MEASURES IMPLEMENTED TO ENSURE SAFETY...

MEASURES IMPLEMENTED TO ENSURE SAFETY

OF SAPS MEMBERS AND ADDRESS UNNATURAL

DEATHS

Briefing to the Portfolio Committee on Police

28 August 2015

Content

• Background

• Current Status

• Analysis of incidents

• Police Safety Strategy

• Police Safety Plans

• Tactical Response Plan

• Special Actions to Support the Tactical Response Plan

• Safety Gear

• Status: Training Interventions

• Status: Employee Health and Wellness

• Status: Investigations

• Hot Spot Police Stations

• Conclusion

• Attacks on and the unnatural deaths of members of the South African Police Service have a negative impact on various aspects of South African society.

• During 2011 a Summit was hosted by the former Minister of Police and a Ten-Point Plan was adopted.

• It is against this background that a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary Police Safety Strategy and National Police Safety Plan were developed for implementation to strengthen and operationalise the Ten-Point Plan of the Minister in the South African Police Service.

• An unacceptably high level of unnatural deaths of members has been experienced lately especially in respect of the killing or murder of a member by a third party which is of grave concern to the Minister and National Commissioner of the South African Police Service and an immediate Tactical Response Plan as special initiative was implemented involving all law enforcement agencies, such as Metropolitan Police Departments, Traffic and private security companies.

BACKGROUND

2012/2013 – 2014/2015

COMPARISON UNNATURAL

DEATHS OF MEMBERS

UNNATURAL DEATHS

2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015

ON OFF TOT ON OFF TOT ON OFF TOT

Murders 29 55 84 29 48 77 35 51 86

Vehicle Accidents 41 124 165 37 85 122 39 63 102

Other accidents 10 9 19 4 23 27 0 6 6

TOTAL 80 188 268 70 156 226 74 120 194

• A decrease of 32 police members or 14.1% during the 2014/2015 financial year in comparison to the 2013/2014 financial year;

• A decrease of 42 police members or 15.7% during the 2013/2014 financial year in comparison to the 2012/2013 financial year; and

• A decrease of 74 police members or 27.6% during the 2014/2015 financial year in comparison to the 2012/2013 financial year.

2012/2013 – 2014/2015

COMPARISON UNNATURAL

DEATHS OF MEMBERS: ON/OFF DUTY

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Murders Vehicle Accidents Other Accidents

2012/2013 84 165 19

2013/2014 77 122 27

2014/2015 86 102 6

Gra

ph 2

Comparison: Overall Unnatural Deaths

Police members killed on and off duty

Most police members were killed, on and off duty, during the 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 financial years as a result of motor vehicle accidents, followed by members murdered

and lastly members killed as a result of other accidents. However, vehicle accidents have indicated a significant decrease over the last three years.

2005/2006 – 2014/2015

Province 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 Total

EC 16 6 12 11 10 11 15 12 11 14 118

FS 1 6 8 6 2 6 7 7 6 4 53

GP 26 38 38 21 24 33 21 23 12 24 260

KZN 23 32 21 28 25 17 14 18 21 19 218

MP 7 7 9 6 4 5 8 3 4 2 55

NW 7 8 2 3 2 1 5 3 2 1 34

NC 1 3 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 12

LM 4 2 6 7 8 5 8 3 2 5 50

WC 10 6 10 11 10 7 3 12 15 9 93

HQ 0 0 0 10 16 6 0 2 3 7 44

Total 95 108 107 105 101 93 81 84 77 86 937

COMPARISON POLICE MEMBERS

KILLED/MURDERED ON/OFF DUTY

PROVINCE 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 O

N

OFF

TOT

ON

OFF

TOT

ON

OFF

TOT

ON

OFF

TOT

ON

OFF

TOT

GP 17 16 33 14 7 21 9 14 23 6 6 12 10 14 24

KZN 5 12 17 7 7 14 6 12 18 7 14 21 9 10 19

EC 5 6 11 6 9 15 4 8 12 4 7 11 5 9 14

WC 0 7 7 3 0 3 3 9 12 7 8 15 7 2 9

FS 2 4 6 1 6 7 3 4 7 1 5 6 2 2 4

MP 4 4 8 3 5 8 1 2 3 1 3 4 0 2 2

NW 0 2 2 0 5 5 2 1 3 2 0 2 0 1 1

NC 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

LM 0 2 2 4 4 8 0 3 3 0 2 2 1 4 5

HO 2 4 6 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 6 7

TOTAL 36 57 93 38 43 81 29 55 84 29 48 77 35 51 86

COMPARISON: POLICE MEMBERS

KILLED/MURDERED: 2010/2011 – 2014/2015

2010/2011 – 2014/2015

COMPARISON:

POLICE MEMBERS KILLED ON DUTY

02468

10

2012/2013

2013/2014

2014/2015

The highest number of incidents of police members murdered/killed on duty, as well as an increase was experienced in Gauteng (4), followed by KwaZulu-Natal (2), Free State (1) and Eastern Cape (1). However, during the 2012/2013 in comparison to the 2013/2014 financial year a decrease was experienced in Gauteng and Western Cape.

1 APRIL – 24 AUGUST 2015 (FINANCIAL YEAR)

PROVINCE 1 APRIL 2014 - 24 AUGUST 2014 1 APRIL 2015 – 24 AUGUST 2015

ON DUTY OFF DUTY TOTAL ON DUTY OFF DUTY TOTAL

EASTERN CAPE 2 4 6 1 4 5

FREE STATE 1 0 1 0 0 0

GAUTENG 4 5 9 6 4 10

KWAZULU-NATAL 2 5 7 4 5 9

LIMPOPO 1 0 1 0 1 1

MPUMALANGA 0 1 1 2 1 3

NORTH WEST 0 1 1 0 1 1

NORTHERN CAPE 0 0 0 0 1 1

WESTERN CAPE 4 2 6 1 0 1

HEAD OFFICE 0 3 3 1 2 3

TOTAL 14 21 35 15 19 34

CURRENT STATUS POLICE MEMBERS

KILLED/MURDERED

An increase of one (7.1%) members being killed on duty and a decrease of two (9.5%) members being killed off duty during the 2015/2016 financial year period in comparison to the 2014/2015

financial year, and an overall decrease of one ( 2.9% ) member on/off duty.

1 JANUARY – 24 AUGUST 2015 (CALENDA R YEAR)

CURRENT STATUS

POLICE MEMBERS KILLED

PROVINCE 1 January 2014 - 24 August 2014 1 January 2015 - 24 August 2015

ON DUTY OFF DUTY TOTAL ON DUTY OFF DUTY TOTAL

Eastern Cape 3 4 7 3 5 8

Free State 1 2 3 0 1 1

Gauteng 5 10 15 12 7 19

KwaZulu-Natal 6 8 14 6 6 12

Limpopo 1 0 1 0 4 4

Mpumalanga 0 2 2 2 2 4

North West 2 1 3 0 1 1

Northern Cape 0 1 1 0 2 2

Western Cape 5 3 8 2 0 2

Head Office 0 3 3 2 3 5

TOTAL 23 34 57 27 31 58 An increase of four (17.4%) members being killed on duty and a decrease of three (8.8%) members being killed off duty during the 2015 calendar year in comparison to the 2014

calendar year, and an overall increase of one (1.8%) member on/off duty.

• Most members killed by a third party are attached to Visible Policing as first responders.

• Most members are killed on duty when responding to complaints or performing typical policing functions, such as searches and arrests (evading arrests and retaliation).

• Most members killed are between the age of 30 – 40 with an average of 3-6 years service.

• Most members killed off duty are victims of crime.

• Most arrests of suspects are executed within one week to a month after the incident.

• More members are killed in vehicle accidents than as are result of violence/murder.

• Most members killed sustain injuries to the head, face and neck areas.

• Most members killed in incidents of violence are killed by the suspect being shot with a firearm.

• A decrease in the loss of firearms was noted during incidents where members were killed during the 2015/2016 financial year in comparison to 2014/2015.

• More members are killed off duty than on duty

ANALYSIS OF INCIDENTS INDICATE THAT….

Stra

tegi

c Le

vel

Police Safety Strategy

Tact

ical

Lev

el

Police Safety Implementation Plan

Op

erat

ion

al L

evel

Tactical Response Plan

STRATEGIC APPROACH ADOPTED TO

ADDRESS POLICE SAFETY

Integrated multi-disciplinary approach to ensure synergy

• A comprehensive Police Safety Strategy was developed and implemented.

The strategy is intended to ensure the safety of all members and is based

on the following five pillars. The five pillars of the Strategy represent the

fundamental issues that must be addressed in order to minimise incidents of

attacks and the unnatural deaths of police members (including reservists

while they are on duty):

– Governance to establish a standardised regulatory environment to

ensure police safety as a priority.

– Proactive interventions to reduce attacks and non-natural deaths of

police members.

– Reactive interventions to ensure arrest and conviction of offenders,

restore confidence in the CJS and serve as a deterrent.

– Address non compliance and employee health and wellness support

interventions for members and families.

– Monitoring and evaluation to inform prevention, responses, redress and

support interventions and to determine whether the strategy is effective

in reducing unnatural deaths of police members

POLICE SAFETY STRATEGY

NATIONAL POLICE SAFETY PLAN

• A National Police Safety Plan was developed to strengthen the

implementation of the Police Safety Strategy in an effort to eradicate or

reduce attacks and unnatural death of police members.

• Divisions and Provinces operationalise the National Police Safety Plan

through the implementation of Divisional and Provincial Safety Plans.

ACTIONS TO SUPPORT AND STRENGTHEN

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICE SAFETY STRATEGY

PRE-PLANNING: ACCESS CONTROL, SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS AND RESOURCING

• Assessment of the environment: identify potential

threats, root causes and trends in order to enhance preventative measures and access to police premises in order to address safety and security vulnerabilities.

• Determining of the modus operandi of perpetrators, threats and, trends

• Profiling of suspects and identifying high risk areas: gang infested areas, descriptions of dangerous suspects and suspicious vehicles and enhance awareness amongst police members to strengthen operational and psychological readiness on a regular basis.

• Ensuring that adequate, serviceable resources and equipment are available to support and strengthen police members during deployment.

• Identifying early warning signs of potential depression, stress, suicide, substance abuse, anger and relationship deficiencies and involve Employee Health and Wellness to strengthen psychological and emotional fitness.

• Conduct research to determine international, regional, national and provincial trends (Tactical approach, skills development and modernized equipment).

1.

Situational Analysis

and Awareness

POLICE SAFETY PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS

• Identification of skills gaps based on operational needs

•Attendance of operational, tactical and vehicle defensive training by operational members based on operational needs

•Refresher training and re-skill members to support the maintenance of the skills and operational readiness of all members (Tactical Policing I & II)

2.

Skills Development and Maintenance

•Enhanced internal and external awareness

•Awareness in respect of personal and operational/tactical safety and security, including road safety

•Developed and distributed a Pocket Safety Guide

•Community interaction through CPF structures

3.

Raising of Awareness

•Enforcement of contingency planning to determine and prescribe actions required when back-up deployment or support is required during dangerous and medium to high risk situations

•Reaction capability to react to incidents of attack on members or police stations in an integrated manner

4.

Contingency Planning

POLICE SAFETY PLAN


• The Pocket Safety Guide provides for the use of basic safety principles in the police’s day-to-day operational tasks. The principles cover the following seven fields:-

– Operational readiness and alertness. Police members must adopt a culture of awareness, anticipation and action planning.

– Safety procedures when approaching, searching or arresting suspects.

– Ensuring the correct and effective use of appropriate equipment.

– The use of tactical communication to avoid the need to opt for using physical force.

– Exercising caution when approaching dangerous situations, incidents or persons.

– Always working as a team and never working in isolation.

– Using the appropriate tactics and techniques when approaching any situation.

– Maintaining high levels of mental and physical fitness.

POLICE SAFETY POCKET GUIDE

•Prioritised and centralised investigation by the Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation and Detective Service.

• Involvement of National Prosecuting Authority to ensure appropriate sanctions as a deterrent and assist in opposing bail

5.

Investigations and Convictions

•Quarterly and special meetings are hosted following an incident to:

•Analyse all incidents which occurred,

•Make proposals for the develop and implementation of corrective measures,

•Ensure that all actions implemented to support police safety are coordinated and synergised

•Activate on-site assessments

•Communicate good practices or areas for correction

6.

Hosting of Multi-disciplinary Police Safety Committee

Meetings

• Identification and analysis of risks

• The development and implementation of a Risk Plan

•The attacks (murders) on SAPS personnel members, on and off duty, was included in the National Risk Register and a risk manager was appointed.

7.

Risk Management

• Implementation of an Information Management Framework which requires all incidents where police members are attacked (murdered) to be reported within 12 hours after the incident. This information is captured on a national data base and is analysed to inform the development of proactive preventative measures.

8.

Reporting of incidents of unnatural deaths

on and off duty

•Multi-disciplinary Assessment Teams conduct on site assessments to reconstruct the circumstances and conditions and to conduct safety assessments to determine level of compliance by members.

9.

Police Safety Assessments

POLICE SAFETY PLAN


•EHW Programmes

•Debriefing and support

10.

Employee Health and Wellness

•Compliance inspections

•Trial Unit and Compliance Board to address

11.

Operational Compliance (changed from corrective

discipline)

POLICE SAFETY PLAN


STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

• A Tactical Response Plan was developed and implemented as an

immediate reaction to the situation:

– Address the immediate reduction and prevention of firearm

related offences and murders of law enforcement officials.

– Conducting of proper investigation and review of prioritised

serious and violent case dockets.

– Enhance compliance to National Instructions, Directives and

Standards to ensure police safety.

– Enhance internal and external communication and awareness on

police safety.

– Enhance employee health and wellness

TACTICAL RESPONSE PLAN

NATIONAL STRATEGY

• Alignment to Operation Fiela;

• The establishment of multi-disciplinary dedicated Task Teams on

national and provincial level to respond, trace, arrest and investigate

all incidents as priority ;

• Deployment of members in accordance with the Crime Pattern and

Threat Analysis to support intelligence driven operations;

• Ongoing disruptive operations;

• Profiling and detection of suspects;

• On-site assessment and analysis of incidents;

• Contingency planning to support rapid response to incidents;

• Conducting of docket analysis of all reported cases;

• Centralisation of prioritised dockets at provincial and national levels;

• Engagement with National Prosecution Authority re priority

prosecution and opposing of bail;


NATIONAL STRATEGY

• Compliance inspections to ensure compliance to National

Instructions, Directives and Standing Orders

• Prioritised skills development of all operational members deployed

in affected areas;

• Strengthening employee health and wellness by providing

immediate support to affected members and families;

• Enhanced awareness and communication internally and externally

• Community mobilisation against firearm related as well as serious

and violent crime; and

• Rewards for information which leads to arrests and conviction.


REPORTING

• All cases involving the attacks (murder) of a police member must

immediately be reported to the Provincial Command Centre (PCC)

by the relevant authorities.

• The PCC will activate the dedicated Task Team, who will attend the

scene and take over investigation.

• The Task Team will report to the National and Provincial Heads

DPCI in terms of command and control.

• All incidents relating to attacks of this nature on SAPS officials, as

well as on colleagues within the criminal justice system, such as

Metro and Traffic officials, will also immediately be reported to the

NATJOC.


COMMAND AND CONTROL

• Station and Relief Commanders were further instructed to ensure compliance to

Standing Order (G) 28 and to the following Directives and Standing Orders, which

has a direct influence on the safety and well-being of every member in the South

African Police Service:-

• Conducting of on and off-duty parades in terms of SO (G) 256 during which the

following must receive attention: -

– Inspecting of members to ensure that members are properly equipped with the

necessary safety gear and equipment, including the wearing of a bullet resistant

vest as prescribed in National Directive 3/34/1 dated 29 July 2011;

– Briefing of members in respect of dangerous suspects or expected situations

when reporting for duty;

– Inspection of firearms to ensure that firearms are clean, in working condition and

well maintained;

– Sharing of national safety hints, guidelines, directives and contingency planning to

enhance awareness amongst operational members; and

– Conducting of regular visits to operational members during the performance of

their duties during the respective shifts; and

– Bi-annual certification of firearms and bullet proof vests is conducted.

SPECIAL ACTIONS TO SUPPORT THE


COMMAND AND CONTROL

• Implement contingency planning/activation plan to strengthen rapid response to all incidents where members are attacked or killed;

• Standing Order (G) 341: Arrest and treatment of an arrested person until such a person is handed over to the Community Service Centre. Specific reference to paragraph 8, sub-paragraph 4 (Search of an arrested person); and

• Standing Order (G) 361: Handling of persons in custody of the Service from their arrival at the police station. Specific reference to paragraph 13, sub-paragraph 6 (Visiting of cells).

• Divisional and Provincial Commissioners are further requested to ensure that routine monitoring and evaluation visits are conducted at police station and Unit level to ensure that members at all levels comply with National Directives, Standing Orders and Instructions. Also to ensure that contingency and activation plans are in place to react to incidents and that corrective measures and the necessary disciplinary action is instituted. If necessary to rectify non-compliance and to promote accountability to also activate the Trial Unit or Compliance Board



ENHANCED AWARENESS: INTERNAL COMMUNICATION

1 General safety hints

2 Parades: Safety and operational readiness of police members, including the compulsory wearing of bullet proof vests

3 Role of 10111 dispatchers: Obtaining information of crime scenes and sharing of tactical information with first responders

4 Response and attendance of complaints: Adequate information, serviceable safety equipment, back up, tactical approach, possible ambushes/modus operandi of suspects

5 Compliance to National Instruction and Standing Orders Duties of Station Commander (Standing Order (G) 28)

Duties of Commanders on a relief and the investigation of charges (Standing Order (G)

256)

Arrest of suspect (Standing Order (G) 341)

Search of suspect, vehicle or premises (Standing Order (G) 361)

Transporting the suspect (Standing Order (G) 341/361)

Detaining the suspect (Standing Order (G) 361)

Visiting of police cells (Standing Order (G) 361)

Use of restraining measures (Standing Order (G) 350)



ENHANCED AWARENESS: INTERNAL COMMUNICATION

6 Safety equipment as well as safe keeping and handling of official firearms

7 Premise security and access control 8 Road safety: Wearing of seatbelts, use of blue lights and response to emergencies

9 Rail safety

10 Attendance of HAZMAT scenes and incidents

11 Professional conduct and discipline

12 Identification of early warning signs: Suicide prevention and prevention of domestic violence related incidents

13 Employee health and wellness support: Trauma debriefing, suicide prevention and domestic violence

14 Application of Section 49: Use of force

15 Attendance of tactical training and Employee Health and Wellness programmes

16 Conduct by off duty police members



• Members are issued with the following gear to ensure their safety:

– Bullet Resistant Vests

– Firearm

– Retention cords

– Pepper Spray

– Handcuffs

– Torches

– Safes

– Additional magazines

– Additional ammunition

– Holster with safety clip

AVAILABILITY OF SAFETY GEAR

AND EQUIPMENT

PROTECTION OF MEMBERS: ACTIVE FIREARMS AS ON 31 JULY 2015


AND EQUIPMENT

HO EC FS GP KZN LIM MP NW NC WC

ACTIVE FIREARMS 82783 23096 13327 36269 31674 14197 11305 12861 7597 23645

108 FIREARMS 13163 11766 7093 22467 18976 9307 7235 6225 3634 8879

STORE FIREARMS 69620 11330 6234 13802 12698 4890 4070 6636 3963 14766

82

78

3

23

09

6

13

32

7

36

26

9

31

67

4

14

19

7

11

30

5

12

86

1

75

97

23

64

5

13

16

3

11

76

6

70

93

22

46

7

18

97

6

93

07

72

35

62

25

36

34

88

79

69

62

0

11

33

0

62

34

13

80

2

12

69

8

48

90

40

70

66

36

39

63

14

76

6

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

PROTECTION OF MEMBERS: BULLET RESISTANT VESTS AS ON 31 JULY 2015


AND EQUIPMENT

• The current BRV meets with all the ballistic requirements to protect members against potential threats relevant in SA.

• Problems identified with the vest such as the weight per size and excessive heat experienced with the outer material, are being attended to on a continuous basis by the Division Supply Chain Management by researching new solutions and materials to improve the current SAPS vest.

• Based on the above the original scope of the research has changed to a modular type of vest in terms of operational requirements and research is now conducted by SAPS in cooperation with CSIR.

• Testing is being done at the Division Criminal Record and Forensic Science Services, Ballistic Section. All test reports and findings are forwarded for evaluation and determination of the way forward.

RESEARCH:

BULLET RESISTANT VESTS (BRV)

• Samples of ballistic packs from different

companies locally and internationally, were

tested, not only against current ballistic

threats experienced in South Africa, but

also to revolutionize outer material for

better moist management/comfortability

and outer vest patterns for better

protection.

• The safety of our members remains a

priority and members are urged to ensure

that they have the correct size of BRV and

always wear the BRV when on duty

NUMBER OF MEMBERS ATTENDED TACTICAL TRAINING

PROGRAMME NUMBER TRAINED

2014/2015 2015/2016

Basic Police Development Training 2873 545

Tactical Policing Level II 1826 464

Street Survival Legal Principles 3388 418

Use of Firearm: Handgun 4203 496

Use of Firearm: Rifle 3345 408

Use of Firearm: Shotgun 3111 372

Tactical Trainer Development Refresher 0 290

PROGRESS ON TRAINING INTERVENTIONS

• All Tactical Response Team (TRT) members will be undergoing weapon refresher courses

• 2 968 Public Order Police (POP) and TRT members will undergo a POP refresher course (Added information)

PROACTIVE EHW PROGRAMMES: APRIL – JUNE 2015

PROGRESS ON EMPLOYEE HEALTH

AND WELLNESS SUPPORT

EHW AREA NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES REACHED DURING PROACTIVE EHW

PROGRAMMES

Psychological Services 8 174

Quality of Work Life Management 238

Social Work Services 13 991

Spiritual Services 12 468

Total Employees Reached 34 871

DEBRIEFING: APRIL – JUNE 2015



Number of requests

received

Formal Trauma Debriefing 507

Multiple Stressor

Intervention 46

Number of employees

debriefed

Formal Trauma Debriefing 1732

Multiple Stressor

Intervention 443

EHW REQUESTS RECEIVED: APRIL – JUNE 2015



Entry Requests received 8

Number reached 394

Organisational Diagnosis Request received 14

Number reached 720

Specialised Field

Assessments

Request received 22

Number reached 349

PROGRESS ON INVESTIGATIONS

APRIL 2014 – AUGUST 2015

STATUS TOTAL

Cases: Guilty (Convictions) 13

Cases: Under investigation 49

Cases: To court or pending trail 44

Cases: Cases pending inquests at Court 9

PROGRESS ON ARRESTS:

JANUARY 2014 – AUGUST 2015

YEAR Suspects arrested

2014 99

2015 71

TOTAL 170

CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES

NUMBER OF CONVICTIONS SENTENCE

2 Life imprisonment

11 337 years imprisonment (total)

STATIONS WHERE MORE THAN ONE POLICE MEMBERS WERE KILLED

GAUTENG KWAZULU-NATAL WESTERN CAPE

Temba (2) Harding (2) Nyanga (2)

Sandringham (2)

Johannesburg Central (2)

Jeppe (2)

IDENTIFIED HOT SPOT POLICE STATIONS:

2014/2015 – 2015/2016

• Implementation of special training measures focussing on refresher training of operational members in affected Provinces.

• Unannounced assessments to be conducted at all police stations in affected Provinces where incidents occurred to assess compliance to National Instructions and Standing Orders as well as to identify challenges relating to the safety of police members.

• National Police Safety Workshop targeting the Commanders of the most affected provinces as priority.

• Road shows to address all operational members in affected Provinces.

• Community outreach programmes and interventions to enhance awareness on police safety.

• Implementation of Police Safety Month during September

• Awareness campaigns to be hosted in affected Provinces.

• Spiritual services interventions to address the moral fibre in communities.

• Police station security assessments to determine security needs and threats.

• Regular docket and threat analysis.

• Introduction of harsh sentences for police killings as a deterrent.

Way Forward

Thank you

MEASURES IMPLEMENTED TO ENSURE SAFETY...

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