Measuring Livestock Odors

Measuring Livestock Odors

Dr. Ron E. SheffieldLSU AgCenter

[email protected]

Olfaction -- Sense of Smell Complex Evokes a physiological and emotional

reaction Humans detect > 10,000 odors Manure over 150 odorous compounds Mixture of gases Extremely low concentrations Health impacts?

Gas vs Odor Measurement

Gas Identify individual gases Measure concentrations

Odor--Olfactometry Analyze mixture Correlates with odor Uses human sense of

smell

Odor Measurement and Description

Intensity (strength) Duration / Persistence Frequency Offensiveness / Hedonic tone Character descriptor Threshold concentrations (D/T)

Detection Recognition

Odor Test Definition Analytical Method(s)

Intensity (strength) Strength of an odor sample above the detection threshold. N-butanol

Duration / PersistenceMeasure of how easily the odor can be diluted in air: Full strength intensity divided by threshold concentration.

N-butanol and D/Td

Frequency Return interval (hours, days) of a detected odor. No analytical measure.

Offensiveness / Hedonic tone

Measure of unpleasantness of an odor. Typically displayed as a scale: -10 (unpleasant) to +10 (pleasant).

Odor Panel

Character descriptorDescription of an odor. Trained panelists use standardized terms such as sulfide, rancid, putrid, or phenolic.

Odor Panel

Threshold Concentration (D/Td) - Detection

Volume of non-odorous air needed to dilute a unit volume of air to the point where panelist begin to detect an odor.

Olfactometry; field olfactometer (scentometer)

Threshold Concentration (D/Tr) - Recognition

Volume of non-odorous air needed to dilute a unit volume of air to the point where panelist begin to recognize an odor. D/Tr >/= D/Td

Olfactometery

Odor -- Sound Analogy

Odor . . . Sound

Below Detection . . . “I can’t hear it”

Detection . . . “I hear something”

Recognition . . . “It’s Elvis!”

Intensity . . . “How loud is it?”

Odor Intensity Measurement

Table 2. Odor Intensity Reference Scale Based on N - Butanol

Intensity category

Equivalent head space

concentration of N - butanol

in air (ppm)*

Mixture of N - butanol in

water (ppm)

0 No odor 0 0

1 Very Light 25 250

2 Light 75 750

3 Moderate 225 2250

4 Strong 675 6750

5 Very strong 2025 20250

* Based on air temperature of 20.3 °C

Duration / Persistence

Intensity

0

10

Log Concentration (D/T)

Decreasing

Character Descriptor

Smells like Mint – Musty Earth – Rotten Mold – Sewer Sulfur – Sour Ammonia – Pungent Menthol – Burned

Odor Measurement Electronic nose

Correlates gases to odors Similar to indicator gas No accepted tool for manure

odors Olfactometer

Measures concentration ASTM & European Standard

Scentometer

Triangular Forced Choice Olfactometer

Dynamic Triangular Forced choice Standardized procedures

ASTM European Standard

Trained panelists

Box Scentometer

Facial Mask Field Olfactometer

Nasal Ranger Field Olfactometer

IdaNoseÒ

Fenceline H2S Monitoring

Jerome 8600.1 – 10 ppm

OdaLog-LR0.01 – 2 ppm

Odor Modeling Correlate mathematical representations to

the measured effect during real world situations. Used for technology evaluation and planning Not intended for regulatory enforcement Currently no “ag odor” model incorporates

real-world terrain features Field Sniffers Model Comparison

Field Sniffers Trained panelists

Measurements N-butanol intensity scale

Scentometers

Field olfactometers

Charcoal filter masks

Record intensity

Validate dispersion model

Field Sniffers

100 Meters

Weather Station

Wind Direction

50 Meters

5 - 20 Meters

200 Meters

Odor Methods StudyEvaluate the differences of odor

concentrations determined by the three field olfactometers using trained panelists

Variability between field olfactometers Correlation to field and laboratory

measured odor intensity (n-butanol) Correlation to laboratory olfactometry

panel Correlation to field and laboratory gas

analysis

Experimental DesignControl

Laboratory olfactometry

Treatments Box scentometer Facial mask field olfactometer “Nasal Ranger” field olfactometer Field n-butanol Laboratory n-butanol Jerome Meter (H2S/TRS) Ammonia GC/MS & GC/SPME

TRS/H2S(mg/l)

NH3

(mg/l)

Food Processor 0.070 0.008

WWPS 0.002 0.039

Dairy Freestall 1.180 0.208

Open-Lot Dairy 1.150 0.033

Feedlot 1.460 0.019

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

WWPS FoodProcessor

Freestall Open-Lot Feedlot

DTFCO

Nasal Ranger

Mask

Scentometer

Standard Deviation of logD/T

Food Processor

WWPS Open-Lot Dairy

Freestall Dairy

Standard Deviation of Intensity

Food Proces-

sor

WWPS Freestall Dairy

Open-Lot Dairy

Feedlot0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Field

UI Lab

WTAMU Lab

n-b

uta

no

l (m

g/l

)

Emissions from Livestock FarmsMethodology 38 dairy and 15 beef feeding operations August, 2003 and the April, 2004

Three measurements Summer (August & September) Fall (October & November) Spring (April)

“Blind” data set Trained panelists – subset of panelists from

Phase 1

Openlot Dairies

Corral Cleaning

Freestall Dairy

Calf Hutches

Heifer Facility

Average Dairy Odor Emissions

Location Distance Detection Threshold

Odor Intensity

H2S/TRS NH3

Range - units meters ( 1.4 – 60 ) ( 0 – 6 ) ppm ppm

Openlot Dairies <1,000 hd

Source 11.4 2.8 0.063 0.41050 meters 8.4 2.7 0.038 0.420

200 meters 3.1 1.5 0.020 0.290

Openlot Dairies >1,000 hd

Source 17.0 3.7 0.078 0.36050 meters 4.8 1.8 0.042 0.270

200 meters 4.5 1.9 0.024 0.270

Scraped Freestall Dairies

Source 29.0 4.4 0.223 0.53050 meters 13.4 3.3 0.161 0.430

200 meters 6.3 2.5 0.078 0.260

Flushed Freestall Dairies

Source 22.2 4.2 0.379 0.66050 meters 12.4 3.3 0.173 0.430

200 meters 8.5 2.8 0.117 0.300

Average Feedlot Odor Emissions

Location Distance Detection Threshold

Odor Intensity

H2S/TRS NH3


Calf HutchesSource 6.6 1.4 0.007 0.125

50 meters - - - - - - - -200 meters - - - - - - - -

Heifer PensSource 29.1 3.8 0.061 0.050

50 meters - - - - - - - -200 meters - - - - - - - -

FeedlotsSource 16.3 3.2 0.019 0.185

50 meters 11.0 2.4 0.012 0.086200 meters 5.9 1.8 0.006 0.000

Feedlot + Heifer Pens

Source 17.6 3.3 0.022 0.17750 meters - - - - - - - -

200 meters - - - - - - - -

Variability within Farm Groups

Seasonal Variability - Source

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

< 1000 > 1000 Scrape Flush < 1000 > 1000 Scrape Flush < 1000 > 1000 Scrape Flush

Per

cen

t o

f F

arm

s ab

ove

Det

ecti

on

Lev

el

>7 D/T

>15 D/T

>30 D/T

Summer SpringFall

Seasonal Variability – 200m

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

< 1000 > 1000 Scrape Flush < 1000 > 1000 Scrape Flush < 1000 > 1000 Scrape Flush

Per

cen

t o

f F

arm

s ab

ove

Det

ecti

on

Lev

el

>7 DT

>15DT

>30 DT

Summer Fall Spring

Compost – Static Compost – Turning of Fresh

Manure Compost - Turning Corn Silage Bunker Corral Cleaning Slurry - Fresh/Vacuumed

Manure Broadcast Application Solid Manure - Corral Manure

Application

Pivot Irrigation – Drag Tube @100% Manure

Pivot Irrigation – Spray Nozzles @100% Manure

Pivot Irrigation – Rotating Nozzles @100% Manure

Pivot Irrigation – “Wobble” Nozzles @100% Manure

Separated Solids Broadcast Application

Settling Basin Settling Basin – covered

Land Application and Manure Management Practices

Slurry Manure Application

Solid Manure Application

Solid & Slurry Manure Application

Practice Distance Detection Threshold

Odor Intensity

H2S/TRS NH3


Dry Corral Manure 75 10.4 3.4 0.087 4.00

maximum 21.2 6.0 0.087 4.00

Dry Corral Manure 100 23.4 4.2 0.009 0.05

maximum 42.4 6.0 0.010 0.10

Settled Dairy Solids 70 9.3 3.2 0.044 0.50

maximum 42.4 5.0 0.061 0.75

Vacuumed Manure Slurry 100 11.8 3.2 0.031 0.83

maximum 42.4 5.0 0.046 1.2

Wastewater Irrigation Sprinklers Impact Sprinklers Drop Nozzles

Sprays Rotating Heads

Nelson R3000 Rotator

Nelson S3000 Spinner

Senninger I-Wob

Wastewater Irrigation - Drag Hose

Practice Distance Detection Threshold

Odor Intensity

H2S/TRS NH3


Drag Tube 100 15.2 3.5 0.058 0.00

maximum 42.4 5.0 0.005 0.000

“Rotator” Nozzles 100 26.5 4.6 ---- 0.13

maximum 60.0 5.0 ---- 0.25

“Spray” Nozzles 150 12.5 4.8 0.222 0.28maximum 60.0 6.0 0.295 0.30

“Wobbler” Nozzles 100 24.1 4.9 0.079 0.30

maximum 42.4 6.0 0.085 0.35

Liquid Effluent Land Application

Odor AcceptabilityIs the odor present acceptable ……….

( -10 ”Unacceptable” … 0 … 10 “great”)

as an odor on the farm property? _________as an odor across the property line? _________as an odor at a rural residence? _________as an odor at a public event or private party? _________

Unacceptable Odors (</= -5)

Unacceptable Odors (</= -5) Measured by Trained Odor Panelists at the Odor Source

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

>2 2 4 7 15 30 60

Dilutions to Threshold (Odor Concentration)

Pe

rce

nt

Un

ac

ce

tab

ilit

y

Property Line

Rural Residence

Party or Event

Buffer Requirements Most buffers are targeted

on odors (even when states only have authority to minimize risk to water)

New or expanding construction

Distances vary greatly between areas

Most based on arbitrary distances rather than scientific procedures to reduce occurrence

OFFSET: Odor From Feedlots Setback Estimation Tool

Scientific process to establish odor based setbacks

Developed by Univ. of Minnesota, adopted by MN and MI

Develops an Odor Emission Factor for all existing and proposed facilities

Values shown are for Midwestern (IA, MN, MI) conditions, and assumes flat terrain

Odor Emission Factor

Odor Emission Number x Area (sq.ft) x Odor Control Factor

10,000


10,00010,000


10,000

Determine Odor Emission Factor for each odor source on the farm

• Barns• Manure Storage/Stockpiles• Feed Storage

Odor Emission NumbersBeef: dirt/concrete lot; freestall, scrape 4/ft2

Dairy: Freestall deep pit; Loose housing, scrape 6/ft2

Dairy: Tie stall, scrape 2/ft2

Earthen manure basin: 1st,2nd cell 20,8/ft2

Anaerobic Lagoon 4/ft2

Steel or concrete tank, above or below ground 28/ft2

Crusted Stockpile 2/ft2


Odor Control FactorsNo odor control technology 0

Biofilter on 100% for building exhaust fans

0.1

Geotextile cover (>2.4 mm) 0.5

Straw or natural crust on manure 4-inches = 0.58-inches = 0.3

Impermeable cover 0.1


Determining Setback Distances

7 hrs/mo

22 hrs/mo29 hrs/mo44 hrs/mo66 hrs/mo

15 hrs/mo

Suggested odor annoyance free frequencies• 99% ~ cities w/population >5000, hospitals• 98% ~ cities w/population <5000• 97% ~ residential area w/ >50 homes, churches, parks• 96% ~ residential area w/ <50 homes, churches• 94% ~ < 5 rural homes• 91% ~ < 2 rural homes Values shown are for Midwestern (IA,

MN, MI) conditions, and assumes flat terrain

Measuring Livestock Odors

Measuring Livestock Odors

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