Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to...

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Measurement of F 2  and R on Nuclear Targets in the Nucleon Resonance Region  Vahe Mamyan April 28 2009 

Transcript of Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to...

Page 1: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Measurement of F2 and R on Nuclear Targets in the Nucleon Resonance Region  

Vahe Mamyan

April 28 2009 

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Physics Motivation✔ Quark­hadron duality to investigate the transition from the 

perturbative to the non perturbative region of QCD.✔ Understand the nuclear dependence of R and it's relation to 

nuclear physics.✔ Separation of vector and axial­vector components in neutrino 

scattering is only possible if the vector part is provided from electron scattering experiments.

✔ Experiments like MINERvA, MiniBONNE, K2K intend to study neutrino oscillations. Nuclear structure functions will be used as input data for these experiments.

✔ Measurements of SF in the resonance region may allow to determine SF in the high x region which is kinematically inaccessible.

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QCD and the Strong ForceQCD is the theory of strong interactions. Two of its most 

important properties are: Asymptotic freedom, quarks are considered free at 

small distances. Quark confinement, no free quark was discovered.

No phase transition from confinement to asymptotic freedom.

The phenomenon of quark­hadron duality can help to investigate the nature of the transition from the perturbative (asymptotic freedom) to the non perturbative (quark confinement) region of QCD.

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Quark­Hadron Duality

E.D. Bloom and F.J. GilmanPhys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1140 (1970)M2

n Q2=∫

0

1

dx ˙xn−2 F2 x ,Q2

Bloom and Gilman: the average over resonances produced in eN scattering closely resembles the scaling function measured in the deep inelastic region. Explaining observed duality in the basis of QCD is a major 

step in understanding the nuclear force. Moments of the Structure Functions.

✔ Theoretical basis for duality is OPE.✔ Duality can happen if higher twist                    contributions are small or cancel.

M2n = ∑=2,4,. .

∞ A

n s Q

2

Q−2

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The Nuclear Dependence of R

Picture from E04­001 proposal

Left­World's data of R at high Q2 in the DIS region for nucleons and nuclei.Right­ SLAC E140 data, nuclear dependence of (RA­RD) in DIS. 

R= L

T

=F L

2xF1

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Picture from E04­001 proposal

A comparison of the ratio of cross section of iron to deuterium in the resonance region versus in the DIS region. This data support that there are no nuclear dependence of R. 

=2x

114M2 x2/Q2

Nachtmann scaling variable

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The Nuclear Dependence of R

Plot from G.A. Miller(Phys.Rev. C64, 022201)

The measurement of R in the kinematic region of this experiment provides information about the dynamics of nuclear force inside nuclei.

Study of A dependence of thelongitudinal cross section. 

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Inelastic Electron Scattering

d2

ddE '=

42E ' 2

Q4 [cos2

2W 2 , q2

2W1 , q2sin2

2 ]

d2

ddE '=

2

Q4

E 'E

L

W

W=W 1 g

W 2

M 2p p

W 4

M 2qq

W 5

M2 p pqq

  Since the Lμν is symmetric in μν and qμνWμν = 0 (gauge invariance)  there are only two independent structure functions, W1 and W2. 

One photon exchangeapproximation.

If the initial proton is not polarized the general form of  hadron tensor can be written as

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The two structure functions are related to photo­absorbtion cross section for transverse photons and longitudinal photons.

  W 1=K

42T where  T=

12+­

W 2=K

42T L

Q2

Q2

2

K=2MP−Q2

2MP

d2

ddE '=TL =

E ' W 2−M P

2

2Q2 M P E 1−=[12 1

2

Q2 tan2

2 ]d2

ddE '=

42

x W 2−M p

2 [2xF1 x , Q2

1 4MP2 x2

Q2 F2 x ,Q2−2xF1 x , Q2

]

is longitudinal

is purely transverse,F1 x ,Q2

F L=14MP

2 x2

Q2 F2−2xF1R=L

T

=FL

2xF1

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Neutrino Structure Functions

W 1=K

G2RL W 3=

KG2

2M

Q2

2 R−L W 2=K

G 2Q2

Q2

2 RL2 S

In neutrino scattering, analogy to electron scattering, W absorption cross section for left, right handed and scalar is                   .L ,R ,S

Conservation of vector current in EM processes allows to relate structure function to it's counterparts in neutrino scattering for specific isospin final states. 

✔ Electromagnetic scattering probes the charge of the partons.✔ Neutrino scattering probes the flavor composition of the partons (charge conservation at the quark vertex).

One important difference from EM case is that W1,2 contain both VV and AA terms. W3 is a result of V­A interference.

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Relation of Structure Functions in QPM

F2l N

F2N=

518 1−

35

x sxs−xc−x cx qx q

This relationship is known as 5/18 ths rule.The relation of charged lepton scattering structure function to neutrino scattering structure functions is an important achievement of Quark Parton Model.

This relation was confirmed experimentally!

F 2l x =∑

i

ei2 x f i x Electromagnetic structure function.

F 2 x=2∑

i

[x qi x x qi

x ] Neutrino structure function.

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Rosenbluth Separation Technique

Rosenbluth separation can be done by making  measurements at two or more values of ε for fixed W2 and Q2.

d2

ddE '=TL

Flux of transverse virtual photons.

Relative flux of longitudinally polarized virtual photons.

R=L

T

=FL

2xF1

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Experimental Hall CHMS

Electron beam energy – 0.7 – 5.7 GeVHMS – High Momentum Spectrometer Maximum central momentum – 7.5 GeV/c Momentum bite – 15 % Solid angle – 6 msr  Luminosity  > 1038 cm­2 sec­1

Beam line

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Experimental Setup

XeAe +→+ '

    Drift Chambers,Horizontal and vertical

Vertically and Horizontally segmented hodoscopes

Gas Cerenkov

Target Scattering Chamber

e­ e´­

Electron Beam

HMS

X

Detector Hut

Gas Cerenkov and calorimeter 

provide  pion rejection of 

10000:1 at 1 GeV

Calorimeter

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Drift Chambers

Two drift chambers to measure particle coordinates and momentum. 

Sense wires are 1 cm apart, gasis a mixture of argon and ethane.

Coordinate resolution is about 300  mμ .

Each drift chamber has six planes to measure particle angles. Covers 113x52 cm2.

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Hodoscopes

Four hodoscopes for trigger.Each paddle is 1 cmthick and 8 cm wide.

Hodoscopes are grouped in two horizontal­vertical (X­Y) pairs.

X hodoscopes have 16 horizontally placed scintillators.Y hodoscopes have 10 vertically placed scintillators. 

 

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Gas Cerenkov

Gas Cerenkov is used for PID and trigger.

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Gas Cerenkov

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Calorimeter

Calorimeter is used for trigger 

and particle identification.

E /E=a /Eb /Ec

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TriggerELLO – requires Cerenkov signal and  two out of 

✔ At least one layer from S1 and S2✔ At least 3 layers of S1 and S2✔ Low energy signal from Calorimeter's first layer

ELREAL = ELLO OR ELHI

ELHI – requires  all ✔ High energy signal from Calorimeter's first layer✔ At least 3 layers of S1 and S2✔ Calorimeter energy above fixed threshold

Trigger efficiency is very high thanks to using different combinations of Hodoscopes, Cerenkov and Calorimeter.

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Trigger Efficiency

Page 22: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Kinematics Range

New data with Q2 > 3 GeV2

Targets : C, Al, Cu, Fe.

Different epsilon values  for same Q2 and W2, allows LT separation. 

New data compliments data from experiment E02­109.  

Measurements for each energy are done at least for 3 different angles. Wide epsilon range allows Rosenbluth separation.

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Precision Cross Section Measurement High statistic and good systematic precision. Wide range of counting rate, from a 1 kHz to 1 MHz. Keep trigger 

efficiency high for all rates. Linearity of detector response. Charge measurement by Beam Current Monitors. Corrections. Background. Acceptance. Detector efficiency (Cerenkov, Calorimeter). Tracking efficiency. Radiative. Bin centering.

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Events Selection and Backgrounds Gas Cherenkov detector for pion 

rejection. Electromagnetic calorimeter to 

increase pion rejection power at low energies.

Combined pion rejection power of better then 100:1 for momentum range 0.4­4.2 GeV. 

Background e­ from π° and γ decay, Charge Symmetric Background (CSB) – Subtracting positrons for the same kinematics at positive HMS polarity.

Negative pions π- corrected after applying CSB.

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Backgrounds ­ CSB

)1))((exp()log(),( −′−⋅⋅==′ EEbeamSlopeConstconstE θσ

Cross Section(CS) fit function has exponential form,  with constraint CS(E’=Ebeam,θ)=0.

Cross section is interpolated by a polynomial in theta and used in CSB subtraction.

Page 26: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Cross Section ExtractionCross section 

Where:

A(E΄,θ): acceptance correction. L: integrated luminosity. Eff: total efficiency of detecting an electron.        

A(E΄,θ) acceptance correction is calculated from  

Monte Carlo.

d2 , E '

ddE '=

YieldAE ' ,××L×EFF

Page 27: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Radiative and Bin Centering Corrections

Elastic Quasi­elastic Inelastic

IE+ QE rad. corrected CS

Bin correction factor

Bin centered CS,  FINAL !

IEQEexp

, E ' = Allexp−RadEl

mod/RadAll

mod−RadEl

mod× IEQE

mod

BC i , E j ' =RadAllmod

o , E j ' /RadAllmod

i , E j '

o , E j=

∑j

n

i , E jBC i , E j/ i , E jBC i , E j2

∑j

n

1 / i , E jBC i , E j2

Page 28: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Preliminary ResultsCarbon

Aluminum

Copper

Iron

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Cross Section Ratios σA/σD

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Global Fit and Iteration Procedure Model cross section for nucleus is based on the empirical fit of proton and deuterium.

F1, F2 inelastic are based on:✔ Empirical Fit to Precision Inclusive Electron­Proton Cross Sections in the Resonance Region hep­ph/0712.3731.

✔ Empirical Fit to Inelastic Electron­Deuteron and Electron­Neutron  Resonance Region Transverse Cross Sections hep­ph/0711.0159. 

F1, F2 quasi­elastic are based on: ✔ Super scaling from Sick, Donnelly, Mairon nucl­th/0109032.

Page 31: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Global Fit – Structure Functions 

W 1A=2 Z F1

DA−2 Z 2 F1

D−F1

P

M P

W 2A=W 1

A , Corr1RD/1

2/Q2

Meson Exchange Current, pure empirical form to improve the 

fit.  W 1A ,Corr

=W 1AW 1

MEC

Where MEC term is added to improve the fit. The functional 

form does not any physical meaning.  

It  is assumed that R is the same for proton and neutron.

Isoscalarity correction, takes into account the excess of neutrons

RD is evaluated by Fermi smearing.

Page 32: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Global Fit – EMC effect

RF2

Ax ,Q2

=F2

A x ,Q2

AF2nucleon

x ,Q2

F1A=M P W 1

A EMCCORR x , A F2A=W 2

A EMCCORRx , A

Nuclear structure functionsare different from structure functions of nuclei. 

In our fit we correct that difference.For x>0.125 SLAC­E139 fit was used.For x<0.0085­0.09  Amaudruz et al Z. Phys C. 51,387(91). 

d2

ddE '=

42E ' 2

Q4 [cos2

2W 2 , q2

2W1 , q2sin2

2 ]

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Global Fit ­ Results

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Global Fit ­ Results

Percentage of points which agree with the fit within given deviation from  unity.  

Frequency distribution for the deviations from unity of the ratios of data to fit.       

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Summary JLab’s Hall C allows high precision measurements of nuclear 

structure functions by performing Rosenbluth separation. New data in Nuclear Resonance region enhances our 

knowledge of nuclear structure. Quark­hadron duality gives an opportunity to study possible 

link between confinement and asymptotic freedom. Measurements of nuclear structure functions FL, F1, F2 allow 

the study of electromagnetic and weak structure. Reduction of uncertainties of neutrino oscillation parameters 

in future neutrino oscillation experiments.

Page 36: Measurement of F and R on Nuclear Targets in the …...Physics Motivation Quark hadron duality to investigate the transition from the perturbative to the non perturbative region of

Appendix

du­

ud­

us­

ud

du+

su+

u d+

u s+

su­