MEDIA TIMELINE.Ellen Brooking

A2 Media Studies

HISTORY OF MUSIC VIDEOS. 1902-1917: The phonoscène era

The phonoscène was a forerunner of sound film. It combined a chronophone sound recording with a chronograph film shot with actors lip-synching to the sound recording. The recording and film were synchronized by a mechanism patented by Leon Gaumont in 1902. The first phonoscènes were presented by Gaumont in 1902 in France.

1926-1959: Talkies, soundies, and shorts

In 1926, with the arrival of "talkies" many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers. Spooney Melodies in 1930 was the first true musical video series. Shorts were typically six minutes in duration, and featured Art Deco-style animations and backgrounds combined with film of the performer

singing.

1960–1967: Visual innovation

In 1961, for Canadian show Singalong Jubilee, Manny Pittson began pre-recording the music audio, went on-location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip-synching, then edited the audio and video together. Most music numbers were taped in-studio on stage, and the location shoot "videos" were to add variety. In 1963, singer

Kyu Sakamoto is featured on the Japanese television program Shall We Meet At Seven? singing eight of his best-known songs, including his international hit Sukiyak. Sakamoto is shown singing the latter as he walks through an alley past barrels.

One of the earliest Videos of a Top 40 hit, was Jan & Dean's "Surf City", produced in Summer 1963, contemporaneous with the single release reaching Number One nationally in July 1963 (ref: Wikipedia). Filmed on location on Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu, it's a period-piece, capturing much of the atmosphere and vibe of the

Southern California early 1960s beach scene. This video is readily available for download and viewing on YouTube.com.

Another early performance clip was The Animals's 1964 hit “House of the Rising Sun".This high-quality colour clip was filmed in a studio on a specially-built set; with the group lip-synching.

1974–1980 – Beginnings of music television

United Kingdom

In 1975, The Who released their all-music feature film Tommy, directed by Ken Russell, based upon their 1969 rock opera of the same name. Also in 1975, the band Queen ordered Bruce Growers to make a promo video for their new single "Bohemian Rhapsody" to show it in Top of The Pops; this is also notable for being entirely shot and edited

on videotape.

HISTORY OF MUSIC VIDEOS.The Alan Parker film adaptation of Pink Floyd The Wall transformed the group's 1979 concept double-LP of the same title into a

confrontational and apocalyptic audio-visual labyrinth of stylised, expressionistic images, sounds, melodies and lyrics.The long-running British Rock music show "The Old produced a number of pioneering videos made especially for the program

throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. These included a video of Frank Zappa's "City of Tiny Lights" made using claymation and videos made for performers such as Television, Led Zeppelin, Genesis, Pink Floyd and Mike Oldfield. The executive producer of The Old Grey

Whistle Test was Mike Appleton. Derek Burbidge and Kate Humphreys directed and videoed many of the artists. The audio was always of prime importance. Gregg Baily was the recordist for the show on location. Although many assumed the bands were playing live, due to technical issues and the need to ensure performances were controlled, the bands often recorded the performance on the day of shooting

prior to taping, and then mimed to this "live" track. Other directors and camera operators were Martin Pitts in the USA, and for England, John Metcalfe and Tim Pope and many others. Location shoots all over the world were an essential part of the program. Martin Pitts

Directed clips for the Bee Gees that aired on the show.United States

American alternative punk rock group Devo created many self-produced music videos, which were included in the pioneering compilation "The Truth About Devolution", directed by Chuck Statler. Devo's video cassette releases were arguably among the first true long-form

video productions. Also, one of their music videos "The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprise" was the first to use computer and traditional animation.Shock-rocker Alice Cooper took a video of his Welcome To My Nightmare concert showcasing the intense visual performance

it gave.Alice Cooper himself makes reference to making one of the first music videos on the promotional videos for his album Along Came A Spider.

1981–1991: Music videos go mainstreamIn 1981, the U.S. video channel MTV launched, airing "Video Killed The Radio Star" and beginning an era of 24-hour-a-day music on

television. With this new outlet for material, the music video would, by the mid-1980s, grow to play a central role in popular music marketing. Many important acts of this period, most notably Adam and The Ants, Duran Duran and Madonna, owed a great deal of their

success to the skilful construction and seductive appeal of their videos.

EXAMPLES OF MUSIC VIDEOS.

The Animals - House of The Rising Sun:www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwAw9ThDQmkQueen - Bohemian Rhapsody: www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJ9rUzIMcZQ

Jan & Dean - Surf City: www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNwqa-QzAecThe Buggles - Video Killed The Radio City: www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8r-tXRLazs

Michael Jackson - Thriller: www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ_ExkfcBao

HISTORY OF ROCK.Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as "rock and roll" in 1950s America and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as blues and folk, and

incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical sources.Blues Based Rock – 1963-1970

The rock revolution of the 1960s seen through the life and music of Jimi Hendrix. The first doomed icon of rock, Hendrix was the synthesis of everything that had gone before him and all that was to come. The Birth Of Rock also explores the influence of rhythm & blues on a generation of British musicians such as The Rolling Stones, Cream and The Who, and how the song-writing of Bob Dylan and studio

developments of The Beatles transformed the possibilities and ambitions of rock.Art Rock – 1966-1980

The story of how artistic and conceptual expression permeated rock. From the pop-art multi-media experiments of Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground to the sinister gentility of Peter Gabriel's Genesis, White Light, White Heat traces how rock became a vehicle for artistic

ideas and theatrical performance. We follow Pink Floyd from the fated art school genius of Syd Barrett through the global success of Dark Side of the Moon to the ultimate rock theatre show, The Wall. Along the way, the film explores the retro-futurism of Roxy Music and the

protean world of David Bowie.Punk- 1973-1980

A tale of two cities, London and New York and the birth of punk. Each city created a bastard child that marked the biggest and fundamental shift in popular music since Elvis walked into Sun Studios. Blank Generation unpicks the relationship between the bankrupt

New York and the class and race-riven London of the mid-1970's and explores the music of The Sex Pistols, The Clash, Ramones, Television, Patti Smith, The Damned and Buzzcocks.

Heavy Metal- 1970-1991The story of the longest surviving and certainly the loudest genre of rock, heavy metal. With no sign of disappearing, metal has been the most controversial and misunderstood of all rock genres. Emerging at the tail end of the hippy dream from the rust belt of industrial England, heavy metal would go on to secure the most loyal fan base of all. With Black Sabbath as the undisputed Godfathers, we follow their highs and

lows, and, along the journey, meet Deep Purple, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden and Metallica.

HISTORY OF ROCK.Stadium Rock – 1965 - 1993

We Are The Champions follows the development of some the biggest names in Rock, among them Queen, Bruce Springsteen, The Police and Dire Straits and shows how, through events such as Live Aid and the rise of MTV, rock

achieved a global influence on culture and politics. The film concludes in the early 90s, as U2 effectively brought the era to a close by reinventing the big rock show so completely, that fifteen years later most major rock tours are still pale

facsimiles.Alternative Rock – 1980-1994

The rise of alternative rock in the USA. From its early underground days where bands like Black Flag drew inspiration from the DIY ethos of punk, Left Of The Dial traces the history of the network of fans, clubs and fanzines that sustained

the scene and launched the careers of bands like REM, The Pixies and Hüsker Dü. The film takes a fresh look at the explosion of the Seattle scene, culminating in the success of Nirvana's 'Nevermind' and the tragic loss of Kurt Cobain, an

artist whose triumph and tragedy continues to cast an inescapable shadow.Indie – 1980-2007

The story of British indie, beginning with The Smiths, the archetypal indie group. The film follows The Stone Roses as the heirs to the indie crown, Suede's dark sexuality and the media saturation of Brit-pop's Blur v Oasis. What The

World Is Waiting For explores how indie ultimately lost its once cherished intimacy and integrity in front of 250,000 fans at Oasis's Knebworth spectacle in 1996 and how, by returning to its roots in clubs and bars (and even front rooms) with

bands such as Franz Ferdinand, The Libertines and The Arctic Monkeys, indie became respectable again.

EXAMPLES OF ROCK MUSIC.

Oasis – Don’t Look Back In Anger: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-ysg62GmFoBill Haley & The Comets: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5fsqYctXgM

The Clash – London Calling: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfK-WX2pa8cR.E.M. – Losing My Religion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=if-UzXIQ5vw

Iron Maiden – Run To The Hills: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geHLdg_VNww

SUMMARY OF ROCK MUSIC VIDEOS.

Rock music video’s initially began by showing pre recorded shows then relaying them to other TV shows and to other channels. The change into what we know music video’s happened during the

late 60’s early 70’s where bands began to create video that showed the band creating a visual experience for the audience however this plan then transcended in to full feature length films such

as HELP! By the Beatles. One of the first video’s that used new technologies to create an interaction with the audience is the video to Bohemian Rhapsody to create the light and the

multiple imagery within the video.

INFLUENCESAll of the work I have done looking at the development of rock music and the music video industry

have influenced the way that I want my video to be filmed and what I want it to look like after the editing process. I want my music video to have a fun and summery vibe which has been influenced by the cross section of videos I have looked at. I want my music film to have a

storyline which has been influenced by the appearance of storylines in video’s in the 70’s and the 80’s. My video ideas have been influenced by video’s from David Bowie’s to Madonna and

this is what I will try and recreate in my video.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCES.

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_videowww.youtube.com

http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/sevenages/