A Report on Pumps

University of San CarlosDepartment of Civil EngineeringNasipit, Talamban, Cebu CityCebu, Philippines

A Report on PumpsIn partial fulfillment of the requirements inME310: Basic Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by:Israel, Teodoro Miguel Carlos IIIJorolan, Dan JulesLauron, Jan Micho

Submitted to:Engr. Van Gaitano N.Vergara, MsManE

I. Introduction:Pumps are used to deliver fluids and control or change the elevation, velocity, or pressure of the said fluid. Fluids are governed by rules such as flowing from high elevation to one that is lower (due to acceleration due to gravity) or from one with higher pressure to somewhere with lower pressure (like air escaping from a pressurized tank). Its velocity is often a function of geometry (its shape) and the conditions around it. When a fluid is needed uphill from a source like a lake or pond, at higher pressure than a source, or at a higher rate, an engineer will consider a pump to accomplish the task.Pumps are essential in transporting fluids where they are utilized in a controlled manner. In general, we make use of mechanical energy to do the transportation.II. History:2000 BCEgyptians invent the shadoof to raise water. It uses a long suspended rod with a bucket at one end and a weight at the other.200 BCGreek inventor and mathematician Ctesibius invents the water organ, an air pump with valves on the bottom, a tank of water in between them and a row of pipes on top. This is the principal design that is now known as the reciprocating pump.200 BCArchimedean screw pump is designed by Archimedes is considered one of the greatest inventions of all time and is still in use today for pumping liquids and granulated solids in both the industrialized world and in the third worldwhere it is a preferred way to irrigate agricultural fields without electrical pumps.1475 According to Reti, the Brazilian soldier and historian of science, the first machine that could be characterized as a centrifugal pump was a mud lifting machine that appeared in a treatise by the Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini. 1687 French-born inventor Denis Papin develops the first true centrifugal pump, one with straight vanes used for local drainage. 1738 In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. It is named after the Dutch-Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, who published it in a book Hydrodynamica. The principle is applied to various types of fluid flow and is loosely known as Bernoulli's equationThe following years many companies and inventors patented their own design of pump. In which these Pumps have affected our world in ways that we take for granted. If it werent for pumps, you would have to collect rain water and make trips to the nearest spring, pond, lake, or river to find water. Pumps save hours and hours of labour.III. Scope:A. Definition:Apumpis a device that converts mechanical energy to fluid energy. This is opposite turbines, which transforms fluid energy to mechanical energy. A pump is a device through which fluid is conveyed by direct contact with a moving part of the pumping machinery. Pumps move fluids (liquidsorgases), or sometimesslurries, by mechanical action. Essentially, pumps are utilized to transport fluids to where they are used.Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such aspumping water from wells,aquarium filtering,pond filteringandaeration, in thecar industryforwater-coolingandfuel injection, in theenergy industryforpumping oilandnatural gasor for operatingcooling towers. In themedical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular theartificial heartandpenile prosthesis. In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps haveevolved, andbiomimicryis sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.B. Types:In relation to the Fluid: Submerged pumpsPump is in contact with the fluid, or is submerged in the fluid.Submersible pumps involve a submersible motor with a close coupled to single stage pump that allows the entire assembly to operated submerged.Submerged motor, either air-filled or oil-filled. Different impellers are designed to accommodate solids of various sizes.

External pumpsPump is not in direct contact with the fluid; it is usually located outside the pipings or the vessel holding the fluid.Method of Displacement Positive Displacement pumpsPositive Displacement Pumps has an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation.The positive displacement pumps can be divided in two main classes Reciprocating RotaryHere are the classifications of a positive displacement pump Reciprocating pump- Areciprocating pumpis a positive plungerpump. It is often used where relatively small quantity ofliquidis to be handled and where deliverypressureis quite large. Rotary lobe pump- Lobe pumps involve two shafts drive lobes which mesh with each other, but do not touch due to the use of timing gears. This allows gentle pumping of liquids containing soft or fragile solids, or viscous liquids.- Pump has timing gears so that lobes don't contact each other while pumping. It is also available in sanitary options for food, pharmaceutical, and biotech services.

Progressive cavity pump- Progressive cavity pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump that has a single-threaded helically shaped rotor turning inside of a double-threaded helically shaped rubber stator. This produces a progressing cavity that moves the liquid through the pump and pressurizes it.- Rotor is an interference fit inside the electrometric stator to minimize leakage (slip). Starting torque may be higher than running torque because of this. Rotary gear pump- Gear pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump in which liquid is pumped by passing between two meshing gears and the surrounding casing. There are internal and external gear types.- Internal and external gear types. Typically doesn't handle solids or abrasive liquids.

Piston pump- Piston pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement pump that has, double acting reciprocating pistons.- Pump includes one or more double acting pistons, sealed with o-rings against cylinder walls. Pump has an inlet and outlet check valve for each piston.

Diaphragm pump- Diaphragm pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement pump in which liquid is pumped by a reciprocating diaphragm, which is driven by a solenoid, a mechanical drive, or a fluid drive. Other versions are air operated (see AODD type below). Pump has inlet and outlet check valves.- Pump contains reciprocating diaphragm and inlet and outlet check valves.

Screw pump- Screw pumps use two intermeshing screws, driven by timing gears, move oils and other viscous liquids. It is also available with three screws, one driving the other.- Two screw pumps make use of timing gears so that meshing screws don't drive each other. Triple screw types have one screw driving the other two and don't include timing gears.

Hydraulic pump-Hydraulic pumpsare used inhydraulic drive systemsand can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic.-Hydrostatic pumps arepositive displacement pumpswhile hydrodynamic pumps can be fixed displacement pumps, in which the displacement (flow through the pump per rotation of the pump) cannot be adjusted, orvariable displacement pumps, which have a more complicated construction that allows the displacement to be adjusted. Vane pump- Vane pumps use a rotor with vanes located in slots, rotating inside an eccentrically shaped casing. As the rotor turns, the vanes move in and out of the slots.- Sliding vanes are often made of carbon.

Regenerative (peripheral) pump- Regenerative turbine pumps are not considered a true centrifugal, but works on the same kinetic principal as a centrifugal pump. Instead of an impeller with vanes, the turbine impeller has blades similar to turbines, which generate the head. Normally it is end suction, single stage, though multi-stage versions are available.- Normally single stage, though multi-sage is available. Pump has very tight internal clearances, so liquid pumped must be quite clean. Pump has very steep head-capacity curve, so pump must be protected against possibly operating against closed valve. Peristaltic pump- Peristaltic pumps or hose pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump that has a roller or shoe that squeezes a tube or hose as it rotates. The squeezing action moves the liquid along the tube.- Includes replaceable hose that must be compatible with the pumped liquid. This hose is typically able to be replaced when worn.

Rope pump- Arope pumpis a kind ofpumpwhere a loose hanging rope is lowered down into awelland drawn up through a long pipe with the bottom immersed in water. On the rope, round disks or knots matching the diameter of the pipe are attached which pull the water to the surface. Flexible impeller pump - Flexible impeller pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump that has a rotating rubber impeller with vanes that bend and then straighten as the impeller rotates to conform to the internal cam in the pump casing.- Various rubber materials available for correct compatibility with the fluid pumped. Velocity pumpsRotodynamic pumps(or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in whichkinetic energyis added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by theFirst law of thermodynamics, or more specifically byBernoulli's principle.Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is achieved.These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:1. Continuous energy2. Conversion of added energy to increase inkinetic energy(increase in velocity)3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure headA practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is how they operate under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing a valve downstream of a positive displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time). Centrifugal (Roto-dynamic)- General name for pumps with one or more impellers. Many types and configurations for different applications. See below for specific centrifugal pump types.- One or more impellers. Casing is volute or diffuser type. Normally electric motor driven, but other drive types available.

Radial flow pumps- The Radial Flow pump is a Centrifugal pump in which the liquid exits the pump radial, i.e. perpendicular to the pump shaft.- The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute casing, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. In contrast to axial pumps, in which the liquid exits the pump axial, the flow deflections in the impellers of radial flow pumps realize higher centrifugal forces. This leads to higher pump heads in radial flow pumps, but also to smaller capacity flows. Axial flow pumps- Axial Flow pumps are a very high flow, low head type of pump. Also called a propeller pump.- Single stage, high specific speed impeller for high flow low head.

Mixed flow pumps- Mixed flow pumps are ideal for applications with high flow, low pressure requirements. These pumps are a great choice for many surface water irrigation applications, but are also perfect for high flow/low head duty points found in numerous municipal and industrial pumping applications. Eductor jet pumps- Is a type ofpumpthat uses theVenturi effectof aconverging-diverging nozzleto convert thepressureenergy of a motive fluid tovelocityenergy which creates a low pressure zone that draws in and entrains a suction fluid. After passing through the throat of the injector, the mixed fluid expands and the velocity is reduced which results in recompressing the mixed fluids by converting velocity energy back into pressure energy. The motive fluid may be a liquid, steam or any other gas. The entrained suction fluid may be a gas, a liquid, slurry, or a dust-laden gas stream.

Impulse pumpsImpulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.

Hydraulic ram pump- is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower. It takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water. Pulser pump- A pulser pump is a gas lift device that uses gravity to pump water to a higher elevation. It has no moving parts. Airlift pump- An airlift pump is a gas lift pump which is powered by compressed air. Airlifts are used in cases where light suction is needed. Gravity pumps A gravity water pump pumping various kinds of fluids, including a waterfall, river water and drizzle, and gases heavier than air, using gravity and producing kinetic and potential energy is provided.-As fluid falls into a set of a piston and a switch, which are hung by strings passing over pulleys supported by a support frame, a pressure is applied to fluid contained in the cylinder along an inner wall of which the piston and the switch move down, so that the fluid is pumped up. -Kinetic energy is generated as the piston and the switch rise and fall during pumping, and potential energy is generated by the pumped fluid. Steam pumps- A small pumping engine operated by steam. It is usually direct-acting. Valveless pumps This assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves are present to regulate the flow direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein.According to Application: API Process Pumps-designed to meet the 610 standard set by the American Petroleum Institute (API). Boiler Feed Pumps-built to control the amount of water that enters a boiler. They are centrifugal pumps, and most are multistage. Borehole Pumps-made to pump liquid from a borehole. Chemical Pumps-built to handle abrasive and corrosive industrial materials. They can either centrifugal or positive displacement type. Circulator Pumps-used to circulate fluid through a closed or looped system. They are usually centrifugal pumps, but a few use positive displacement technology. Dewatering Pumps-a de-watering process involves using a centrifugal pump (submersible or vertical turbine) to remove water from a construction site, pond, mine shaft, or any other area. Drill Pumps-a type of pump powered by attaching an electric power drill. Drum Pumps-used to empty fluid from barrels or drums. They can be a small centrifugal pump used for thin liquids or for more viscous fluids a progressive cavity or piston pump can be used. Fire Pumps-a type of centrifugal pump used for firefighting. They are generally horizontal split case, end suction or vertical turbine. Flooded Suction Pumps-include a suctioned chamber that is always full of the fluid being pumped. High Pressure Pumps-used in many applications including water blast, hydro-mining, and jet cutting. They can be a wide variety of pumps types including positive displacement pumps, rotary pumps and reciprocating pumps, or centrifugal pumps. Industrial Pumps-used in industrial applications such as slurry, wastewater, industrial chemicals, oil and gas, etc. There are dozens of different industrial pumps both in positive displacement and centrifugal pump types. Irrigation Pumps-usually some form of centrifugal pump type. They are often used for agriculture application where water needs to be moved from a water source to dry land. Marine Pumps-built to pump sea water. They are often used in large salt water tanks to continuously circulated water so it stays fresh. Mixed Flow Pumps-incorporate the features of both axial flow pumps and radial flow pumps. Axial flow pumps operate on a vertical plane and radial flow operate on a horizontal plane to the flow direction of water. Mud Pumps-built to transfer heavy sludge or mud. Some larger versions are used to pressure. They are sometimes used on oil rigs to pressurize and circulate fluid. Paint Pumps-built to dispense paint, either for direct application or into a separate paint container. They are used in many applications including electric paint sprayers. Petrochemical Pumps-made to transfer petroleum products that are often very viscous and corrosive. They can be magnetic drive pumps, diaphragm pumps, piston pumps and others. Pneumatic Pumps-uses compressed air to pressurize liquid through the piping system. Pond Pumps-used in gardens, fish pools, ponds, and fountains to prevent water from becoming stagnant. The two main types include submersible pumps and external pumps. Pool Pumps-used to circulate the water in a pool. Pressure Pumps-used to create either high or low pressure. They can be metering pumps, and sometimes booster pumps. Process Pumps-are many times centrifugal pumps or positive displacement pumps used in process applications. The type of pump and construction details vary depending on the application in which these pumps are used. Pump Companies-manufacturer and sell pumps. They can include manufacturers, distributors or representatives. Pump Distributors-businesses that sell pumps, made by pump manufacturers. They are private businesses that often sell several different product lines. Pump Manufacturers-companies that research, engineer, test, and manufacturer pumps. Some sell direct, and some also utilize distributors and reps to sell and service their pumps. Pump Suppliers-sell and service pumps. They can include distributors, reps, or manufacturers. Sanitary Pumps-a type of pump used to transport fluids that must be processed for sanitary standards. They are designed to meet regulatory requirements. Sewage Pumps-considered submersible pumps and they are mostly used to pump sewage to a waste treatment facility. Sludge Pumps-used to pump waste fluids with high solids content. They can be positive displacement (progressive cavity) or centrifugal pumps. Slurry Pumps-a heavy duty pump that is made to handle thick, abrasive slurries. They are made of durable materials, and capable of handling abrasive fluids for long periods of time. Solar Pumps-powered by the sun. They can be PD pumps or centrifugal pumps. Sprinkler Pumps-work within a sprinkler system. They are the mechanism that creates pressure to move the water through the system. Transfer Pumps-used to move a fluid from one receptacle to another. They are used in residential, commercial or agriculture applications where a fluid needs to be moved from one tank to another. Trash Pumps-Trash pumps are a type of pump used to handle fluids containing solid content such as mud, trash, fish, or waste products. They are also referred to as grinder pumps, chopper pumps, or sludge pumps. Utility Pumps-a type of submersible pump used to remove water from an area, often times after a flood. They are used in industrial, residential and agricultural applications. Wastewater Pumps-used to move wastewater toward or within a waste treatment facility. Water Pumps-a type of equipment used to move water through a piping system. They rely upon principles of displacement, gravity, suction, and vacuums to move water. They can be both positive displacement or centrifugal pumps. Well Pumps-designed to draw water to the surface from an underground water source. Depending on the well depth and configuration, they pumps can be jet pumps, centrifugal pumps, or submersible pumps.C. Advantages and Disadvantages: Positive Displacement pumpsAdvantages Versatile Compact Design High-Viscosity Performance Continuous Flow Regardless of Differential Pressure Ability to Handle High Differential PressureDisadvantages Most require some modification to run at higher viscosity Reduced speed Increased clearances Larger ports Most require some modification to run at higher temperatures Change in materials Increased clearances Most need to be slowed down with shear sensitive liquids All needs overpressure protection Progressing CavityAdvantages Self-Priming/Suction Lift Ability to Vary Capacity Non-Pulsating Flow Pressure Solids Laden Fluids, Abrasive Fluids Handles High Viscosity Applications Handles Shear Sensitive Fluids Runs in Either Direction Accurate Repeatable Flow Open ThroatDisadvantages Cant Run Dry Length of Pump Vane pumpsAdvantages: Self-Priming/Suction Lift Ability to Vary Capacity Run Dry Short Time Handles High Viscosities Handles Abrasive Fluids Handles Shear Sensitive Fluids Self Adjusting Vanes - For PerformanceDisadvantages Solids Pressure Capabilities Material Limitations Lobe pumpsAdvantages Self-Priming/Suction Lift Ability to Vary Capacity Run in Either Direction Handles High Viscosities Accurate Repeatable Flow Run Dry for a Short TimeDisadvantages Abrasion Resistance Pressure Capabilities Stuffing Box Jamming Pump Efficiency Non-Pulsating Flow Gear pumpsAdvantages Self-Priming/Suction Lift Ability to Vary Capacity Non-Pulsating Flow Run Dry for a Short Time High TemperatureDisadvantages Pressure Solids Abrasion High Shear Viscosity Screw pumpsAdvantages Highest flow rate of positive displacement pumps.Disadvantages Have many moving parts Peristaltic pumpsAdvantages Self-Priming/Suction Lift Ability to Vary Capacity Handles Difficult Fluids Reversible Can Run Dry No SealsDisadvantages Pressure Abrasion Temperatures Short Hose Life Pulsation Drive Options High HP Requirement Diaphragm pumpsAdvantages Self-Priming/Suction Lift Ability to Vary Capacity Handles Abrasive and Suspended solids Handles Viscous Fluids Run Dry Length of Pump No Seals or Packing Closes Discharge Submersible No Efficiency Loss Due to WearDisadvantages Pressure Noise Pulsation Icing Power Consumption Centrifugal pumpsAdvantages Small in size, space saving & less capital costs Easy for maintenance No danger creates if discharge v/v is closed while starting Deal with large volume Able to work medium to low head Able to work medium to low viscous fluidDisadvantages Extra priming P/P requires. Cannot be able to work high head. Cannot deal with high viscous fluid. Axial pumpsAdvantages Is the best type to achieve very high flow rate with very low head Submersible pumpsAdvantages Submersible pumps produce a smooth and even flow and are easy to frost proof. They also have a short pump shaft to the motor.Disadvantages This pump type is easily damaged by sand in the water, and repair requires pulling the pump out of the well. Hydraulic ram pumpsAdvantage No Electricity or External Power Source Continueal operation Easy to maintain Long life ReliableDisadvantage Only suitable for certain sites Large amount of excess water runoff Typically low exit flow rates per pumpIV. Conclusion:Pumps are of great use to society, especially in engineering works. They are used to transport fluids (liquids like water and gases like air, although gases are more commonly transferred via compressors or gas pumps) with varying velocity and volume. In other words, the fluids that are transported can be controlled in terms of its pressure, velocity and volume. The movement or transportation can also be against the fluids natural flow meaning, fluids can move from lower elevation to higher elevation and from lower concentration or pressure to areas with higher concentration or pressure.V. 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