Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using...

Research ArticleMechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete UsingComposite Binders

Roman Fediuk Aleksey Smoliakov and Aleksandr Muraviov

Far Eastern Federal University Vladivostok 690950 Russia

Correspondence should be addressed to Roman Fediuk roman44yandexru

Received 14 June 2017 Revised 12 September 2017 Accepted 19 September 2017 Published 26 October 2017

Academic Editor Rishi Gupta

Copyright copy 2017 Roman Fediuk et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

This paper investigates the creation of high-density impermeable concrete The effect of the ldquocement fly ash and limestonerdquocomposite binders obtained by joint grinding with superplasticizer in the varioplanetary mill on the process of structure formationwas studied Compaction of structure on micro- and nanoscale levels was characterized by different techniques X-ray diffractionDTA-TGA and electron microscopy Results showed that the grinding of active mineral supplements allows crystallization centersto be created by ash particles as a result of the binding of Ca(OH)

2during hardening alite which intensifies the clinker minerals

hydration process the presence of fine grains limestone also leads to the hydrocarboaluminates calcium formation The relationbetween cement stone neoplasms composition as well as fibrous concrete porosity and permeability of composite at nanoscalelevel for use of composite binders with polydispersed mineral supplements was revealed The results are of potential importancein developing the wide range of fine-grained fiber-reinforced concrete with a compressive strength more than 100MPa with lowpermeability under actual operating conditions

1 Introduction

Concrete on cementitious binder and natural aggregates iswidely used as structural material in construction industryWorldwide the large-capacity ash waste and crushing of therocks are generated as a result of activity of the fuel and energysector and mining industry enterprises It seems necessaryto optimize the processes of concrete mixtures structureformation by using industrial waste Traditional types ofconcrete have insufficient properties of gas permeability andvapor permeability At the same time it is necessary toimprove the strength and deformability quality of compositeto achieve fine-grained fiber-reinforced concrete

Leading scientific schools in the field of buildingmaterialsscience have developed a number of concrete types withenhanced operational properties

Textile-reinforced concrete is a type of reinforced con-crete in which the usual steel reinforcing bars are replaced bytextile materials Materials with high tensile strengths withnegligible elongation properties are reinforced with woven ornonwoven fabrics The fibers used for making the fabric are

of high tenacity like Jute glass fiber Kevlar polypropylenepolyamides (nylon) and so forth

Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete incor-porate copper slag as a fine aggregate and concluded thatless than 40 copper slag as sand substitution can achievehigh-strength concrete comparable to or better than thecontrol mix beyond which however its behaviors decreasedsignificantly [1ndash3]

Glass fiber-reinforced concrete consists of high-strengthalkali-resistant glass fiber embedded in a concrete matrix Inthis form both fibers and matrix retain their physical andchemical identities while offering a synergistic combinationof properties that cannot be achieved with either of thecomponents acting alone

High-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious com-posites (HPFRCCs) [4 5] are a group of fiber-reinforcedcement-based composites which possess the unique abilityto flex and self-strengthen before fracturing Strain hard-ening the most coveted capability of HPFRCCs occurswhen a material is loaded past its elastic limit and beginsto deform plastically This stretching or ldquostrainingrdquo action

HindawiAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2017 Article ID 2316347 13 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520172316347

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

actually strengthens thematerialThe basis for the engineereddesign of different HPFRCCs varies considerably despitetheir similar compositions For instance the design of onetype of HPFRCC called Engineered Cementitious Composite(ECC) stems from the principles of micromechanics ECCalso called bendable concrete is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected shortrandom fibers usually polymer fibers [6 7] Unlike regularconcrete ECC has a strain capacity in the range of 3ndash7compared to 001 for ordinary Portland cement (OPC)ECC therefore acts more like a ductile metal than a brittleglass (as does OPC concrete) leading to a wide variety ofapplications [8 9]

Ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) is a new type ofconcrete that is being developed by agencies concerned withinfrastructure protection [10ndash14] UHPC is characterized bybeing a steel fiber-reinforced cement composite materialwith compressive strengths in excess of 150MPa up to andpossibly exceeding 250MPa UHPC is also characterized byits constituent material make-up typically fine-grained sandsilica fume small steel fibers and special blends of high-strength Portland cement Note that there is no large aggre-gate The current types in production differ from normalconcrete in compression by their strain hardening followedby sudden brittle failure Ongoing research intoUHPC failurevia tensile and shear failure is being conducted by multiplegovernment agencies and universities around the world

The high-strength self-consolidating (self-compacting)concrete technology is made possible by the use of poly-carboxylates plasticizer instead of older naphthalene-basedpolymers and viscosity modifiers to address aggregate segre-gation [15 16]

Combination of microsilica and nanosilica (colloidal sil-ica) is considered to design high-strength self-consolidatingconcrete [1 20 21] The results also revealed that 7 substi-tution of microsilica showed the same effect as 2 nanosilicareplacement [1 22 23]

The fiber-matrix interfacial transition zone (ITZ) atnanoscale plays an important role in determining themechanical performance of hybrid steel-polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete at upper scales This topic [24] presentsthe elastic behavior of the ITZ between steelpolypropylenefiber and pure cement paste through nanoindentation fordifferent watercement ratios

Thus the fine-grained structure with high homogene-ity is characterized by increase of the integrated strengthbetween aggregate and cement stone and decrease of specificstress in the contact area Adhesion of sand componentincreases significantly with increase of contact area theseconditions were realized when creating the fine-grained con-crete based on composite binders by using crushed granitefrom Wrangel deposit (Russian Far East) The aim of thestudy was to develop the concrete matrix dense structurewith high gas water and vapor impermeability Compositebinders obtained by cogrinding of Portland cement fly ashcrushed limestone and superplasticizer have been proposedto achieve this aim One of the ways to improve the propertiesof concrete and to reduce permeability parameters is the useof highly active additives of various compositions and genesis

at micro- and nanosized levels which contribute to theoptimization of structure formation processes by initiatingthe formation of hydrated compounds The efficiency ofuse of the active mineral additives of nanostructured silica-modifier composition has been proven in topics [1 20 21 23]The possibility of the permeability reduction of the concretebymechanically grinding the composite binders componentswas also studied previously [17] However the protectiveproperties (impermeability parameters) and efficiency ofhigh-density impermeable concrete (HDIC) produced on thebasis of composite binder were not considered previously

An assumption about the possibility of HDIC is obtainedby varying the amount and type of additives fineness of thecomposite binder components and hardening conditions [1825] The purpose of this work is to improve impermeabilityand strength characteristics of the fiber-reinforced concretethrough use of composite binders obtained by cogrinding ofPortland cement superplasticizer fly ash of a thermal powerstation and crushing screenings limestone

2 Materials and Methods

To achieve this goal the following tasks were completed inthis work

(i) Study of mineral composition particle size distribu-tion and physical and mechanical characteristics ofthe binders components and fillers for concrete

(ii) Research of the effect ofmineral and organic additiveson the properties of composite binders

(iii) Study of the properties of fiber-reinforced concretedepending on the characteristics of the compositebinder taking into account peculiarities of struc-ture formation to improve the impermeability andstrength characteristics research on characteristicsof water absorption and gas water and vapor per-meability of developed concrete and experimentalindustrial testing of the proposed compositions

The science work included grinding of composite bindercomponents in a varioplanetary mill Ordinary Portlandcement (OPC) fly ash (FA) limestone crushingwaste (LCW)and superplasticizer were used as ground components

The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the rawmaterials obtained by means of X-ray florescence (on D8ADVANCE powder diffractometer from Bruker AXS) arepresented in Tables 1 and 2

In the varioplanetary mill the rotational speeds of thegrinding jars and the support disc can be set completelyindependently The movement and the trajectory of thegrinding balls can be influenced by varying the gear ratioso that the balls strike horizontally on the inner wall of thegrinding jar (by high impact energy) approach tangentially(by high friction) or simply roll over the inner wall of thegrinding jar (by centrifugal mills) All intermediate stagesand combinations between pressure friction and impactcan be freely set (Figure 1) Accordingly grinding by thevarioplanetary mills is more energy-efficient than that by theball mills and the vibratory mills In addition due to the

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

Table 1 The chemical compositions of the fly ashes Portland cement and limestone crushing wastes

The predominant type of coal

Fly ash

Portland cement LCWPrimorye TPP Vladivostok TPP 0rtem TPP Partizansk TPP

Luchegorsk andBikinsky

Primorsky brown(Pavlovskysection)

Coal Neryungrinskycoal

Content of elements in termsof oxides

SiO2

553 63 481 474 202ndash209 749TiO2

05 05 0 09 024Al2O3

126 214 293 223 60ndash67 333Fe2O3

107 75 65 196 35ndash40 024CaO 125 34 97 48 662ndash67 4421MgO 35 21 18 28 14ndash20 257K2O 1 13 12 01

Na2O 04 03 02 04

SO3

34 06 23 162LOI 23 14 06 lt5 018 3871

Table 2 The mineral compositions of Spassky Portland cement

Mineral composition b3S C

2S C

3A C

4AF

Content [] 58ndash67 8ndash15 10ndash12 105ndash125

Figure 1 Operating principle of a varioplanetary mill

joint action of shock centrifugal shock and abrasive forcesit becomes possible to achieve more highly disperse powders[26ndash29]

The reliability of results is provided by a systematic studywith standard tools and methods for measuring the mix ofmodern physical and chemical methods of analysis X-raydiffraction and DTA electron microscopy and a sufficientamount of raw data and research results The tasks of the sci-entificworkwere accomplished by implementing a systematicapproach in the triad ldquocomposition (rawmaterials) structureand propertiesrdquo [30ndash32]The studies were conducted with useof conventional physical-mechanical and physical-chemical

methods of quality assessment of raw materials and synthe-sized materials as well as finished products

The fly ashes of largest thermal power plants (TPPs) ofRussia (Vladivostok TPP (Figure 2) Artem TPP PrimoryeTPP and Partizansk TPP) were used as components ofcomposite binders The important factor is the possibility ofdry ash selection which is currently realized for these TPPs

Taking into consideration the fact that the focus ofthe paper is the development and use of environmentallyfriendly materials the ashesrsquo radioactivity has been evaluated(Table 3)

Thermal studies of the ash showed that in the range oflow temperatures physically bound water is removed fromit Exothermic effect with the maximum at about 400∘Cindicates burnout of organic substances and endotherm effectat 712∘C indicates dissociation of calcite to CaO and CO2which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction data (Figure 3)

Optimization of structure formation processes at hydra-tion of the composite binder components creates the matrixdense structure which is necessary for creating increasedimpermeability composites This can be realized by cogrind-ing of the Portland cement and the polyfunctional mineraladmixtures and by reducing the concrete mix water-cementratio through use of superplasticizers

To reduce the water demand of concrete mix thesuperplasticizers were used They were selected of six mostcommon construction material markets in the Far EastCement paste shrinkage was measured by Hagerman coneThe Spassky cement CEM I 425N was used as grout Water-cement ratio was 03 Plasticizer dosage was 03 Time ofmeasurement of shrinkage cone is recorded after the end ofthe cement paste mixing

Achievement of high values of shrinkage cone is markedin the raw mix of binder and superplasticizer PANTARHITPC160 Plv (Table 4)


(a) (b)

Figure 2 The Vladivostok TPPrsquos fly ash micrographs (a) times200 (b) times2000

Table 3 Specific effective activity of fly ash depending on the composition [19]

Name of indicator The measurement result (119860) [Bqkg]Primorye TPP Vladivostok TPP Artem TPP Partizansk TPP

0ctivity 40K 4969 plusmn 101 362 plusmn 89 342 plusmn 68 5169 plusmn 1010ctivity 232Th 1536 plusmn 203 315 plusmn 197 295 plusmn 157 1932 plusmn 2230ctivity 226Ra 1631 plusmn 936 3763 plusmn 632 2723 plusmn 593 1131 plusmn 637119860eff = 119860Ra + 131119860Th + 0085119860K gt398 80 plusmn 30 93 plusmn 20 gt410

Table 4 Shrinkage of the cement paste with different superplasticizers

Time [min] Melflux 1641 F Melflux 5581 F PANTARHIT PC160 Plv FOX-8H PC-1030 JK-04 PPMShrinkage [mm]

0 290 350 370 250 240 1305 380 390 400 260 280 12030 390 350 390 240 190 98Time the time since beginning of measurement

Dierential thermal analysisermogravimetry

583∘C

97∘C

712∘C

932∘C

200 400 600 800 10000Temperature (∘C)

Figure 3 The DTA and TG results of the Vladivostok TPP fly ash[17ndash19]

The raw components were milled and mixed in variousproportions (OPC 30ndash100 FA 0ndash50 LCW 0ndash20 andsuperplasticizer 03) in a varioplanetary mill for one hour

Thematerials mixing was carried out using cyclic and contin-uous flowdispenserswith automatic control with amaximumweighing cycle duration of 45ndash90 s with a weighing accuracyof 1ndash3 All raw materials were dosed by mass with theexception of water and liquid additives (if any) dosed byvolume In our research there were no liquid additivesWaterwas added at the last stage during the mortar preparation

The control samples were made from a composite pastewithout addition of sand and fiber Number of specimenswas fabricated to determine the optimum composition of thebinder

The flowability of the concrete mix was evaluated usingHagerman cone molded from a concrete mix Water-binderratio was 03 The inverted cone was filled with a freshlyprepared concrete mix without sealing 90 seconds afterfilling the cone rose upward Immediately the stopwatch wasturned on As the mixture reached a diameter of 500mm andalso after the spreading process was completed the time wasfixed After the flow was completed the maximum diameterof the spread of the concrete mix was determined

The compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity ofthe specimens were researched on 70mm cubes at the 28thday however 100 times 100 times 500mm prisms were preparedfor four-point bending to obtain flexural strength of the


Figure 4 Bruker BioSpin NMR Spectroscopy

specimens with effective span of 400mm Mechanical testswere performedwith Servo-hydraulic Fatigue and EnduranceTester Shimadzu Servopulser U-type with capacity of 200 kNand as per BS EN 12390-32002The compressive strengthwascalculated as the arithmetic average of the six samples

The porosity of the hardened specimens was determinedon 1 times 1 times 3 cm and 3 times 3 times 3 cm specimens The structureof the cement stone was investigated at the age of 28 daysThe porosity was determined by a number of mutuallycomplementary methods namely

(i) proton magnetic resonance with a pore measurementrange of 1 times 10minus3 sdot sdot sdot 1 times 10minus1 120583m in diameter (usingBruker BioSpin NMR Spectroscopy (Figure 4))

(ii) small-angle X-ray diffraction with a measurementrange of 2 times 10minus3 sdot sdot sdot 3 times 10minus1 120583m (on D8 ADVANCEpowder diffractometer from Bruker AXS (Figure 5))

(iii) mercury porosimetry with a measurable range of 1 times10minus1 sdot sdot sdot 4 times 10 120583m (using PoreMaster GT (Figure 6))

(iv) optical microscopy of thin sections with a measuringrange of 4 times 10 sdot sdot sdot 1 times 103 120583m

X-ray phase analysis determined the degree of cement hydra-tion and the content of low-base calcium hydrosilicates CSH(I) The phases were identified by the international JCPDStable The degree of hydration was determined from theintensity of the main C

3S reflex The amount of CSH (I)

was established by comparing the intensity of the main 120573-CS reflex obtained on samples of hardened cement sinteredat 1000∘C with a standard sample (quartz)

3 Experimental Part

Seven binder composites were developed for further research(Table 5) Superplasticizer PANTARHIT PC160 Plv at quan-tity 03 was added to each of them The binder sand ratiois 1 to 3 To determine the optimal dosage of components in

Figure 5 Bruker D8 ADVANCE powder X-ray diffractometer

Figure 6 PoreMaster GT

the ldquocement-limestone-ashrdquo system it was necessary to grindthem to specific surface of 600m2kg at various ratios

According to Table 5 positive dynamics of strengthgrowth of the composite binder under the joint influenceof the ash fine constituents limestone crushing wastes andsuperplasticizer with maximum increase in the activity of thebinder at 62 were found

This is due to the fact that active mineral components ofthe composite binder contribute to the binding of Ca(OH)2produced during cement hydration which results in forma-tion of additional amount of hydrosilicate neoplasms At thesame time optimizing the process of structure formation isachieved by composite polydispersed components Highlydispersed spherical ash particles act as crystallization centers


Table 5 Compositions and strength of composite binders

Number Cement content byweight []

Fly ash content by weight [] Limestone content by weight [] Compressive strength [VP1]Vladivostok TPP Artem TPP 3 d 7 d 28 d

1 100 mdash mdash mdash 17 325 4752 30 mdash 50 20 302 401 5043 35 45 mdash 20 342 431 5324 40 mdash 45 15 366 482 5665 45 45 mdash 10 392 501 5926 50 mdash 40 10 451 549 6587 55 40 mdash 5 472 541 7028 100 mdash mdash mdash 603 81 1032NoteThe prototype is number 1 (without final grinding) compositions numbers 2ndash8 are ground to 119878sp = 600m

2kg

Table 6 Bond between compressive strength [MPa] of the cement stone samples and the specific surface area of the composite binder [4]

Hardening time [d] Specific surface area of the composite binder [m2kg]500 550 600 700 800 900

3 461 474 472 460 456 4557 503 542 541 491 486 48428 681 773 702 658 550 650

(a) (b)

Figure 7 The cement stone microstructure (a) CEM I 425N based (b) composite binder based (composition number 7 in Table 5)

and are used as filler at the nano- and microlevels In con-junction with the larger particles of the mineral componentdenser filling of intergranular spaces is noted in concretecement stone structure with reduction in number of poresand microcracks

This is confirmed by micrographs of composite cementpaste derived by joint grinding of clinker and industrialwastes of the Russian Far Eastern region Cement stonestructure is very dense packing of small grains in thecrystalline neoplasms total mass (Figure 7) The additionalamount of hydrated crystalline phases contributes to filling ofthe voids at themicrolevel in the crystallinematrix of calciumhydrosilicates at the boundary of the contact area increasingadhesion degree of binder with filler

In order to determine the optimumparticle size the Port-land cement the superplasticizer the ashes and the limestonewere ground (dosage according to composite number 7 of

Table 5) to different specific surface area (119878sp) 500 550 600700 800 and 900m2kg (Table 6)

According to Table 6 the 550ndash600m2kg specific surfacearea (119878sp) of binder is optimal Increasing 119878sp above thesevalues does not lead to further significant increase in strengthReduction of start setting time of binder to 35ndash40 minutesby intensifying the hydration process under the influence ofhighly active components of the composite [17ndash19] should benoted

Thus the optimum parameters chosen for binder com-position are specific surface area of 550m2kg the particlesize of 015ndash500microns and average particle diameter of thegrains of 065ndash112mm [33 34]

The most important task in creating HDIC is the rationalformation and optimization of the pore space structure[35 36] In general the overall reduction in porosity ofcompositions modified by the technogenic waste more than


Table 7 Influence of the composition of the composite binder to the cement stone porosity

Composition according toTable 5

Porosity []Technological (macroscopic

level)Capillary (microscopic

levelsubmicroscopic level) Gel (supramolecular level) Total

1 12 4623 82 1632 26 1745 16 1043 13 1150 35 1084 14 1923 44 965 36 1725 16 946 32 1110 35 887 10 0918 44 81

(a) (b)

Figure 8 The neoplasms micrographs (a) cement stone without any additives (b) cement stone based on composite binders

2 times (from 163 to 8) should be noted Fluctuationsof different diameter pores which depend on nature of theirformation should also be noted (Table 7)

Existence of a large quantity of hydrosilicate connectionsis confirmed by decreasing of the gel pores in crystallinebunch in conjunction with modified composites on molecu-lar level with porositymaximum reductionmore than 5 times[37 38] Although the maximum strength is 773MPa in theoptimal composition of binder (by grinding to specific areaof 550m2kg) the gel porosity of the composite fell almostin 2 times In this case high strength is influenced by thecomplex actions reduction of capillary porosity due to theintensification of the processes of growth of primary crystalsof hydrosilicate phases [39 40] due to possible formationof secondary recrystallization and crystals creation due tofilling the space at themicro- and submicrolevels of structuralorganization composite with them and in conjunction withreduction technological porosity on 17 due to the formationof dense packing of the grain structure at themacrolevel withthe participation of spherical fine components of fly ash andlimestone crushing wastes

Denser structure of the binder composition with lowerporosity is confirmed by microstructural studies In phase ofthemodified binder formation the amount of gel-like hydratenew formation increases on the surface of the filler particles(Figure 8(b)) there are no visible portlandite crystals andit shows a decline of its share in the total mass of ligamenthydrosilicate [41 42]

By varying the percentage of added ash it is possibleto control number and size of ettringite crystals whichfurther define the properties of composite binder and con-crete [43 44] The carbonates also have close contacts withcement stone which is explained by the emergence of bondsbetween the cement hydration products and limestone [4546] Growth of crystals of ldquoneedle-likerdquo and ldquostem-likerdquolow-basic hydrosilicates is observed [47 48] there are alsoplate-like calcium crystals allegedly hydrocarboaluminates(Figure 8(b)) in the structure of the modified binder Syn-thesis of these compounds is the result of interaction duringhydration of clinker minerals Ca(OH)2 with active mineralingredients of ash and limestone [49 50] Growth of needle-shaped crystals contributes to reinforcement of the composite


structure on nano- and microlevels reduction of porosityand improvement of the composite complex strength [51 52]

The greatest effect [53ndash55] is achieved through the syn-ergistic impact of man-made pozzolanic additives (fly ash)and sedimentary-origin natural materials (limestone) at thecontent of OPC 55wt LCW 5wt and FA 40wt

In this proportion the composite material reaches thecompressive strength of 773MPa (by grinding to 119878sp =550m2kg) at 45 replacement of cement with industrialwaste Thus the effect of ldquocement fly ash and limestonerdquocomposite binder obtained by cogrinding with superplasti-cizer in the varioplanetary mill to structure formation pro-cess is determined Ground active mineral supplements arethe crystallization centers of neoplasms Ash nanoparticlescontribute to the binding of Ca(OH)2 produced during thehydration of clinker minerals intensifying binder hydrationwith forming needle-shaped crystals of low-basic hydrosil-icate Existence of the fine grains of limestone leads toforming hydrocarboaluminates Implementation of the fiber-reinforced concrete potential is only possible by creating thematerial optimal structure formation of which is determinedby the following basic parameters type and quality of rawmaterials technology and preparation of concrete mixesand quantitative relation between the components of fiber-reinforced concrete mixture

4 Results and Discussions

Study of physical-mechanical properties of fine-grained con-crete showed that use of the composite binder obtainedby cogrinding of Portland cement fly ash limestone pow-der and superplasticizer allowed increasing the compressivestrength of fine concrete by 21 while reducing almost in 2times the proportion of cement Prism strength and elasticmodulus in the researched concrete types are significantlyhigher than in control samples (Table 8)

To optimize the fine-grained concrete structure formingon the macrolevel steel fiber was used

Taking into consideration previous studies [17ndash19] com-position number 3 was adopted for the prototype (Table 8) towhich fiber in an amount of 24 to 45 kgm3 that is 2 of thetotal weight of the mixture in increments of 02 was addedIt was found that the structure optimization at themacrolevelimproves the compressive strength by 24 (Table 9)

Addition of the domestically produced basalt fiber insteadof the steel anchor fiber has not led to substantial improve-ment of physical and mechanical properties of concrete sofor further investigations fiber-reinforced concrete number5 (16 reinforcement) is taken

On basis of the research it was revealed that the additionof the fly ash and the limestone waste to the composite binderpromotes structural and phase changes in the formation ofhigh-density composite impermeable structures

The fine-grained fiber-reinforced types of concrete onthe developed composite binder compositions number 2 andnumber 3 (Table 10) which achieve compressive strengthof 1002ndash1009MPa with the diffusion coefficient of 134 sdot

10minus4ndash139 sdot10minus4 cm2s have the best physical andmechanicalproperties (Table 11)

It is revealed that for fine-grained structure of concretein addition to high homogeneity it is also characteristicto reduce specific stresses in the contact zone and increasethe integral adhesion force between the cement stone andaggregate The structure-forming role of the fine aggregateis most evident with an increase in the interaction surfacethese conditions are realized in fine-grained types of concretewith the use of screening of granite crushed stone on thebasis of composite astringents which due to the highly devel-oped surface allow intensifying the processes of structureformation and accelerating the strength of concrete and alsoconsolidating the structure

As can be seen from the test results (Tables 10 and11) composite binder of cement fly ash from thermalpower plants and limestone at all dosages reduces the waterpermeability and air permeability of concrete Thus thereis a clearly defined relationship between the properties ofconcrete and the features of the structure of cement stoneincreasing the number of low-basic calcium hydrosilicates aswell as increasing gel content and correspondingly reducingcapillary porosity especially at the submicroscopic levelpredetermine the increase in strength and decrease in thepermeability of concrete

The maximum decrease in impermeability parameterswas found in composition number 2 with the replacement ofthe proportion of cement in the binder mixture by 45 withthe technogenic waste (FA and LCW) The air permeabilityof concrete decreased by 2 times (to 00253 cm3s) whichaccording to GOST 127305 (Russian regulatory require-ments) corresponds to mark W14 on permeability Thefiber-reinforced concretersquos dense structure provides humid-ity resistance and reduces water absorption by volume inalmost 25 times These patterns are reflected in the watervapor permeability characteristics which reaches the limitof 0021mg(msdothsdotPa) in the humid climate The concretersquosdiffusion permeability was determined on the basis of dataon the concrete neutralization rate (carbonation) by carbondioxide in the absence of gradient of commonair-gas pressureat the difference between the concentration of carbon dioxidein the concrete and that in environment at the time whenthe neutralization process is limited by the speed of carbondioxide diffusion into the concrete porous structure Theexperimental procedure is intended for use in the technologydevelopment and the designing of concrete compositionsthat provide long-term maintenance-free operation in theconstruction in nonaggressive and aggressive gas-air envi-ronment

When evaluating the diffusive permeability the averagevalue of neutralized concrete layer thickness was found forall developed compounds It was found that the developedconcrete has an effective diffusion coefficient of 1198631015840 = 134 sdot10minus4 cm2s

Thus the clear link between the concrete properties andcharacteristics of the cement stone structure (the increasein the number of hydrosilicate neoplasms) at the complexreducing of gel and capillary porosity is revealed which


Table8Ph

ysicalandmechanicalpropertieso

ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof

550m2kglowastlowastTh

ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N


Table 9 Dependence of the strength of fiber-reinforced concrete on the percentage of reinforcement

Composition numbers Material consumption per 1m3 Reinforcement [] 119877compr [VP1]Binder [kg] Water [l] Aggregate [kg] Fiber [kg]

3-1lowast 550 240 1623 mdash 0 9423-2 550 240 1623 2397 1 9613-3 550 240 1623 2876 12 9733-4 550 240 1623 3356 14 9983-5 550 240 1623 3835 16 10093-6 550 240 1623 4315 18 9953-7 550 240 1623 4794 2 996lowastPrototype composition corresponds to composition number 3 (according to Table 8)

Table 10 Compositions and strength characteristics of the fiber-reinforced concrete

NumberMaterial consumption per 1m3

Slump [cm] Prism strength[MPa]

Compressivestrength [MPa]Cementitious binder [kg] Aggregates [kg] Water [l]

Cement Fly ash Limestone Superplasticizer1 550 mdash mdash

12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950

Table 11 The concrete performance characteristics depending on the binder composition

Number(according toTable 10)

Air permeability ofconcrete 119886

119888

[cm3s]

Mark on waterpermeability W

Effective diffusioncoefficient[cm2s]

Water absorptionby volume []

Vapor permeability[mg(msdothsdotPa)]

For dry climate For wet climate1 00565 W10 156sdot10minus4 148 0032 00302 00253 W14 134sdot10minus4 61 0022 00213 00289 W14 139sdot10minus4 63 0026 00254 00402 W12 164sdot10minus4 78 0027 00265 00465 W12 179sdot10minus4 109 0030 00296 00423 W12 182sdot10minus4 144 0032 0030

is especially observed at the molecular and submicroscopiclevels determining the growth of strength and increase ofconcrete impermeability

The approbation of theoretical and experimental studiesis carried out on the example of monolithic fiber-reinforcedconcrete walls with permanent formwork developed byFediuk et al [18 25 56] The thermal resistance of wall is119877119900= 4223 (m2 sdot∘C)W the vapor permeability coefficient is120583 = 0021mg(msdothsdotPa)The fiber-reinforced types of concretedeveloped on basis of the composite binder can be used in theconstruction of high-rise buildings [57]

The technological circuit production of the high-densityfiber-reinforced concrete is developed It comprises thefollowing steps cogrinding of Portland cement fly ashand limestone crushing waste two-stage mixing with thefiller and the fiber filling of formwork and mechanicalcompaction of the concrete mix This production line can beimplemented in cement plants in different regions

Thus the possibility of reducing permeability of fiber-reinforced concrete by varying the amount and type ofadditives and fineness and taking into account the conditionsof curing is studied It allows creating materials for mul-tilayer load-bearing structures with a compressive strengthof 100MPa with low permeability under actual operatingconditions Implementation of the research results will helpto improve the environmental situation of regions as fiber-reinforced concrete comprises 50ndash60 of industrial waste

5 Conclusion

Positive dynamics of strength growth of the composite binderunder the joint influence of the ash fine constituents lime-stone crushing wastes and superplasticizer with maximumincrease in the activity of the binder at 62 were foundThis is due to the fact that active mineral components ofthe composite binder contribute to the binding of Ca(OH)

2


produced during cement hydration which results in forma-tion of additional amount of hydrosilicate neoplasms Theoverall reduction in porosity of compositions modified bythe technogenic waste more than 2 times (from 163 to 8)should be noted

High strength is influenced by the complex actions

(i) Reduction of capillary porosity due to the intensifica-tion of the processes of growth of primary crystals ofhydrosilicate phases

(ii) Possible formation of secondary recrystallization andcrystals creation

(iii) Filling the space at the micro- and submicrolevels ofstructural organization composite with them and inconjunction with reduction technological porosity on17

(iv) The formation of dense packing of the grain structureat the macrolevel with the participation of sphericalfine components of fly ash and limestone crushingwastes

The greatest effect is achieved through the synergisticimpact of man-made pozzolanic additives (fly ash) andsedimentary-origin natural materials (limestone) at the con-tent of OPC 55wt LCW 5wt and FA 40wt

The fine-grained fiber-reinforced types of concrete onthe developed composite binder which achieve compressivestrength of 1002ndash1009MPa with the diffusion coefficientof 134 sdot 10minus4ndash139 sdot 10minus4 cm2s have the best physicaland mechanical properties As can be seen from the testresults composite binder of cement fly ash from thermalpower plants and limestone at all dosages reduces the waterpermeability and air permeability of concrete

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

References

[1] S Chithra S R R Senthil Kumar and K Chinnaraju ldquoTheeffect of Colloidal Nano-silica on workability mechanical anddurability properties of High Performance Concrete with Cop-per slag as partial fine aggregaterdquo Construction and BuildingMaterials vol 113 pp 794ndash804 2016

[2] K S Al-Jabri M Hisada S K Al-Oraimi and A H Al-Saidy ldquoCopper slag as sand replacement for high performanceconcreterdquo Cement and Concrete Composites vol 31 no 7 pp483ndash488 2009

[3] W Wu W Zhang and G Ma ldquoOptimum content of copperslag as a fine aggregate in high strength concreterdquoMaterials andCorrosion vol 31 no 6 pp 2878ndash2883 2010

[4] H Stang and C Pedersen ldquoHPFRCC - extruded pipesrdquo inProceedings of the 1996 4th Materials Engineering ConferencePart 1 (of 2) pp 261ndash270 November 1996

[5] P Tjiptobroto and W Hansen ldquoTensile strain hardening andmultiple cracking in high-performance cement-based compos-ites containing discontinuous fibersrdquoACIMaterials Journal vol90 no 1 pp 16ndash25 1993

[6] V C Li ldquoFrommechanics to structural engineering the designof cementitious composites for civil engineering applicationsrdquoStructural EngineeringEarthquake Engineering vol 10 pp 37ndash48 1993

[7] M Li and V C Li ldquoRheology fiber dispersion and robustproperties of engineered cementitious compositesrdquo Materialsand StructuresMateriaux et Constructions vol 46 no 3 pp405ndash420 2013

[8] J Qiu and E-H Yang ldquoMicromechanics-based investigationof fatigue deterioration of engineered cementitious composite(ECC)rdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 95 pp 65ndash74 2017

[9] H Luo Y Wu A Zhao et al ldquoHydrothermally synthesizedporous materials from municipal solid waste incineration bot-tom ash and their interfacial interactions with chloroaromaticcompoundsrdquo Journal of Cleaner Production vol 162 pp 411ndash4192017

[10] D-Y Yoo andN Banthia ldquoMechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete A reviewrdquo Cement andConcrete Composites vol 73 pp 267ndash280 2016

[11] D-Y Yoo N Banthia and Y-S Yoon ldquoPredicting servicedeflection of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concretebeams reinforcedwithGFRPbarsrdquoComposites Part B Engineer-ing vol 99 pp 381ndash397 2016

[12] J Yang H Shin and D Yoo ldquoBenefits of using amorphousmetallic fibers in concrete pavement for long-term perfor-mancerdquoArchives of Civil andMechanical Engineering vol 17 no4 pp 750ndash760 2017

[13] D Yoo I You and S Lee ldquoElectrical properties of cement-basedcomposites with carbon nanotubes graphene and graphitenanofibersrdquo Sensors vol 17 no 5 p 1064 2017

[14] M Castellote I Llorente C Andrade and C Alonso ldquoAccel-erated leaching of ultra high performance concretes by appli-cation of electrical fields to simulate their natural degradationrdquoMateriaux et Constructions vol 36 no 256 pp 81ndash90 2003

[15] M Tabatabaeian A Khaloo A Joshaghani and E HajibandehldquoExperimental investigation on effects of hybrid fibers onrheological mechanical and durability properties of high-strength SCCrdquoConstruction and BuildingMaterials vol 147 pp497ndash509 2017

[16] M Sahmaran and I O Yaman ldquoHybrid fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete with a high-volume coarse fly ashrdquo Con-struction and BuildingMaterials vol 21 no 1 pp 150ndash156 2007

[17] R S Fediuk ldquoMechanical Activation of Construction BinderMaterials by Various Millsrdquo in Proceedings of the All-RussiaScientific and Practical Conference on Materials TreatmentCurrent Problems and Solutions vol 125 November 2015

[18] R Fediuk and A Yushin ldquoComposite binders for concretewith reduced permeabilityrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Advanced Materials and New Technologies inModern Materials Science 2015 AMNT 2015 November 2015

[19] R S Fediuk and A M Yushin ldquoThe use of fly ash thethermal power plants in the constructionrdquo in Proceedings of the21st International Conference for Students and Young ScientistsModern Technique and TechnologiesMTT 2015 vol 93 October2015

[20] M Sanchez M C Alonso and R Gonzalez ldquoPreliminaryattempt of hardened mortar sealing by colloidal nanosilicamigrationrdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 66 pp306ndash312 2014

[21] M HMobini A Khaloo P Hosseini and A Esrafili ldquoMechan-ical properties of fiber-reinforced high-performance concrete


incorporating pyrogenic nanosilicawith different surface areasrdquoConstruction and Building Materials vol 101 pp 130ndash140 2015

[22] N Ranjbar A Behnia B Alsubari P Moradi Birgani andM Z Jumaat ldquoDurability and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ashrdquo Journalof Cleaner Production vol 112 pp 723ndash730 2016

[23] A Hendi H Rahmani DMostofinejad A Tavakolinia andMKhosravi ldquoSimultaneous effects of microsilica and nanosilicaon self-consolidating concrete in a sulfuric acid mediumrdquoConstruction and Building Materials vol 152 pp 192ndash205 2017

[24] L Xu F Deng and Y Chi ldquoNano-mechanical behavior of theinterfacial transition zone between steel-polypropylene fiberand cement pasterdquoConstruction andBuildingMaterials vol 145pp 619ndash638 2017

[25] R Fediuk ldquoHigh-strength fibrous concrete of Russian Far Eastnaturalmaterialsrdquo in Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Advanced Materials and New Technologies in Modern Mate-rials Science 2015 AMNT 2015 vol 116 November 2015

[26] R Ibragimov ldquoThe influence of binder modification by meansof the superplasticizer and mechanical activation on themechanical properties of the high-density concreterdquo ZKG Inter-national vol 69 no 6 pp 34ndash39 2016

[27] L H Zagorodnjuk V S Lesovik A A Volodchenko and V TYerofeyev ldquoOptimization of mixing process for heat-insulatingmixtures in a spiral blade mixerrdquo International Journal ofPharmacy and Technology vol 8 no 3 pp 15146ndash15155 2016

[28] RA Ibragimov and S I Pimenov ldquoInfluence ofmechanochem-ical activation on the cement hydration featuresrdquo Magazine ofCivil Engineering vol 62 no 2 pp 3ndash12 2016

[29] E Glagolev L Suleimanova and V Lesovik ldquoHigh reactionactivity of nano-size phase of silica composite binderrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental and Science Education vol 11 no 18 pp 12383ndash12389 2016

[30] S L Buyantuyev L A Urkhanova S A Lkhasaranov YY Stebenkova A B Khmelev and A S Kondratenko ldquoThemethods of receiving coal water suspension and its use asthe modifying additive in concreterdquo in Proceedings of the12th International Conference Radiation-Thermal Effects andProcesses in Inorganic Materials vol 168 September 2016

[31] S L Buyantuev L A Urkhanova A S Kondratenko S YShishulkin S A Lkhasaranov and A B Khmelev ldquoProcessingof ash and slag waste of heating plants by arc plasma to produceconstruction materials and nanomodifiersrdquo in Proceedings ofthe 12th International Conference Radiation-Thermal Effects andProcesses in Inorganic Materials vol 168 September 2016

[32] A P Semenov N N Smirnyagina L A Urkhanova et alldquoReception carbon nanomodifiers in arc discharge plasmaand their application for modifying of building materialsrdquoin Proceedings of the 12th International Conference Radiation-Thermal Effects and Processes in Inorganic Materials vol 168September 2016

[33] R Chihaoui H Khelafi Y Senhadji and M Mouli ldquoPotentialuse of natural perlite powder as a pozzolanicmineral admixturein Portland cementrdquo Journal of Adhesion Science and Technol-ogy vol 30 no 17 pp 1930ndash1944 2016

[34] M Koniorczyk D Gawin and B Schrefler ldquoModelingevolution of frost damage in fully saturated porous materialsexposed to variable hygro-thermal conditionsrdquoComputerMeth-ods AppliedMechanics and Engineering vol 297 pp 38ndash61 2015

[35] K Marcin ldquoCoupled heat and water transport in deformableporous materials considering phase change kineticsrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer vol 81 pp 260ndash2712015

[36] A Peschard A Govin P Grosseau B Guilhot and R Guyon-net ldquoEffect of polysaccharides on the hydration of cement pasteat early agesrdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 34 no 11 pp2153ndash2158 2004

[37] R S Fediuk and D A Khramov ldquoResearch on porosity of thecement stone of composite bindersrdquo Int Res J vol 1 pp 77ndash792016

[38] Z Liu Y Zhang and Q Jiang ldquoContinuous tracking of therelationship between resistivity and pore structure of cementpastesrdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 53 pp 26ndash312014

[39] Z Liu Y Zhang G Sun Q Jiang and W Zhang ldquoResistivitymethod formonitoring the early age pore structure evolution ofcement pasterdquo Journal of Civil Architectural and EnvironmentalEngineering vol 34 no 5 pp 148ndash153 2012

[40] M Schmidt H Pollmann A Egersdorfer J Goske and SWinter ldquoInvestigations on the puzzolanic reactivity of a specialglass meal in a cementitious systemrdquo in Proceedings of the 32ndInternational Conference on Cement Microscopy 2010 pp 86ndash118 2010

[41] M Schmidt H Pollmann A Egersdorfer J Goske and SWinter ldquoInvestigations on the use of a foam glass containingmetakaolin in a lime binder systemrdquo in Proceedings of the 33rdInternational Conference on Cement Microscopy 2011 pp 319ndash354 2011

[42] A Sachdeva M J Mccarthy L J Csetenyi and M R JonesldquoMechanisms of sulfate heave prevention in lime stabilizedclays through pozzolanic additionsrdquo in Proceedings of theInternational Symposium on Ground Improvement Technologiesand Case Histories ISGIrsquo09 pp 555ndash560 December 2009

[43] A J Puppala EWattanasanticharoen V S Dronamraju and LR Hoyos Ettringite induced heaving and shrinking in kaoliniteclay vol 162 of Geotechnical Special Publication 2007

[44] S Liu and P Yan ldquoHydration properties of limestone powderin complex binding materialrdquo Journal of the Chinese CeramicSociety vol 36 no 10 pp 1401ndash1405 2008

[45] S Liu and L Zeng ldquoInfluence of new admixtures on the proper-ties of hydraulic concreterdquo Journal of Hydroelectric Engineeringvol 30 no 2 pp 118ndash122 2011

[46] K Pushkarova K Kaverin and D Kalantaevskiy ldquoResearchof high-strength cement compositions modified by complexorganic-silica additivesrdquo EasternEuropean Journal of EnterpriseTechnologies vol 5 no 5 pp 42ndash51 2015

[47] EV FominaVV Strokova andN I Kozhukhova ldquoApplicationof natural aluminosilicates in autoclave cellular concreterdquoWorldApplied Sciences Journal vol 25 no 1 pp 48ndash54 2013

[48] K Ma J Feng G Long and Y Xie ldquoEffects of mineraladmixtures on shear thickening of cement pasterdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 126 pp 609ndash616 2016

[49] P Shafigh M A Nomeli U J Alengaram H B Mahmud andM Z Jumaat ldquoEngineering properties of lightweight aggregateconcrete containing limestone powder and high volume fly ashrdquoJournal of Cleaner Production vol 135 pp 148ndash157 2016

[50] A Balza O Corona A Alarcon J Echevarrieta M Goiteand G Gonzalez ldquoMicrostructural study of Portland cementadditivated with Nanomaterialsrdquo Acta Microscopica vol 25 no1 pp 39ndash47 2016


[51] F Faleschini M A Zanini K Brunelli and C PellegrinoldquoValorization of co-combustion fly ash in concrete productionrdquoMaterials and Corrosion vol 85 pp 687ndash694 2015

[52] B Boulekbache M Hamrat M Chemrouk and S AmzianeldquoFlexural behaviour of steel fibre-reinforced concrete undercyclic loadingrdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 126pp 253ndash262 2016

[53] M Rudzki M Bugdol and T Ponikiewski ldquoAn image pro-cessing approach to determination of steel fibers orientationin reinforced concreterdquo Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol7339 pp 143ndash150 2012

[54] T Ponikiewski J Gołaszewski M Rudzki and M BugdolldquoDetermination of steel fibres distribution in self-compactingconcrete beams using X-ray computed tomographyrdquo Archivesof Civil and Mechanical Engineering vol 15 no 2 pp 558ndash5682015

[55] R S Fediuk and D A Khramov ldquoPhysical equipment spectro-scopic study of coal ashrdquoModern Construction andArchitecturevol 1 pp 57ndash60 2016

[56] R S Fediuk A K Smoliakov R A Timokhin N Y StoyushkoandNAGladkovaFibrousConcretewithReduced Permeabilityto Protect the Home Against the Fumes of Expanded Polystyrenevol 66 ofMaterials Science and Engineering 2017

[57] M Quintard ldquoTransfers in porous mediardquo Special Topics andReviews in Porous Media vol 6 no 2 pp 91ndash108 2015

Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of



actually strengthens thematerialThe basis for the engineereddesign of different HPFRCCs varies considerably despitetheir similar compositions For instance the design of onetype of HPFRCC called Engineered Cementitious Composite(ECC) stems from the principles of micromechanics ECCalso called bendable concrete is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected shortrandom fibers usually polymer fibers [6 7] Unlike regularconcrete ECC has a strain capacity in the range of 3ndash7compared to 001 for ordinary Portland cement (OPC)ECC therefore acts more like a ductile metal than a brittleglass (as does OPC concrete) leading to a wide variety ofapplications [8 9]

Ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) is a new type ofconcrete that is being developed by agencies concerned withinfrastructure protection [10ndash14] UHPC is characterized bybeing a steel fiber-reinforced cement composite materialwith compressive strengths in excess of 150MPa up to andpossibly exceeding 250MPa UHPC is also characterized byits constituent material make-up typically fine-grained sandsilica fume small steel fibers and special blends of high-strength Portland cement Note that there is no large aggre-gate The current types in production differ from normalconcrete in compression by their strain hardening followedby sudden brittle failure Ongoing research intoUHPC failurevia tensile and shear failure is being conducted by multiplegovernment agencies and universities around the world

The high-strength self-consolidating (self-compacting)concrete technology is made possible by the use of poly-carboxylates plasticizer instead of older naphthalene-basedpolymers and viscosity modifiers to address aggregate segre-gation [15 16]

Combination of microsilica and nanosilica (colloidal sil-ica) is considered to design high-strength self-consolidatingconcrete [1 20 21] The results also revealed that 7 substi-tution of microsilica showed the same effect as 2 nanosilicareplacement [1 22 23]

The fiber-matrix interfacial transition zone (ITZ) atnanoscale plays an important role in determining themechanical performance of hybrid steel-polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete at upper scales This topic [24] presentsthe elastic behavior of the ITZ between steelpolypropylenefiber and pure cement paste through nanoindentation fordifferent watercement ratios

Thus the fine-grained structure with high homogene-ity is characterized by increase of the integrated strengthbetween aggregate and cement stone and decrease of specificstress in the contact area Adhesion of sand componentincreases significantly with increase of contact area theseconditions were realized when creating the fine-grained con-crete based on composite binders by using crushed granitefrom Wrangel deposit (Russian Far East) The aim of thestudy was to develop the concrete matrix dense structurewith high gas water and vapor impermeability Compositebinders obtained by cogrinding of Portland cement fly ashcrushed limestone and superplasticizer have been proposedto achieve this aim One of the ways to improve the propertiesof concrete and to reduce permeability parameters is the useof highly active additives of various compositions and genesis

at micro- and nanosized levels which contribute to theoptimization of structure formation processes by initiatingthe formation of hydrated compounds The efficiency ofuse of the active mineral additives of nanostructured silica-modifier composition has been proven in topics [1 20 21 23]The possibility of the permeability reduction of the concretebymechanically grinding the composite binders componentswas also studied previously [17] However the protectiveproperties (impermeability parameters) and efficiency ofhigh-density impermeable concrete (HDIC) produced on thebasis of composite binder were not considered previously

An assumption about the possibility of HDIC is obtainedby varying the amount and type of additives fineness of thecomposite binder components and hardening conditions [1825] The purpose of this work is to improve impermeabilityand strength characteristics of the fiber-reinforced concretethrough use of composite binders obtained by cogrinding ofPortland cement superplasticizer fly ash of a thermal powerstation and crushing screenings limestone

2 Materials and Methods

To achieve this goal the following tasks were completed inthis work

(i) Study of mineral composition particle size distribu-tion and physical and mechanical characteristics ofthe binders components and fillers for concrete

(ii) Research of the effect ofmineral and organic additiveson the properties of composite binders

(iii) Study of the properties of fiber-reinforced concretedepending on the characteristics of the compositebinder taking into account peculiarities of struc-ture formation to improve the impermeability andstrength characteristics research on characteristicsof water absorption and gas water and vapor per-meability of developed concrete and experimentalindustrial testing of the proposed compositions

The science work included grinding of composite bindercomponents in a varioplanetary mill Ordinary Portlandcement (OPC) fly ash (FA) limestone crushingwaste (LCW)and superplasticizer were used as ground components

The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the rawmaterials obtained by means of X-ray florescence (on D8ADVANCE powder diffractometer from Bruker AXS) arepresented in Tables 1 and 2

In the varioplanetary mill the rotational speeds of thegrinding jars and the support disc can be set completelyindependently The movement and the trajectory of thegrinding balls can be influenced by varying the gear ratioso that the balls strike horizontally on the inner wall of thegrinding jar (by high impact energy) approach tangentially(by high friction) or simply roll over the inner wall of thegrinding jar (by centrifugal mills) All intermediate stagesand combinations between pressure friction and impactcan be freely set (Figure 1) Accordingly grinding by thevarioplanetary mills is more energy-efficient than that by theball mills and the vibratory mills In addition due to the




Fly ash






SiO2

553 63 481 474 202ndash209 749TiO2

05 05 0 09 024Al2O3

126 214 293 223 60ndash67 333Fe2O3


Na2O 04 03 02 04

SO3

34 06 23 162LOI 23 14 06 lt5 018 3871



2S C

3A C

4AF













(a) (b)









583∘C

97∘C

712∘C

932∘C

200 400 600 800 10000Temperature (∘C)


















3 Experimental Part












2kg



3 461 474 472 460 456 4557 503 542 541 491 486 48428 681 773 702 658 550 650

(a) (b)















1 12 4623 82 1632 26 1745 16 1043 13 1150 35 1084 14 1923 44 965 36 1725 16 946 32 1110 35 887 10 0918 44 81

(a) (b)
























Table8Ph


ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof


ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N










12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of





Fly ash






SiO2

553 63 481 474 202ndash209 749TiO2

05 05 0 09 024Al2O3

126 214 293 223 60ndash67 333Fe2O3


Na2O 04 03 02 04

SO3

34 06 23 162LOI 23 14 06 lt5 018 3871



2S C

3A C

4AF













(a) (b)









583∘C

97∘C

712∘C

932∘C

200 400 600 800 10000Temperature (∘C)


















3 Experimental Part












2kg



3 461 474 472 460 456 4557 503 542 541 491 486 48428 681 773 702 658 550 650

(a) (b)















1 12 4623 82 1632 26 1745 16 1043 13 1150 35 1084 14 1923 44 965 36 1725 16 946 32 1110 35 887 10 0918 44 81

(a) (b)
























Table8Ph


ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof


ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N










12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of



(a) (b)









583∘C

97∘C

712∘C

932∘C

200 400 600 800 10000Temperature (∘C)


















3 Experimental Part












2kg



3 461 474 472 460 456 4557 503 542 541 491 486 48428 681 773 702 658 550 650

(a) (b)















1 12 4623 82 1632 26 1745 16 1043 13 1150 35 1084 14 1923 44 965 36 1725 16 946 32 1110 35 887 10 0918 44 81

(a) (b)
























Table8Ph


ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof


ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N










12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of













3 Experimental Part












2kg



3 461 474 472 460 456 4557 503 542 541 491 486 48428 681 773 702 658 550 650

(a) (b)















1 12 4623 82 1632 26 1745 16 1043 13 1150 35 1084 14 1923 44 965 36 1725 16 946 32 1110 35 887 10 0918 44 81

(a) (b)
























Table8Ph


ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof


ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N










12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of







2kg



3 461 474 472 460 456 4557 503 542 541 491 486 48428 681 773 702 658 550 650

(a) (b)















1 12 4623 82 1632 26 1745 16 1043 13 1150 35 1084 14 1923 44 965 36 1725 16 946 32 1110 35 887 10 0918 44 81

(a) (b)
























Table8Ph


ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof


ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N










12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of








1 12 4623 82 1632 26 1745 16 1043 13 1150 35 1084 14 1923 44 965 36 1725 16 946 32 1110 35 887 10 0918 44 81

(a) (b)
























Table8Ph


ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof


ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N










12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of




















Table8Ph


ffine-grained

concretedepend

ingon

theb

inderc

ompo

sition[25]

Com

position

numbers

Materialcon

sumptionper1

m3

Slum

p[cm]

Com

pressiv

estr

ength[M

Pa]

Prism

strength

[MPa]

Elastic

mod

ulus

[MPa]

Cem

entitious

bind

er[kg]

Screenings

ofcrushedgranite

[kg]

Sand

[kg]

Water

[l]Cem

entFlyash

Limestone

Superplasticizer

1lowast550

mdashmdash

121000

623

220

10ndash12

1075

863

612

2288

235

27240

837

595

438

3275

246

29241

842

603

445

4257

257

36242

763

552

409

5244

268

38243

752

550

408

6230

278

42244

750

549

408

7lowastlowast

550

mdashmdash

215

631

423

362

lowastTh

ebindero

flow

water

ratio

with

thes

pecific

surfa

ceof


ebinderb

ased

onPo

rtland

cementC

EMI4

25N










12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of











12

1623 220

10ndash12

663 11552 288 235 27 1623 240 695 10093 275 246 29 1623 241 703 10024 257 257 36 1623 242 652 9635 244 268 38 1623 243 650 9526 230 278 42 1623 244 649 950




119888

[cm3s]










5 Conclusion


2












References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of













References




































































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of
















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


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