Measurement of bilingualism
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Measurement of Bilingualism
By:Ana Zulianingrum
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Purposes
Ditribution(Estimate
bil in certain area)
Selection(Placement
test)
Summative(Sum up the proficiency)
Normative(Sum up the proficiency
and give feedback)
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Background
• Problem of categorizing bilingualism• It’s natural to categorize the complexity of
language differences
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Distribution(Census Questions)
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Selection
DistribuClass
Classification
Bilingual proficiencyLanguage
background
BalancedSemilingual
Double Semilingual
Monolingual
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Summative
Reading Vocabulary
Reading Comprehen
sion
Language Proficiency
Achievement Test
Totaling up
Spelling
GrammarOthers
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Formative
Summing up
Language proficiency
Feedback during
learning
Direct action
Development
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Examples of Measurement
Language Background
Scales
Language Censuses
Self Rating on
Proficiency
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Language background scales
Limitation:1. Ambiguity of the
problem2. Social desirability3. Not comprehensive4. Narrow sample of major
domains5. Time frequency6. Insufficient question “to
whom”
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Contextual dimensions need to be included:
Preferred categorization
Recent history of language
Geographical area of
language
Number of users
Legal status of language
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Language Census
• Belgium census• The first
national census
1846
• US’ language census
• Taken every 10 years
1910
• Venezuela’s census
• To distinguise lg ability & lg use
1992
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Census limitations
• Questions are often ambiguous
• Questions do not usually include 4 lg abilities
• No language domain’s questions
• Questions can be politically provocative
• Census doesn’t cover all population
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Self-Rating Proficiency
• To assess students’ strength and weakness
• Adapted from a survey (Linguistic Minorities Project London)
• 4 basic lg competency included
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Limitations
Ambiguity
Context
Social desirability
Slight tendency to say yes
Self-awareness
Narrow sampling
Labelling
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Criteria of Lg testing(UNESCO, 1991)
Sound discriminationListening vocabulary
General comprehension speechUnderstanding morphology of verbs
Prepositions, nouns. Syntax of statements & questions
PronounciationSpeaking vocabulary
Fluency oral descriptionControl of verbs and preposition
Qualifiers, nounsControl of syntax & questions
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• Lado : Lg theories tend to center skills &components
• Skills(L,S, W, R)• Comp(Gram, vocab,
phonology)
• Linguistic component(Syntax, Vocab)
• Sociolinguistics• Discourse• Strategic component
• Lg testing not neutral
• Culture, social, political, educational, ideological related
• Considering Lg structure theories
• Elana Shohamy(1997)
• Organizational competence(Grammatical, textual)
• Pragmatic(Illocutionary, sociolinguistics)
Bachman’s Lg competence
Critical view Lg testing
Structure of Lg competence
Canale&Swain’s Lg competence