Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma
description
Transcript of Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma
![Page 1: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports
Trauma
![Page 2: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Basic Injury Terms(please note that some pictures may be graphic)
Soft Tissue Trauma• The skin = wounds
– Abrasion– Incision– Friction blister– Laceration– Avulsion– Puncture– Contusion
![Page 3: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Abrasion - skin is scraped away against a rough surface. The epidermis and dermis are worn away, exposing
numerous capillaries
Incision - skin is sharply cut
![Page 4: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Laceration - a wound where the flesh has been irregularly torn
• Avulsion - skin is completely ripped from its source
![Page 5: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Skin bruise - a blow compresses or crushes the skin surface producing bleeding under the skin - called a contusion
• Puncture - penetration of skin by a sharp object
![Page 6: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Friction blister - continuous rubbing over the surface of the skin causes a collection of fluid below or within
the epidermal layer
![Page 7: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Care for blisters
– Prevention: • Talcum powder or petroleum jelly can protect skin against
abnormal friction• Wearing tubular socks or 2 pairs of socks• Correct size shoe• Shoes must be broken in
– Treatment:• Leave intact first 24 hrs.• Popping a blister depends on pain and severity• Avoid infection by cleaning with antiseptic soap• May use 2nd skin or moleskin• Doughnut pad may decrease pain
![Page 8: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Soft Tissue Trauma• Skeletal Muscle Trauma
Contusions: Superficial to deep• Hematoma may be formed by localization of the bleeding
into a clot
![Page 9: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Strains - stretch, tear or rip in the muscle tissue or tendon
•Possible causes: abnormal muscle contraction due to a strength imbalance, electrolyte imbalance
•May range from a minute separation of connective tissue and muscle fibers to a complete tendinous avulsion or muscle rupture
![Page 10: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Soft Tissue Trauma Strains
Grade I = Some muscle fibers stretched or torn, mild tenderness, pain on active motion but full range of motion (ROM) is possible, no discoloration, mild loss of strength
Grade II = Some muscle fibers torn, extremely painful, loss of strength and movement, discoloration due to capillary bleeding, possible divot felt
Grade III = complete rupture, significant impairment or total loss of movement, pain is intense but quickly diminishes due to complete nerve separation
![Page 11: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Soft Tissue Trauma
Muscle Soreness 2 Types:
• Acute-Onset Muscle Soreness - usually accompanies fatigue, during and immediately after exercise
• Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) - appears 12-24 hrs after exercise. Most intense 24-48 hrs later. Takes about 72 hrs to go away
![Page 12: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Soft Tissue Trauma
• Tendon - attaches muscle to bone
Tendonitis - inflammation of the tendon-muscle attachments, tendon or both due to overuse– Gradual onset, diffuse tenderness, swelling,
pain• Grade I = pain before, no pain during, pain after• Grade II = pain before, during and after but sill
functional• Grade III = pain all the time and debilitating
![Page 13: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Joint Trauma
• Ligaments• Connect 2 bones • Primary Function = motion control and stability• Sprain = stretching or tearing of ligaments, joint
capsule, or both
![Page 14: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Cartilage
– Connective tissue that provides firm and flexible support
– Because of its great strength, cartilage can be deformed without damage and still return to its original shape
– Occurs throughout body and consists of 3 types:
• Hyaline - nasal septum, trachea, larynx, articular ends of bones of the synovial joints
• Fibrous - vertebral discs, meniscus• Elastic - external ear, eustachian tube
![Page 15: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Hyaline – no direct blood supply– Receives nourishment from synovial fluid– Acts like a sponge
• Articular cartilage– Motion control– Stability– Load transmission
![Page 16: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Joint Trauma Sprains
• Grade I = some pain, mild pt. tenderness, mild loss of function, little to no swelling, little to no discoloration, no instability
• Grade II = pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and moderate instability
• Grade III = extremely painful, major loss of function, severe instability, swelling, rupture of the ligament
![Page 17: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Joint Trauma Dislocations: complete joint disruption
• 2nd to fractures in terms of disabling the athlete• Highest incidence = fingers, shoulder, elbow• 1st time dislocations (all except finger) should always be
treated as emergencies and 911 called (finger should be referred but not an emergency)
![Page 18: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Skeletal Trauma Acute Bone Fractures: disruption in the bone’s
continuity• Depressed• Greenstick• Impacted• Longitudinal• Spiral• Transverse• Comminuted• Avulsion• Open or compound
![Page 19: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Skeletal Trauma Stress Fractures
• Weakened areas of bone• Starts as stress reaction and progresses to stress fracture
• Causes - theories include:• Coming back from injury too soon• Going from one event to another without proper training• Starting too quickly• Changing environment (running surfaces, shoes, etc.)• Postural and foot mal-alignments
![Page 21: Mechanisms and Characteristics of Sports Trauma](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051402/5681600d550346895dcf0cef/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Skeletal Trauma Stress Fractures
• Common areas: tibia, fibula, metatarsals (3rd and 4th), calcaneus, femur, lumbar vertebrae (extension athletes), ribs, humerus
• Signs and symptoms: progression of pain from intermittent to constant, more intense at night, focal to one spot, swelling, does not respond to treatment
• Management: send athlete for xray to rule out fx; possible bone scan may be necessary if pain persists and xray is negative, usu. walking boot is recommended