ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium...
Transcript of ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium...
![Page 1: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals
Spring 2012
Commodities, Part 3 Chromite, Gypsum, helium, iodine, indium,
iron ore, kyanite, manganese, perlite, nitrogen, phosphate, potash, salt, sulfur,
pumice
![Page 2: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Safety
![Page 3: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Reminders Midterms April 13 NMGS Spring Meeting April 14 Field trip April 28 AIPG meeting and Field trip in
afternoon (perlite mine or carbonatites) Commodity presentation in April Research Projects presentations April 30 Finals, Project written report due May 4 No class May 7
![Page 4: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chromite
![Page 5: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromite
chromite ore chromium chemicals chromium ferroalloys chromium metal FeCr2O4—contains chromium and iron
oxide
![Page 6: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromite—properties
Form alloys High melting and boiling points and
densities because the electrons in the d orbitals, bind atoms together in the crystal lattice
Form salts and other compounds
![Page 8: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chromite—uses
Chemical industry (metal finishing, plating, corrosion control)
Stainless steel Heat-resisting steel Superalloys Ferrous (cast iron and stainless steel) Nonferrous (aluminum, copper, and nickel) alloy
metal fabrication Pigments and tanning compounds, and wood
preservatives
![Page 9: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3089/pdf/fs2010-3089.pdf
![Page 10: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Chromite
One U.S. company began mining chromite ore in Oregon in 2005-2006 but soon closed.
This was the first U.S chromite ore mine production since 1961.
Today all chromium is imported. It is listed as a critical mineral.
![Page 13: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbook Thousand metric tons
![Page 14: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbook Thousand metric tons
![Page 15: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=chromite&graph=production
![Page 16: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Geology Ultrmafic rocks—stratiform Mafic-
Ultramafic Chromite Deposits • Dunite • Peridotite • Pyroxenite • Serpentine
Podiform- or Alpine-Type Chromite Deposits
Crude Oil (~100 ppm Cr), Tars and Pitch, Asphalts, and Coal (15-200 ppm)
![Page 17: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Areas South Africa
• Bushveld complex layered igneous intrusion containing >11 billion metric tons of chromite
Podiform deposits • layered igneous sequences that developed in
oceanic crust below the sea floor • Pacific Coast from the Kenai Peninsula in
southern Alaska to southern California • Appalachian Mountains from northern Vermont
to Georgia
![Page 18: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Gypsum and anhydrite
![Page 22: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The word gypsum is derived from the aorist form of the Greek verb μαγειρεύω, "to cook", referring to the burnt or calcined mineral.
![Page 23: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Gypsum and anhydrite—introduction CaSO4•2H2O commonest sulfate mineral heated, it loses 3/4 of its water and
becomes hemihydrate gypsum (CaSO4•½H2O), or plaster of Paris
minerals and rocks US world leader in trade
![Page 24: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Gypsum and anhydrite—history Earliest known use of gypsum as a building
material was in Anatolia around 6000 B.C. Great pyramids in Egypt, which were
erected in about 3700 b.C Burning or calcining of gypsum was
described by the early Greeks Gypsum mortar was used in medieval times
in castles and fortresses in Germany
![Page 25: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Differences
Gypsum • lime 32.6%
(CaO) • sulfur 46.5%
(SO3) • combined water
20.9% H2O
Anhydrite • lime 41.2%
(CaO) • sulfur 58.8%
(SO3) • combined water
0% H2O
![Page 26: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Gypsum http://209.51.193.54/minerals/sulfates/gypsum/gypsum.htm
![Page 27: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Desert-rose-big.jpg
![Page 28: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Anhydrite http://209.51.193.54/minerals/sulfates/gypsum/gypsum.htm
![Page 29: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Types of gypsum
Gypsum, CaSO4·2H2O Anhydrite, CaSO4 Bassanite, CaSO4·½H2O (phase) Alabaster, fine-grained rock gypsum Satin spar, deformed crystals Selenite, crystalline
![Page 30: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gypsum—properties
Soft hardness 2 White or colorless when pure, but can
be tinted grayish, reddish, yellowish, bluish, or brownish
Massive (alabaster) Fibrous (satin spar) Monoclinic crystals (selenite)
![Page 31: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Gypsum—properties
Luster is vitreous to pearly Crystal system is monoclinic Cleavage is good in one direction and
distinct in two others Gravity is approximately 2.3+ (light) Very low thermal conductivity A crystal of gypsum will feel noticeably
warmer than a like crystal of quartz.
![Page 32: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Gypsum—uses
Prefabricated wall board Industrial or building plaster Cement manufacturing Agriculture (fertilizer) Cements Paint filler Ornamental stone
![Page 33: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Gypsum—uses
USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbook Thousand metric tons
![Page 34: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
An average new American home of 2,000-square-foot floor area
uses approximately 7.31 metric tons (t)
of gypsum in more than 571 square meters (6,144
square feet) of gypsum wallboard
![Page 35: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
As a filler in food products
the average person eats about 28
pounds of gypsum in a lifetime (National Gypsum Company, 2005)
![Page 36: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Gypsum—substitutions
cement lime lumber masonry steel no practical substitute in the
manufacturing of Portland cement
![Page 37: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gypsum—geology
sedimentary massive beds, usually from
precipitation of of highly saline waters
![Page 38: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
McLemore and Austin (2017)
![Page 40: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Gypsum is mined at White Mesa, Sandoval County (Centex American Gypsum) and used to manufacture wallboard.
![Page 42: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Utility and value depends upon
Proximity to market Transportation Fuel and utilities Water
![Page 43: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Gypsum—production
USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbook Thousand metric tons Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Iowa, Colorado, New Mexico
![Page 44: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Gypsum—production
USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbook Thousand metric tons
![Page 45: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Gypsum—production
USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbook Thousand metric tons
![Page 46: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Gypsum—products
![Page 47: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Gypsum—prices
![Page 51: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Helium
![Page 52: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Helium—introduction
He gas odorless colorless tasteless lighter than air critical mineral
![Page 53: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Helium—uses Magnetic resonance imaging, 30% Lifting gas (cryogenic applications), 17%
• DEA blimps • Advertising
Analytical and laboratory applications, 14% Welding, 9% Engineering and scientific applications, 6% Leak detection and semiconductor manufacturing, 5%
each Various other minor Applications, 14%. Hard drives
![Page 54: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Helium—uses
![Page 55: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Helium—substitutions
Substituted for helium in cryogenic applications if temperatures below -429 degrees F are required
Argon can be substituted for helium in welding
H some lighter-than-air applications
![Page 56: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas,
Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming) extracted helium from natural gas and produced crude helium that ranged from 50% to 99% helium
![Page 57: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Helium—production
million cubic meters of contained helium gas USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbooks
![Page 58: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Helium—production
million cubic meters of contained helium gas USGS Mineral Commodities Yearbooks
![Page 59: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Helium—production
![Page 60: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
USGS Mineral Yearbooks
![Page 62: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/61504/phetteplace_thesissigned2014.pdf?sequence=3
![Page 63: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Iodine
![Page 64: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
iode in French, from the Greek word ioeides, meaning violet-colored
![Page 65: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Iodine—introduction
Halogen Solid At least 24 minerals
• bellingerite Cu++3(IO3)6.2H2O • georgeericksenite
Na6CaMg(IO3)6(CrO4,SO4)2.12H2O • schwartzembergite Pb++5I+++O6H2Cl3
![Page 66: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Iodine—properties
Heavy, grayish-black crystalline solid Metallic luster Density of 4.9 g/cm3 Halogen family Melts at 114°C At 184°C it will volatilize to a blue-violet
gas that has an irritating odor
![Page 67: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Iodine—uses pharmaceutical and medical applications
• methamphetamine (controlled substance) • radiation emergencies
sanitation or disinfectants animal feed catalysts inks colorants photographic equipment stabilizers manufacturing of nylon cloud seeding quartz-iodine lights
![Page 68: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
IOSAT Potassium Iodide blocks the thyroid's absorption of cancer-causing radioactive iodine released from a nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb
![Page 69: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Iodine—substitutions Bromine Chlorine Antibiotics Mercurochrome Salt crystals and finely divided carbon
may be used for cloud seeding. No substitutes for iodine in some
catalytic, nutritional, pharmaceutical, animal feed, and photographic uses.
![Page 70: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Iodine—geology Chile, iodine is a coproduct of sodium
nitrate production Brine in Oklahoma Japan and Oklahoma produced iodine
from brines associated with natural gas production
Seawater and brines Brackish waters from oil wells Iodides in sea water is assimilated by
seaweeds 150-250 ppm in Permian Basin
![Page 71: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
2005
![Page 74: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
http://www.npckk.co.jp/english/technology/iodine/prod.html
![Page 78: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
http://www.npckk.co.jp/english/technology/iodine/prod.html
![Page 79: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Iodine
Metric tons USGS Mineral Yearbooks
![Page 80: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Iodine
Metric tons USGS Mineral Yearbooks
![Page 81: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Iodine
![Page 82: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Health effects of iodine
contact with the skin can cause lesions
irritating to the eyes
![Page 83: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Indium
![Page 84: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Indium In 0.05 ppm crust 0.072 ppm oceanic crust Silver-white, malleable, ductile metal High plastic properties even at freezing Coat glass, forming a mirror surface with
equally good reflective properties and more corrosion resistance than silver
Critical mineral
![Page 85: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Indium Solar panels Flat screens (LCDs) Solders and alloys Semiconductors
![Page 86: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Indium in solar panels 50 metric tons required for enough solar panels
to provide 1 gigawatt of energy $500/kg in 2009 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy by
solar panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy)
600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009 • Zinc sulfide deposits • Tin-tungsten veins • Porphyry copper deposits
![Page 87: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Uses
![Page 88: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Production
![Page 89: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Production
USGS Mineral Yearbooks Metric tons
![Page 90: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Production
![Page 91: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Companies
![Page 92: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Price
![Page 93: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Geology Base metal deposits
• Chalcopyrite • Sphalerite • Stannite
Tin and tungsten vein deposits • Difficult to recover
Volcanic massive sulfide deposits
Porphyry deposits Skarn deposits
Bauxite deposits Zinc deposits Black shale deposits Coal Mississippi-valley
type deposits Pegmatites Sandstone-hosted
base-metal deposits
![Page 94: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Mineralogy
indit (FeIn2S4) roquesit (CuInS2)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1209/2005-1209.pdf
![Page 95: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Porphyry copper deposits Current
• Gold • Silver • Molybdenum
Possible • Tellurium • Gallium • Germanium • Indium • Others
![Page 96: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/of2009-1034_text.pdf
![Page 97: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Geology
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1209/2005-1209.pdf
![Page 98: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Iron ore
![Page 99: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Iron ore—introduction
Hematite, which is a red iron oxides Limonites, which vary from yellow
to brown Magnetite, which is black Largest production Michigan and
Minnesota
![Page 100: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Magnetite http://209.51.193.54/scripts/item.exe?ENLARGE+Minerals+Oxides+Magnetite+MAG-24
![Page 101: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Hematite, Brazil
![Page 102: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Iron ore—uses
Steel and iron Steel and iron slag Iron Pigment (ocher, umber, sienna, and
metallic paints, brick coloring) Coatings Heavy cement Flux
![Page 104: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Iron oxide pigments 54% in concrete and other construction materials 20% in coatings and paints 9% in foundry sands and other foundry uses 4% in industrial chemicals 3% in animal food 2% in glass and ceramics 1% in fertilizer 1% in plastics, rubber, and cosmetics combined 6% in other uses
![Page 105: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Powdered iron: metallurgy products, magnets, high-frequency cores, auto parts, catalyst.
Radioactive iron (iron 59): medicine Iron blue: paints, printing inks, plastics,
cosmetics (eye shadow), artist colors, laundry blue, paper dyeing, fertilizer ingredient, baked enamel finishes for autos and appliances, industrial finishes
Black iron oxide: as pigment, in polishing compounds, metallurgy, medicine, magnetic inks, in ferrites for electronics industry
![Page 106: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Iron ore—substitutions
Ferrous scrap Organic dyes Synthetic iron oxide pigments
![Page 107: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Iron ore—production
USGS Mineral Yearbooks Million metric tons
![Page 108: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Iron ore—production
![Page 109: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Iron oxide pigments—production
USGS Mineral Commodity Yearbooks Metric tons
![Page 110: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Iron oxide pigments—production
![Page 111: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Iron ore— production
![Page 112: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
![Page 114: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
![Page 115: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
![Page 116: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
USGS Mineral Yearbooks
![Page 117: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Geology Banded iron formations ( Precambrian
sedimentary) (taconite) • switched from being a reducing environment to
an oxidizing environment (blue-green algae) Magmatic (granite in Malaysia, Indonesia) Skarns Hydrothermal Metamorphic accumulations (Savage River,
Tasmania) Volcanic flows in Atacama Desert, Chile Placers (beach sands)
![Page 118: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
![Page 119: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Iron ore—geology
![Page 120: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Iron ore—production
China, Australia and Brazil
![Page 121: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
![Page 122: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Kyanite
![Page 123: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Kyanite—introduction Wide variation in hardness 4-7.4 Specific gravity 3.2-3.6 Bluish-gray to gray Lath-like crystals Polymorph with two other minerals;
andalusite and sillimanite 60% alumina – which means that it is a
relative cheap source of refractoriness
![Page 124: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Kyanite—introduction Al2SiO5 Polymorph with two other minerals;
andalusite and sillimanite But differing crystal structures
![Page 125: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
http://www.kyanite.com/kyaniteandproducts.html
![Page 126: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Kyanite—properties conversion to mullite
(Al6Si2O13) and SiO2 at 1400-1500 deg C, expands irreversibly by up to 18%, thereby offsetting the firing shrinkage of other raw materials, especially clay, in ceramic bodies and refractories
1 metric ton (t) of aluminosilicate concentrate yields approx 0.88 t of mullite
![Page 127: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
![Page 128: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Kyanite—properties Increases the fired strength Resistance to deformation under load Thermal resistivity of refractories
![Page 129: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
![Page 130: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Kyanite—uses Refractories, 90% (high melting points)
• iron and steelmaking • manufacture of chemicals, glass,
nonferrous metals, and other materials 10% in other uses
• Dimension stone
![Page 131: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
http://www.kyanite.com/refractory.html
![Page 132: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
http://www.kyanite.com/refractory.html
![Page 133: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
http://www.kyanite.com/refractory.html
![Page 134: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Kyanite—substitutions
Andalusite Sillimanite Two types of synthetic mullite (fused and
sintered), superduty fire clays, and high-alumina materials are substitutes for kyanite in refractories.
Bauxite Kaolin and other clays Silica sand
![Page 135: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Kyanite—production
Alabama and Georgia USGS Mineral Yearbooks Thousand metric tons
![Page 136: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Kyanite—production
USGS Mineral Yearbooks Thousand metric tons
![Page 137: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Kyanite—production
![Page 138: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Kyanite—geology
Deposits of micaceous schist and gneiss in the Appalachian Mountains area and in Idaho
Aluminous gneiss in southern California
![Page 139: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
![Page 140: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Manganese
![Page 141: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Manganese—introduction
Mn Harder and more brittle than iron Reactive chemically, and decomposes
cold water slowly Latin word "magnes" meaning “magnet",
or "magnesia nigri" meaning "black magnesia"
Critical mineral
![Page 142: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Manganese—properties
Steel, pig iron, Mn improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability
![Page 143: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Manganese—uses
dry cell batteries "decolorize" glass that is colored green by impurities
of iron glass an amethyst color preparation of oxygen and chlorine drying black paints permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent plant fertilizers and animal feed, coloring agent in bricks dioxide is used in the preparation of oxygen, chlorine
utilization of vitamin B1
![Page 144: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Manganese—uses Construction, 28% Machinery, 13% Transportation,12% Other iron and steel applications, 47%
![Page 145: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Manganese—production
USGS Mineral Yearbooks Thousand metric tons
![Page 146: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Manganese—production
Gabon (Africa), Mexico, Morocco, Australia)
![Page 147: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
McLemore and Austin (2017)
![Page 148: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Manganese—substitutions
None Mn is a strategic metal Resources in U.S. minimal, low grade,
high cost
![Page 149: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Manganese—mineralogy
pyrolusite - MnO2
manganite - MnO(OH), rhodochrosite - MnCO3 psilomelane - BaMnMn8(OH)4
![Page 150: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Manganese—geology Marine chemical sedimentary deposits
• Chemical precipitates • Nikopol and Tchiatoura in Russia, Kalahari
in S. African, Groote Elyandt in Australia Residual deposits
• Alteration or concentration of Mn by weathering
• Nsuta in Ghana, Amapa in Brazil, Moanda in Gabon, US Appalachians
![Page 151: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Manganese—geology Other deposits not economic
• Epithermal Mn • Carbonate-hosted Mn • Metamorphic • Submarine lava flows • Ocean floor nodules (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu)
![Page 152: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Perlite
![Page 153: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Perlite—introduction Volcanic siliceous glass Rhyolite composition Commercial perlite must expand Vitreous, pearly luster Inert 2-5% water allows it to expand similar to
popcorn above 871 degrees C Gray, white, black, but when expanded-
white
![Page 154: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
http://www.perlite.net/
![Page 155: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Perlite—uses
Building construction products, 69% Horticultural aggregate,12% Filter aid, 8% Fillers, 7% Other, 4%
![Page 156: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Perlite—production
Thousand metric tons New Mexico leading state Turkey, Greece, Italy, Russia, Australia,
South Africa
![Page 157: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Perlite—production
![Page 158: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
![Page 159: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
![Page 160: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Perlite—substitutions Diatomite Expanded clay and shale Pumice Slag Vermiculite
![Page 161: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Perlite—geology Volcanic
fields Grants
perlite quarry (U.S. Gypsum)
![Page 162: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Nitrogen
![Page 163: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Nitrogen—introduction
Gas 78.1% of the atmosphere Essential element of life Obtained by liquefaction and fractional
distillation Inert
![Page 164: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Nitrogen as ammonia—uses Fertilizer (haber process), 89%
• Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizers
Nitric acid (ostwald process) Produce plastics Synthetic fibers and resins Explosives Annealing stainless steel and other steel mill
products Numerous other chemical compounds.
![Page 165: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Nitrogen as gas or liquid—uses Produce ammonia Gas mixtures Refrigerant both for the immersion
freezing of food products and for transportation of foods
Build up pressure in wells to force crude oil upward
![Page 166: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Nitrogen as ammonia—production
thousand metric tons of contained nitrogen
![Page 167: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Nitrogen as ammonia—production
thousand metric tons of contained nitrogen
![Page 168: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Nitrogen as ammonia—production
![Page 169: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
![Page 170: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Nitrogen as ammonia—transportation Refrigerated barge Rail Pipeline Truck
![Page 171: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Nitrogen—geology
Natural gas fields Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana
Atmosphere Ammonia produced when coal is
distilled (coke ovens)
![Page 172: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Nitrates—geology
Guano deposits in caves Chile natural sodium nitrate (unique)
• Caliche rich in nitrate • Driest desert in world 0.04 inch/yr allowed
slow buildup of salines since the miocene • NaCl, SO4, borates, iodine • Guggenheim process
![Page 173: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Phosphate
![Page 174: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Phosphate—introduction
Essential element for plant and animal nutrition
Greek word "phosphoros" meaning "bringer of light"
Discovered in 1669 by hennig brand, who prepared it from urine
![Page 175: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
Phosphate—uses Phosphoric acid and superphosphoric acid,
90% • Fertilizers • Animal feed supplements
Phosphorus compounds • Industrial • Food-additive
Safety matches, pyrotechnics, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets
Pesticides Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is used to
produce fine chinaware
![Page 176: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
Phosphate—production
Thousand metric tons Florida, North Carolina, Idaho, Utah
![Page 177: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Phosphate—production
Thousand metric tons
![Page 178: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
Phosphate—substitutions
Bone phosphate of lime
![Page 179: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Phosphate—geology
Marine sedimentary deposits • phosphorites Precambrian to Recent, on
every continent • beds few cm thick of grains of
cryptocrystalline carbonate fluorapatite (collophane, francolite)
Ocean Carbonatites
![Page 180: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Phosphate—mineralogy
Apatite Ca10(PO4,CO3)6(F,OH,Cl)2 Wavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH)3.5H2O Crandallite CaAL3(PO4)2(OH)5.H2O Millisite ((Na,
K)CaAl6(PO4)4)(OH)9.3H2O
![Page 181: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Phosphate—environmental considerations Uranium is a by-product Radioactive Radon
![Page 182: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Potash
![Page 183: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
Potash—introduction
K not found naturally as an element Compounds 7th most abundant element End of the 19th century, potash was
made from hardwood trees Critical mineral
![Page 184: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Potassium—properties
Most reactive and electropositive of metals
Soft Rapidly oxidizes in air Catches fire spontaneously on water
![Page 185: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Potassium—forms Potassium chloride (KCl, sylvite), Potassium sulfate (K2SO4 or sulfate of
potash (SOP)), ussually manufactured Magnesium sulfate [K2SO4C2MgSO4,
langbeinite Muriate of potash (MOP), mixture of KCl
and NaCl Potassium nitrate (KNO3 or saltpeter) Sodium-potassium nitrate (NaNO3 +
KNO3 or Chilean saltpeter
![Page 186: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Potash—uses
Fertilizers Alloy of sodium and potassium (nak) is used
as a heat-transfer medium Soap (lye) Oil-well drilling muds Metal electroplating Snow and ice melting Water softening
![Page 187: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
Potash—uses Glass for television and computer monitor
tube production Alkaline batteries Food products Pharmaceutical preparations Photography Some fire extinguishers Animal feed supplements Catalyst for synthetic rubber manufacture
![Page 188: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
Potash—production
thousand metric tons of K2O equivalent New Mexico leading state, also Utah
![Page 189: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
Potash—production
![Page 190: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
![Page 191: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
Potash—transportation Railroad Ships Truck
![Page 192: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Potash—geology
Evaporate deposits Brines
• Great Salt Lake
![Page 193: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
![Page 194: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Underground operations at IMC potash mine, Carlsbad.
![Page 195: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Potash ore is processed by flotation, heavy media separation, dissolution-recrystallization, and washing.
![Page 196: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
Salt
![Page 197: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
Salt—introduction
NaCl Table salt Essential to life Salt was used as a preservative,
tanning leather, stock, mining Salt was used to preserve Egyptian
mummies
![Page 198: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
Salt—introduction
Trade in salt was very important; salt was valuable enough to be used as currency in some areas.
The Latin phrase "salarium argentum," "salt money," referred to part of the payment made to Roman soldiers.
http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~gel115/salt.html
![Page 199: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
Salt—introduction Greek worshippers consecrated salt in
their rituals In the Old and New Testaments,
covenants were sealed with salt Catholic Church used salt in purifying
rituals Buddhist believed salt repeals evil
spirits Pueblo people worship the Salt Mother
![Page 200: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
http://salt.org.il/frame_rel.html
![Page 201: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
Salt and Silver Processing
Patio process developed in 1557 in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
Silver ores crushed in arrastras to a fine slime
Mixed with salt, water, copper sulfate, mercury
Spread onto a patio and allowed to dry in the sun
Silver could then amalgamate with mercury and thus be recovered
![Page 202: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
Salt—sold by type in US
Salt in brine, 52% Rock salt, 31% Vacuum pan, 10% Solar salt, 7%
![Page 203: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
Salt—uses Chemical industry, 42% Highway deicing, 36% Distributors, 7% Industrial, 6% Agricultural, 4% Food, 3% Primary water treatment, 1% Other, 1%
![Page 204: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
Salt—substitutions
Calcium chloride and calcium magnesium acetate, hydrochloric acid, and potassium chloride can be substituted for salt in deicing, certain chemical processes, and food flavoring, but at a higher cost.
![Page 205: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
Salt—production
thousand metric tons
![Page 206: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
Salt—production
thousand metric tons
![Page 207: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Salt—geology
Marine evaporite salt, potash-bearing bedded salt
Brines Playa lakes Salt domes
Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, New York,
Ohio, Texas, Utah, New Mexico
![Page 208: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
![Page 209: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
Sulfur
![Page 210: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
Sulfur—introduction S Corrosive Egyptians used sulfur compounds to
bleach fabric as early as 2000 B.C. Ancient greeks used sulfur as a
disinfectant Romans used it in pharmaceutical
applications Chinese used S in gunpowder in the
13th century
![Page 211: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
Sulfur—introduction Sulfuric acid is an indicator of the
condition of a nation’s industrial activity Most companies are trying to dispose of
S, rather than mine it Sulfur emissions produces acid rain,
other effects
![Page 212: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
Sulfur—uses Sulfuric acid Agricultural chemicals (fertilizers) Petroleum refining Pulp and paper manufacturing Sulfur construction materials Produce titanium oxide Organic and inorganic chemicals
![Page 213: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 214: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 215: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 216: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 217: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 218: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 219: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
Sulfur—geology Byproduct at petroleum refineries and
natural gas processing plants Byproduct H2SO4 from metal smelters Volcanic vent deposits fumarolic sulfur Brines Salt domes Epigenetic sulfur deposits are
associated with carbonate rocks and karst
![Page 220: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
Sulfur Epigenetic sulfur
deposits are associated with carbonate rocks and karst
Dissolution of gypsum and limestone (karst)
The S freed by dissolution of gypsum migrates into voids in the limestone
![Page 221: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
Frasch process of recovering sulfur 1894 Dr. Herman Frasch Union Sulphur Co. in Calcasieu Parish,
La. Melting the sulfur underground and
pumping it to the surface Commercial in 1903
![Page 222: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 223: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
Sulfur—production Sustainable production of necessary sulfur
supplies is not in question Sulfur recovered for environmental reasons is
the predominant source of sulfur worldwide Current production exceeds consumption by
a relatively small percentage, but environmental regulations are changing that
The infrastructure is inadequate for transporting the large volumes of sulfur produced in many 3rd world countries
More S produced in US than any other chemical
![Page 224: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
Sulfur—production
thousand metric tons
![Page 225: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
Sulfur—resources
![Page 226: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 227: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 228: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 229: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 230: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 231: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 232: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 233: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 234: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
USGS Open-File Report 02–298
![Page 235: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
![Page 236: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
Pumice and pumicite
![Page 237: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
Pumice and pumicite—introduction Light colored, frothy volcanic rock Lava that is full of gas Floats on water
![Page 238: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
Pumice—uses
Building blocks, 67% Abrasives, concrete, horticulture,
landscaping, stone-washing laundries, and other applications, 33%
![Page 239: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
Pumice—production
thousand metric tons Oregon, California, Idaho, New Mexico, and Kansas
![Page 240: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/240.jpg)
Pumice—production
thousand metric tons
![Page 241: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/241.jpg)
Pumice—geology
Volcanic fields
![Page 242: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
![Page 243: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
Las Conchas pumice quarry, Sandoval County
![Page 244: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/244.jpg)
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/pumice.html
![Page 245: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
http://www.mineralminers.com/images/pumice/mins/pumm101.jpg
![Page 246: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/246.jpg)
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/scoria.html
![Page 247: ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2003 · Helium—geology Helium in the uranium mineral clevite 16 plants (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming)](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081521/5ed5d035753ab865ed3ca369/html5/thumbnails/247.jpg)
Reminders April 13 NMGS Spring Meeting April 14 Field trip April 28 AIPG meeting and Field trip in
afternoon (perlite mine or carbonatites) Commodity presentation in April Research Projects presentations April 30 Finals, Project written report due May 4 No class May 7