trendelenburg Reverse

trendelenburg sitting

Skeletal System The human skeleton is a strong,

flexible framework of 206 bones that supports the body and protects internal organs.

In addition, the bones of the skeleton store calcium, a mineral essential for the activity of nerve and muscle cells.

The soft core of bone, the bone marrow, is where red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and blood platelets form.

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The Skull

Skeletal System Neck

- Contains important structures

- Cervical Vertebrae

- Spinal Cord - Esophagus

- Trachea or Windpipe

- NAV ( vagus, carotid, jugular )

The Spinal Column

The Thorax

Abdominal Cavity

- 2nd Major Body Cavity- Peritoneum - Organs of Digestion and Excretion- Boundary – Best described by QUADRANTS

Landmarks

- Costal Arch (6th – 10th Ribs) - Umbilicus (4th Lumbar)

- Iliac Crest (5th Lumbar) - Symphysis Pubis

Pelvic Cavity

- Bony Ring (2 pelvic bones, 1 sacrum)- Pelvic Bones (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis)- Contents (Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, Rectum)

Upper Extremity Bones

Lower Extremity

FIRST AID the provision of initial

care for an illness or injury

usually performed by non-expert, but trained personnel to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed

FIRST AID

OBJECTIVES:Preserve lifePrevent further harmPromote recovery

FIRST AID RESPONSIBILITIES• Bridge the gap between the victim and the

physician

• Ensure his own safety, that of the victim’s, and of bystanders

• Gain access to the victim

• Determine threats to the victim’s life

FIRST AID RESPONSIBILITIES• Call for more medical assistance as needed

• Provide emergency care to the victim

• Assist Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and other personnel when they arrive

• Remember all assessments and care given to the victim

FIRST AID CHARACTERISTICS Gentle

Resourceful

Observant

Tactful

Empathetic

Respectful

Dedicated

Creative

ASSESSMENT• Name, age, sex• Chief complain• A-B-C• Vital Signs• History• Physical Examination: how?• Further History

Baseline Vital Signs

Gathering Key Patient Information

Obtain the patient’s name. Note the age, gender, and race. Look for identification if the patient is

unconscious.

Chief Complaint The major sign and/or symptom reported by

the patient Symptoms

– Problems or feelings a patient reports Signs

– Conditions that can be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or measured

Obtaining a SAMPLE History (1 of 2)

S—Signs and Symptoms– What signs and symptoms occurred at

onset? A—Allergies

– Is the patient allergic to medications, foods, or other?

M—Medications– What medications is the patient taking?

Obtaining a SAMPLE History (2 of 2)

P—Pertinent past history– Does the patient have any medical

history? L—Last oral intake

– When did the patient last eat or drink? E—Events leading to injury or illness

– What events led to this incident?

OPQRST (1 of 2)

O—Onset– When did the problem first start?

P—Provoking factors – What creates or makes the problem

worse? Q—Quality of pain

– Description of the pain

OPQRST (2 of 2)

R—Radiation of pain or discomfort– Does the pain radiate anywhere?

S—Severity – Intensity of pain on 1-to-10 scale

T—Time– How long has the patient had this

problem?

Baseline Vital Signs (1 of 3)

Key signs used to evaluate a patient’s condition

First set is known as baseline vitals. Repeated vital signs compared to the

baseline


Vital signs always include:– Respirations– Pulse– Blood pressure


Other key indicators include:–Skin temperature and condition in adults

–Capillary refill time in children

–Pupils

–Level of consciousness

Respirations Rate

– Number of breaths in 30 seconds ´ 2

Quality– Character of

breathing Rhythm

– Regular or irregular

Effort– Normal or

labored Noisy respiration

– Normal, stridor, wheezing, snoring, gurgling

Depth– Shallow or deep

Respiratory Rates

Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min

Children 15 to 30 breaths/min

Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min

Pulse Oximetry Evaluates the effectiveness of

oxygenation Probe is placed on finger or earlobe. Pulse oximetry is a tool. Does not replace good patient

assessment

Pulse (1 of 3)

Pulse (2 of 3)

Pulse (3 of 3)

Rate– Number of beats in 30 seconds ´ 2

Strength– Bounding, strong, or weak (thready)

Regularity– Regular or irregular

Normal Ranges for Pulse Rate

Adults 60 to 100 beats/min

Children 70 to 150 beats/min

Infants 100 to 160 beats/min

The Skin Color

– Pink, pale, blue, red, or yellow

Temperature– Warm, hot, or cool

Moisture– Dry, moist, or wet

Capillary Refill Evaluates the ability of

the circulatory system to restore blood to the capillary system (perfusion)

Tested by depressing the patient’s fingertip and looking for return of blood

Blood Pressure Blood pressure is a vital sign. A drop in blood pressure may indicate:

– Loss of blood– Loss of vascular tone– Cardiac pumping problem

Blood pressure should be measured in all patients older than 3 years.

Measuring Blood Pressure Diastolic

– Pressure during relaxing phase of the heart’s cycle

Systolic– Pressure during contraction

Measured as millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) Recorded as systolic/diastolic

Blood Pressure Equipment

Auscultation of Blood Pressure (1 of 2)

Place cuff on patient’s arm. Palpate brachial artery and place

stethoscope. Inflate cuff until you no longer hear pulse

sounds. Continue pumping to increase pressure by

an additional 20 mm Hg.

Auscultation of Blood Pressure (2 of 2)

Note the systolic and diastolic pressures as you let air escape slowly.

As soon as pulse sounds stop, open the valve and release the air quickly.

Palpation of Blood Pressure Secure cuff. Locate radial pulse. Inflate to 200 mm Hg. Release air until pulse is felt. Method only obtains systolic

pressure.

Normal Ranges of Blood Pressure

Age Range

Adults 90 to 140 mm Hg (systolic)

Children (1 to 8 years) 80 to 110 mm Hg (systolic)

Infants (newborn to 1 year) 50 to 95(systolic)

Level of Consciousness

A – AlertV – Responsive to Verbal stimulusP – Responsive to PainU – Unresponsive

Abnormal Pupil Reactions Fixed with no reaction to light Dilate with light and constrict

without light React sluggishly Unequal in size Unequal with light or when light

is removed

Pupillary Reactions

Pupil Assessment P - Pupils E - Equal A - And R - Round R - Regular in size L - React to Light

Reassessment of Vital Signs Reassess stable patients every 15

minutes. Reassess unstable patients every 5

minutes.

HYPERTENSION

• Chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated

• Requires the heart to work

HYPERTENSION Roll up the patient’s loose sleeve. The patient should be sitting up if

possible, and the arm should be relaxed. Wrap the inflatable cuff around the arm, above the bend of the arm. Place the ear pieces of the stethoscope in your ears. Place the round side of the stethoscope underneath the cuff. It should

be placed over the spot where you can feel the brachial artery pulse. Ensure that the air valve on the bulb is closed tight. Inflate the cuff to about 180 mm Hg. Stop inflating and let the cuff begin deflation. You will need to turn

the air valve to let the air make its way out of the cuff. Listen for a sound as the pressure drops. The first sound you hear will

be the measurement for the systolic blood pressure (when the artery is opening). Make a note of this measurement either by writing it down or committing it to memory.

Note where the measurement on the sphygmomanometer is when the last sound you hear takes place. This will be the diastolic blood pressure measurement.

HYPERTENSION

• Headache• Lightheadedness• Vertigo• Tinnitus • Altered vision• Fainting episodes

HYPERTENSION• Let the patient

rest• Give emergency

medications• Monitor patient

CHEST PAIN• HEART

• is a muscular organ found directly under the breastbone

• Weighs between 6 and 11 ounces

• Pumps about 2,000 gallons worth of blood through your body everyday

CHEST PAIN• HEART

• Using rhythmic contractions, it circulates blood through veins and arteries which supplies tissues with oxygenated blood

• Activated by its own electrical system

• Requires oxygen to work properly

CHEST PAIN• HEART ATTACK

• Blood supply to the heart or part of the heart is cut off partially or completely decreasing the amount of oxygen delivered to the heart muscle….this leads to the death of the heart muscle

CHEST PAIN• Risk Factors

• Age• Sex• DM• High BP• Dyslipedemia/

hypercholesterolemia• Tobacco smoking

including 2nd hand smokers


• Short term exposures to air pollution such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide

• Family history of ischemic heart disease

• Obesity• Lack of physical activity

OBESITY

BMI= kg of bw/(ht in meter)² = lbs / (ht in inches) * 703

OBESITY

BMI Classification

< 18.5 underweight

18.5–24.9 normal weight

25.0–29.9 overweight

30.0–34.9 class I obesity

35.0–39.9 class II obesity

≥ 40.0 class III obesit


• Psychosocial Factors• Alcohol• Use of OCP• Hyperhomocystenemi

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CHEST PAIN• Signs and Symptoms Chest pain or discomfort Upper body discomfort in

one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or upper part of the stomach

Shortness of breath Nausea Vomiting Light-headedness Breaking out in a cold

sweat

• What to do• Have the person sit down,

rest, and try to keep calm• Loosen any tight clothing• Help the person take his

medication (if there’s any)

• If the person is unconscious and unresponsive your local emergency number, then begin CPR

CHEST PAIN

BREATHING DIFFICULTIES

• broad term that is used to describe discomfort when breathing, and the feeling that you cannot draw a breath

BREATHING DIFFICULTIES a faster breathing rate wheezing blue fingernails and/or

mouth pale or gray complexion head sweat flaring nostrils Chest pain Cough

RESPIRATORY RATENewborn and infant

Up to 6 month old

30-60 breaths/ min

Infants6 to 12 months old

24-30 breaths/min

Toddlers and children

1 to 5 years old20-30 breaths/min

Children 6 to 12 years12-20 breaths/min

Adult >12 12-20 breaths/ min

BREATHING DIFFICULTIES Chest moving in an

unusual way as the person breathes

Confusion Lightheadedness Weakness Sleepiness Fever Gurgling

BREATHING DIFFICULTIES Check A-B-C Loosen any tight clothing Help use prescribed

medication Continue monitoring

patient DO NOT assume that the

person's condition is improving if you can no longer hear wheezing

If there are open wounds in the neck or chest, they must be closed immediately

HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME

known as excessive breathing, causes a reduction of carbon dioxide concentration (below normal) of the blood


Tense feeling Dizziness Fast or deep breathing Tingling in fingers and

hands Stiffness or cramps in

fingers and hands Tightness around the mouth Cold hands or feet Palpitations in the chest Anxiety


Keep the patient calm

Move patient in a quiet room

7-11 breathing

FEVER

any body temperature above the normal of 98.6 F (37 C)

in practice: temperature is above 100.4 F (38 C)

A fever is any body temperature elevation over 100 °F (37.8 °C)

FEVER

Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) is at or over 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)

Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.7 °C (99.9 °F)

Temperature under the arm (axillary) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)

FEVER

What to do? Tepid sponge bath Paracetamol Ibuprofen Increase water intake

ABDOMINAL PAIN• caused by:

• Inflammation• distention of an

organ• loss of the blood

supply to an organ• contraction of the

intestinal muscles• hyper-sensitivity to

normal intestinal activities

ABDOMINAL PAIN• Food poisoning• Cramps• Stomach flu• Gas• Indigestion• Constipation• Food allergies• Lactose intolerance

ABDOMINAL PAIN

• Let patient lie down and rest

• Give clear fluids• Eat smaller portion meal• Use heating pads• Keep container nearby

in case the person vomits

DIARRHEA

• Condition that leads to frequent, loose or watery stools

DIARRHEA• Prevent dehydration by drinking lots of clear

liquid• BRAT diet• DO NOT take anti-diarrheal medications• DO NOT give spicy, greasy or fatty food

DIARRHEA

• Prevent dehydration by drinking lots of clear liquid

• BRAT diet• DO NOT take anti-diarrheal medications• DO NOT give spicy, greasy or fatty food

VOMITING• forceful expulsion

of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose

VOMITING• Causes

• Food intolerance• Allergy• Hypertension• Increase

intracranial pressure

• other

VOMITING

Have the person drink small amounts of water, sports drinks, or clear liquids

Don't give the person solid food until vomiting has stopped

When the person can tolerate food, try small amounts of the BRAT diet: bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast

SHOCK• A state of collapse

and failure of the heart and blood vessels to deliver enough blood to the body tissues to meet their needs

SHOCK• Sweaty with cool

clammy skin• Pale• Weak and rapid

pulse• Marked thirst• Bluish discoloration

of the skin

SHOCK• Assist victims to lie down• Elevate feet higher than the

heart• Turn head to one side• Assess A-B-C

SEIZURE• A change in

behavior or consciousness that takes place when the electrical activity of the brain becomes irregular

SEIZURE

• Head injury• Infection of the

nervous system• Stroke, heat stroke• Poisoning, drug

overdose• Low blood sugar

SEIZURE• Provide a safe environment• DO NOT attempt to hold

down or restrain a convulsing victim

• Support victim’s head• Sponge bath if has fever• Loosen tight clothing• Roll the patient to side

after seizure episode

STROKE

Is the loss of brain function that results when part of the blood flow to the brain is suddenly cut off

This can be caused by a blood clot or by a ruptured blood in the brain

STROKE• Numbness, tingling,

paralysis on one side of the body

• Speech problems• Dizziness• Confusion• Nausea or vomiting• Decreased level of

sensorium

STROKE

• THINK F.A.S.T.!!!• Facial asymmetry• Arm weakness• Speech difficulties• Time is Critical

FAINTING• common sudden

illness characterized by a partial or complete loss of consciousness

• caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain

FAINTING

• Shock-like signals:• Cool, pale or moist skin• Nausea• Numbness or tingling in

the finger and toes

FAINTING

• Lie down victim• Elevate legs• Loosen tight clothing• Check A-B-C

POISONING• Poison

• any substance ( solid, liquid or gas) that causes illness or death when introduced into the body or into the skin surface

POISONING• Abdominal pain or

cramps• Nausea• Vomiting• Diarrhea• Presence of oral burns,

odors or stains• Drowsiness or loss of

consciousness

POISONING

• WHO is the victim, Age and weight

• WHAT was swallowed• HOW MUCH was

swallowed• HOW did it happened• WHEN did it happened

POISONING• DO NOT induce vomiting• DO NOT give anything by

mouth• Save and bring poison

container• Bring the patient to the

nearest hospital• Contact a poison control

center NCR Poison Control Center

Emergency hotline numbers: 928-0611 loc 707

Direct line/Fax: 921-1212 Mobile: 0922-8106595

POISONING INHALED POISONS

Are gaseous substances that enter through inhalation and cause toxicity

POISONING

• Difficulty of breathing• Cyanosis• Dizziness• Headache• Seizure• Unresponsive

POISONING

• Remove patient from toxic environment• Keep airway open• Monitor A-B-C

POISONING

• Carbon Monoxide• No taste• No scent• No color

POISONING• Sleepy and

drowsy• Headache• Dizziness• Nausea and

Vomiting• Fatigue• Flu-like symptoms

POISONING• Poison may enter the body through the

skin

POISONING• Redness, rash,

and/or blisters on the skin

• Burns• Itching, skin

irritation• Presence of liquid

or powder in the skin

POISONING• Remove victims clothing• Blot the poison from the

skin using a dry piece of clothe. DO NOT rub

• If powder, brush it off• Wash with running water• Monitor victim

POISONING• poisons may also enter the body through a break

in the skin caused by a bite, sting or syringe

INSECT BITE

• Pain• Allergic reactions• Infections• Swelling• Serious Illness• Even Death

INSECT BITE• The stinger may be

present in the bite site

INSECT BITE• Remove the stinger

by gently scraping the skin surface with a knife

• DO NOT pinch the stinger to remove it

• Wash with water• Apply cold

compress

SPIDER /SCORPION

• Pain• Allergic reaction• Swelling• Infection• Venom

paralysis and death

SPIDER /SCORPION

• Bite mark• Swelling• Pain• Nausea and

vomiting• Difficulty in

breathing and swallowing

POISONING – SPIDER AND SCORPION STING

WHAT TO DO? Wash wound with soap and water Antiseptic may be used Apply cold compress Bring victim to nearest hospital

POISONING – MARINE LIFE STING

MARINE ANIMALS Most marine

animals will not deliberately attack unless you disturb them

Painful Rarely fatal Allergic reations


SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Site of contact on

the skin has a rash with pinpoint bleeding

Burning pain Swelling


SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Nausea and

vomiting Muscle cramping Diarrhea and

muscle paralysis Allergic reaction


WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting:

irrigate/soak the affected area with vinegar for at least 10 minutes


WHAT TO DO? Jellyfish sting: If you do

not have vinegar available, rinse in sea water,70% isopropyl alcohol, or Safe Sea Jellyfish After Sting®

DO NOT use fresh water DO NOT rub the area



Remove tentacles with a stick or a pair of tweezers

Apply shaving cream or a paste of baking soda to the area

Shave the area with a razor or credit card

reapply vinegar or alcohol



Eye stings: rinse with a commercial saline solution like Artifical Tears

dab the skin around the eyes with a towel that has been soaked in vinegar

Do not place vinegar directly in the eyes



Mouth stings- treat with 1/4 strength vinegar.

Mix ¼ cup of vinegar with ¾ cup of water. Gargle and spit out the solution.

DO NOT drink or swallow the solution.



May give over the counter pain reliever

Monitor victim’s condition Bring patient in nearest hospital


WHAT TO DO? Stingray sting:

Immerse irrigate the affected area with hot water (as hot as can be tolerated) for at least 20 min or for as long as pain persists


WHAT TO DO? Stingray sting:

Wash the wound with soap and water

Cover the wound Immediately bring the victim to the nearest Hospital/poison control center

POISONING – SNAKE BITE

REMEMBER!!! Identifying the type/species of snake can

greatly help the hospital medical personnel choose the appropriate treatment to give


COMPARISON VENOMOUS SNAKEe.g. cobra

NON-VENOMOUS SNAKE

e.g. python

MOVEMENT Cortina ,side-winding

Semi-cortina, curving

SHAPE OF HEAD

Semi- triangular Oblong

BODY GIRTH Rectangular Circular

SKIN Rough Smooth

PUPIL Vertical, slit-like Round

MANNER OF ATTACK

Non-constrictor Constrictor

BITE MARK Fang Marks: 2 punctures

U-shaped row of marks


WHAT TO DO? Clean the area of the bite with soap

and water Have the victim lying down quietly and

comfortably Immediately bring the victim to the

nearest hospital/ animal bite center


WHAT TO DO? DO NOT suck the wound

to remove the venom DO NOT apply tourniquet DO NOT apply a cold

compress DO NOT incise the bitten

area

POISONING – SNAKE BITE WHAT TO DO?

Apply pressure immobilization bandage

40 and 70 mm Hg : UE 55 and 70 mm Hg: LE Pressure is sufficient if

the bandage is comfortably tight and snug but allows a finger to be slipped under it

POISONING – LAND ANIMAL BITE

LAND ANIMAL BITE Can result to:

Damaged tissue Infection Tetanus rabies


WHAT TO DO? Wash the area of the

bite with soap and water for 30 minutes

Avoid scrubbing, which can bruise the tissue

Control the bleeding Cover the wound with

sterile or clean dressing


WHAT TO DO? Immediately bring the

victim to the nearest hospital/animal bite center

POISONING – TOXIC EYE INJURY

Rinse eyes exposed to toxic substances immediately with a copious amount of water unless a specific antidote is available

POISONING – ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

ALCOHOL INTOXICATION A state by which alcohol

levels ingested exceed that of a persons tolerance

This produces physiological changes that manifest as mental and physical impairements


SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Odor of alcohol on the victim’s breath or clothing

Unsteady, staggering walking

Slurred speech, unable to carry conversation

Nausea and vomiting Flushed face seizure


WHAT TO DO FOR A RESPONSIVE PERSON Provide emotional support Look for any injuries Protect person from hurting himself If the person becomes violent, leave, call

the police Call for emergency medical assistance


WHAT TO DO FOR AN UNRESPONSIVE PERSON? Call for emergency medical assistance

immediately Make sure airway is clear and that person in

breathing DO NOT give anything by mouth Place person in side – lying position Assume there is spinal injury if there are signs

of injury Regulate the person’s body heat Bring the person to the nearest hospital

HEAT RELATED EMERGENCIES

HEAT EXPOSURE

Heat crampsHeat exhaustionHeat stroke


HEAT CRAMPS Are painful tightening of the muscles

that occur after prolonged use, as in vigorous exercise


WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT CRAMPS? Move the patient away from

the potential source of heat Have them rest Drink plenty of water Stretch the tightened muscle Loosen tight clothing


HEAT EXHAUSTION The most common

serious emergency caused by heat

Causes: Heat exposure Stress Fatigue


HEAT EXHAUSTION Signs and

symptoms Excessive sweating Pale, moist, cool skin Dry tongue and thirst Dizziness or faintness Irritability Confusion


HEAT EXHAUSTION Signs and

symptoms Weakness Nausea Vomiting Headache Rapid pulse Normal or slightly

elevated body temperature


WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT EXHAUSTION The most important step is to COOL the

victim remove any excessive layers of clothing,

especially around head and neck move the victim to a cooler

environment lay the victim down flat and elevate his

legs


WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT EXHAUSTION Fan the victim or place

cool wet cloths on his skin

Give victim water to drink

DO NOT give alcoholic, caffeinated or carbonated drinks


HEAT STOKE Happens when the

body is exposed to more heat than it can handle

Temperature may reach 41ᵒC


HEAT STOKE Signs and symptoms

Striking change in the victims behavior

Loss of consciousness Flushed, hot and dry

skin Pulse and breathing

are rapid and weak


WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT STOKE Call for emergency medical assistance

ASAP Move the victim to coolest possible

place Remove as much of the victims clothing

as possible Place the victim in comfortable position


WHAT TO DO WITH HEAT STOKE Apply cool packs to the victim’s neck,

groin and armpits Cover the victim with cold wet towel or

sheets or spray the victim with cool water

Bring the victim to the hospital as fast as possible

COLD RELATED EMERGENCIES

HYPOTHERMIA Happens when the

core temperature of the body falls below 35ᵒC


WHAT TO DO WITH HYPOTHERMIA Remove the victim from the cold

environment If the feet are injured, DO NOT allow the victim

to walk Remove any wet clothing from the victim Place dry blankets over and under the victim DO NOT massage the victims limbs


WHAT TO DO WITH HYPOTHERMIA Handle the victim gently to avoid causing pain

or further injury to the skin DO NOT allow the victim to eat or take

coffee, tea, cola, or tobacco Give warm fluids for conscious victim Bring patient to nearest hospital

DIABETIC EMERGENCIES

HYPERGLYCEMIA Level of glucose is above

normal Caused by:

overeating without taking medications for diabetes regularly


HYPERGLYCEMIA Signs and symptoms

warm and dry skin intense thirst Vomiting rapid deep breathing sweet fruity odor of breath Normal, Rapid and full pulse restless heading to coma


HYPOGLYCEMIA Level of glucose is below

normal Caused by:

missing meals being overly active

physically taking too much

diabetes medication


HYPOGLYCEMIA Signs and symptoms

pale and moist skin intense hunger normal rapid breathing rapid weak pulse irritable, confused with

seizure or coma


WHAT TO DO Call for emergency medical assistance ASAP For conscious victim with hypoglycemia, give

candy or juice drinks If victim is unconscious, assess CAB’s and

manage accordingly Bring the victim to the hospital ASAP

ALLERGIC REACTIONS

ALLERGY Is an over reaction of the body’s protective

mechanisms to unwanted substances

ALLERGIC REACTIONS

TRIGGERING FACTORS Insect bites and stings Medications Plants Food chemicals

ALLERGIC REACTIONS

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Sneezing or an itchy runny

nose Flushing with itching, tingling

or burning sensation in the skin

Skin hives Tightness of the chest or

throat hoarseness

ALLERGIC REACTIONS

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Wheezing Respiration becomes rapid,

labored and noisy Increased pulse rate Pale skin and dizziness Loss of consciousness

ALLERGIC REACTIONS WHAT TO DO

Remove the potential source of allergen Call for emergency medical assistance Assist the person in taking his anti-allergy

medications Have the patient rest until medical help

arrives Assess the patient CABs and treat

correspondingly

ALLERGIC REACTIONS WHAT TO DO

Use anaphylaxis kit The kit contains a dose

of epinephrine (0.3mg / 0.15mg) that can be injected into the body to counteract the anaphylactic reaction

NOSEBLEED / EPISTAXIS

CAUSES Nose picking Traumatic injury High blood pressure Infections Vitamin deficiency Use of medications

NOSEBLEED / EPISTAXIS WHAT TO DO

Calm the patient Patient should sit with

the upper part of the body tilted forward and the mouth open

Pinch the soft parts of the nose together between the thumb and index finger

NOSEBLEED / EPISTAXIS

WHAT TO DO Hold the nose pinched

for at least 8 to 10 minutes

Apply ice to the base of the nose

Seek medical help

FOREIGN BODY IN THE NOSE

A foreign body inside a child’s nose can be present for a period of time without the parent being aware of the problem.

Potential to dislodge and travel


SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Difficulty in breathing Feeling of something inside

the nose Fouls smelling or bloody nasal

discharge Irritation or pain in the nose


WHAT TO DO Have the victim blow

out of the nose gently to try to free the object

If visible, try to grasp it with tweezer


WHAT TO DO DO NOT probe the nose

with cotton swab DO NOT try to inhale

the object DO NOT try to remove

an object that is not visible

FOREIGN BODY IN THE EAR WHAT TO DO

May remove object if visible using a tweezer

Tilt head to the side If insect, put few

drops of baby oil or mineral oil

If button battery, urgent removal is required

HALAMANG GAMOT

HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH)

LAGUNDI (Scientific name: Vitex negundo) – Gamot sa ubo, sipon, lagnat, at hika

HALAMANG GAMOT (DOH) YERBA BUENA (Scientific

name: Clinopodium douglasii)· - Gamot sa pananakit ng katawan, ubo, sipon, hilo, at pangangati


SAMBONG (Scientific name: Blumea balsamifera) – Gamot sa high blood (hypertension) bilang isang pampaihi o diuretic; nakakalusaw ng mga bato sa bato.


TSAANG GUBAT (Scientific name: Carmona retusa) – Gamot sa sakit ng tiyan o pagtatae (gastroenteritis) at pangmumog para maiwasan ang mga cavites o pamumulok ng ngipin.


NIYOG-NIYOGAN (Scientific name: Quiscalis indica) – Gamot sa bulate sa tiyan


AKAPULKO (Scientific name:· Cassia alata) – Panlaban sa mga fungal infection sa balat gaya ng an-an, buni, alipunga.


ULASIMANG-BATO (Scientific name: Peperonia pellucida) – Ginhawa sa rayuma o arthritis at gout


BAWANG (Scientific name: Alium sativum) – Pampababa ng kolesterol (cholesterol-lowering agent)


AMPALAYA (Scientific name: Momordica charantia) – Pampababa ng asukal sa dugo sa mga may diabetes (Lowers blood sugar levels)


BAYABAS (Scientific name: Psidium guajava) – Gamot sa pagtatae (antidiarrheal) at panghugas ng katawan na nakakaalis ng mikrobyo (antiseptic)

Medical emergencies

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Medical emergencies