Measurement of Bulk Materialsweb.engr.uky.edu/~dwherr01/Bandung/11_Bulk_Properties.pdf ·...
Transcript of Measurement of Bulk Materialsweb.engr.uky.edu/~dwherr01/Bandung/11_Bulk_Properties.pdf ·...
D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E. University of Kentucky
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Measurement of Bulk Materials
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
2
Motivation
Determining the bulk properties ü Complex wave number and characteristic impedance ü Complex speed of sound and density
Bulk properties are used ü For designing layered absorbers ü In FEM and BEM models
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
3
Overview of Approaches
Direct Measurement
Measure Sound Absorption
Measure Flow Resistance
Ø Two load method ASTM E 1050 Ø Two cavity method Utsuno, 1989 Ø Three microphone method Iwase et al., 1998
Curve fit to find flow resistivity based on empirical equations Simon et al., 2006
Curve fit to find Biot parameters based on theory
Find bulk properties from fitted Biot parameters Allard, J. F., 1999
Find bulk properties from measured flow resistivity Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002
Find bulk properties from measured flow resistivity Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
4
Overview of Approaches
Direct Measurement
Measure Flow Resistance
Ø Two load method ASTM E 1050 Ø Two cavity method Utsuno, 1989 Ø Three microphone method Iwase et al., 1998
Find bulk properties from measured flow resistivity Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
5 5
Two-load Method
( )
1
,2,1
sin2
111
kseHeH
jAsljk
refjkl
ref+−− −
=
( )
1
,1.2
sin2
111
kseHeH
jBjkl
refsljk
ref −=
+
( )
2
,4,3
sin2
222
kseHeH
jCjkl
refsljk
ref −=
+
( )
2
,3,4
sin2
222
kseHeH
jDsljk
refjkl
ref+−− −
=
For each load:
ASTM E2611-09
1 2
s1 s2 l1 l2
d
A
B
C
D
3 4 x=0
Load a Load b
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
6
( ) cBAuBAp
ρ/0
0
−=
+=( ) cDeCeu
DeCepjkdjkd
d
jkdjkdd
ρ/−=
+=−
−
Pressures and particle velocities at two ends of the sample:
Four-pole matrix
⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
=
dadbdbda
adbbda
dadbdbda
dabdba
dadbdbda
dbadab
dadbdbda
dabdba
upupupup
upupuuuu
upuppppp
upupupup
T0000
0000
ASTM E2611-09
Transmission Loss Measurement
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+++= 2221
121110 2
1log20 TcTcTTTL ρρ
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
7
Load a and Load b
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Frequency (Hz)
Abso
rptio
n C
oeffi
cien
t
Load A Load B
Load A: Open tube. Load B: Close the tube with 4” absorbing material.
Load B
Load A
ASTM E2611-09
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
8
Two Load Method
Load 1
Load 2
Loudspeaker
Piston
Impedance tube
Microphones
Sample
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Open
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
dk/zdkjdkjzdk
DCBA
ccc
ccc
cossinsincos
djAzBk
B/Cz
cc
c
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
=
arctan
ASTM E2611-09
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
9
Two Cavity Method
L d
L’ d
Cavity 1
Cavity 2
Loudspeaker Piston
Impedance tube
Microphones
( ) ( )( ) ( )''
''''
c zzzzzzzzzzzzz
1122
11222211
−−−
−−−±=
( )( )( )( )⎟
⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
+−
−+⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
cc
ccc zzzz
zzzzjd1k
21
21ln2
Utsuno,1989
z2 z1
z2 ’ z1
’
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
10
Rigid End
L s
Microphones
Loudspeaker
Sample
d x
x = 0
1 2
3 A
B
Iwase et al., 1998
Three Microphone Method
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
11
jkLjks
jks
eeHHe R 2
12
12−−
−=
Rigid end
L s
Microphones Sample
d x
x = 0
1 2
3
Speaker
Iwase et al., 1998
Three Microphone Method
Reflection coefficient:
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
12
The complex wave number of the sample is:
231 1cos1 H
ReeR
dk jkLjkLc −
−
+
+=
The characteristic impedance of the sample is:
zc = jz01+ R1− R
tan kcd( )
Iwase et al., 1998
Three Microphone Method
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
13
1 inch Melamine Foam
Melamine Characteristic Impedance
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Cha
ract
eris
tic Im
peda
mce
Frequency (Hz)
Three Microphone (Re) Three Microphone (Im) Two Cavity (Re) Two Cavity (Im) Two Load (Re) Two Load (Im)
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
14
Melamine Complex Wave Number
1 inch Melamine Foam
-40
0
40
80
120
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Com
plex
Wav
e N
umbe
r (1/
m)
Frequency (Hz)
Three Microphone (Re) Three Microphone (Im) Two Cavity (Re) Two Cavity (Im) Two Load (Re) Two Load (Im)
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
15
Melamine Sound Absorption Coefficient
1 inch Melamine Foam
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Abs
orpt
ion
Coe
ffici
ent
Frequency (Hz)
Two Load
Two Cavity
Three Microphone
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
16
1 inch Melamine Foam
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Tran
smis
sion
Los
s (d
B)
Frequency (Hz)
Two Load
Two Cavity
Three Microphone
Melamine Transmission Loss
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
17
1 inch Glass Fiber
Fiber Characteristic Impedance
-4
-2
0
2
4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Cha
ract
eris
tic Im
peda
nce
Frequency (Hz)
Two Load (Re) Two Load (Im) Two Cavity (Re) Two Cavity (Im) Three Microphone (Re) Three Microphone (Im)
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
18
1 inch Glass Fiber
Fiber Complex Wave Number
-40
0
40
80
120
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Com
plex
Wav
e N
umbe
r (1/
m)
Frequency (Hz)
Two Load (Re) Two Load (Im) Two Cavity (Re) Two Cavity (Im) Three Microphone (Re) Three Microphone (Im)
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
19
Fiber Sound Absorption Coefficient
1 inch Glass Fiber
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Abs
orpt
ion
Coe
ffici
ent
Frequency (Hz)
Two Cavity
Two Load
Three Microphone
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
20
Fiber Transmission Loss
1 inch Glass Fiber
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Tran
smis
sion
Los
s (d
B)
Frequency (Hz)
Two Cavity
Two Load
Three Microphone
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
21
Comparison
Two Load Two Cavity Three Microphone
No. of Loads 2 2 1
No. of Calibrations 3 1 2
Smoothness of Curve Good Good Excellent
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
22
Overview of Approaches
Direct Measurement
Measure Flow Resistance
Ø Two load method ASTM E 1050 Ø Two cavity method Utsuno, 1989 Ø Three microphone method Iwase et.al., 1998
Find bulk properties from measured flow resistivity Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002
Measurement of Bulk Properties
Noise and Vibration Short Course
Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Kentucky
23
Measure Flow Resistance
Plug into Empirical Models Wu (1988) or Mechel et al. (2002)
Measure Flow Resistivity Using
ASTM C522
Vacuum source
u
ΔP Sample (thickness t )
Flow resistance:
uΔPrs =
Flow resistivity:
trσ s=
Wu, 1988; Mechel et al., 2002