Measuring and Transforming the Believability of Embodied Agents Jeremy Bailenson Department of...
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Transcript of Measuring and Transforming the Believability of Embodied Agents Jeremy Bailenson Department of...
Measuring and Transforming the Believability of Embodied Agents
Jeremy BailensonDepartment of Communication
Stanford University
Virtual Human Interaction Labhttp://vhil.stanford.edu
Overview
• Metrics of Copresence (Believability): Theories, terms, empirical examples
• Quick Revisit to the Uncanny Valley
• Strategic Transformations of Agents:– “Augmented Social Interaction”
Copresence
• What is it?– Is that virtual human perceived as if it were a physical
human?
• Is it measurable?
• Synonyms: Social Presence, Believability, Engagement, Rapport, Interactional Synchrony
Current Methodology:Questionnaires
• Questionnaires 95 percent of copresence research
• Problems with Questionnaires:
– Ambiguity:
"How much did it seem as if you and the other people both left the places where you were and went to a new place?“
- Demand Characteristics
- Implicit/subconscious
How do you measure copresence?Questionnaires (95%) cheap and easy
Open ended interviews
Physiologically (brain activity, heart arousal, skin conductance)
Memory for objects in VR (compared to physical space)
Presence as absence (in VR does the physical world disappear)
Behavior (do in VR as people do in physical space: nonverbal behaviors, learning, physical reactions, etc.)
Today: Proxemic behavior, Eye Gaze, Disclosure, Turing Tests, Learning
Social Presence and Proxemics
Proxemics Background• Studied extensively in psychology and
anthropology since 1950’s
• Equilibrium Theory (Argyle & Dean, 1969)
– NVB’s trade off– Predictions in regards to proxemics
• Do proxemics patterns hold true with virtual people?
Sample Proxemics Task
Sample Data
CONTROL CYLINDER
COND 1 EYES CLOSED
COND 2 EYES OPEN
COND 3 BLINKING
COND 4
BLINKSAnd
HEAD TURNS
COND 5
BLINKS,HEAD TURNS,
AndPUPIL
DILATION
Equilibrium: Personal Space and Gaze
In the “Real World”: Second Life
Personal Disclosure (verbal and nonverbal)
Show movie
Eye Gaze as Copresence Proxy
TSI: Detection: Nonverbal Turing Test
Learning
Uncanny Valley Revisited
Static Low Medium high
Block N >20 N >20 N >20 N >20
Bear N >20 N >20 N >20 N >20
Human N >20 N >20 N >20 N >20
Head Movement RealismMeasures:
Subjective RatingsGaze/Head MovementsMemoryProxemics
Transforming Agents to be Effective
(Believable?)
Collaborative Virtual Environments
Transformed Social Interaction (TSI)
ActualBehavior
StrategicFilter
TransformedBehavior
3 Dimensions of TSI
• Transforming Self Representation
• Transforming Social-Sensory Abilities
• Transforming Social Context
TSI: Augmented Gaze• Gaze is powerful:
– Learning (Sherwood, 1987)
– Persuasion (Morton, 1980)
– Physiological Arousal (Wellens, 1987)
– Shaping the structure of a conversation (Kendon, 1987; Argyle, 1988)
TSI: Augmented Gaze
TSI: Digital Chameleon
TSI: Digital Chameleon
• Persuasive passage read by Agent
• 60 subjects– Mimic (4s lag)– Recording of other
subject
TSI: Digital Chameleon
TSI: Facial Identity Capture
TSI: Identity Capture
• Similarity among people results in:
– Attraction (Shanteau & Nagy, 1979)
– More Persuasion (Chaiken, 1979)
– More purchases (Brock, 1965)
– More altruistic helping behavior (Dovidio, 1984)
– Trust (DeBruine, 2002)
Facial Identity Capture:High Info, Familiar Target
• National random sample (N = 200)
• 1 Week before presidential election
• Viewed candidate photos while evaluating Bush and Kerry
• 3 groups of subjects– No morph– Bush Self, Other Kerry– Kerry Self, Other Bush
TSI: Facial Identity Capture
TSI: Facial Identity Capture
The Virtual Mirror
The Proteus Effect
Learning: Augmented Social Perception
T
Learning: Transformed Proximity
Learning: Virtual Knockout
Ethics
Collaborators
Megan MillerAndrew OrinNicole LundbladJulia HuClaire CarlsonAaron SullivanBoyko KakaradovHassan Adubu
Stanford Graduate Students/Post Docs
Nick YeeDan MergetManos PontikakisKayur PatelRobby RatanHunter Gehlbach
Stanford Faculty
Shanto IyengarCliff NassRoy Pea
Byron ReevesDan Schwartz
UCSB Faculty/Post Docs
Andy BeallJim BlascovichJack Loomis Matthew Turk
Rosanna Guadagno
Thank you!
Virtual Human Interaction Labhttp://vhil.stanford.edu
Josh AinslieAdrian De La MoraJon ShihJaireh TecarroSam WarburgKathryn RickertsenJerry Yu
Stanford Undergraduates
Berkeley Faculty
Ruzena BajcsyJaron Lanier
Applications
• Learning
• Communication Technology
• Advertising
• Politics
Face to Face TSI?