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10

Setee2011 Vol.29No.9THISISSUE


3

25 Binging thsty HmPractical tips for creatingpowerful videos.By Ryan Hill

27 BunddCwd sucingA twist on open crowd sourcingoffers promise for global healthefforts.By Marya Lieberman, Edwin

Michael and Joseph Bock

29 Fcu on Dug QulityImproving global health initiatives

for lasting impact.By Patrick Lukulay

31 U.s. Ldhip in thDcd f ccinPromising prospects andcontinuing challenges.By Erin Fry and Philip Carroll

33 scinc Diplmcywith Mulim sttAdvancing relations throughhealth innovation.By Kaitlin Christenson and

Kimberley Lufkin19 Buildingecnmic BidgKey linkages between economics,democracy and governance affecteconomic growth.By John D. Sullivan

21 Wht abutDmccy ndvnncH t Hm?Creating deep relationships to

advance change.By Sam Daley-Harris

23 uding th udGovernance guidelines as tools fordemocratization.By Kate Steger

FeAtureS

10 h tu fDvlpmntUniting conservation anddevelopment efforts.By Stephanie Cappa

15 n Building:a Windw f opptunityIn the Palestinian Territories,environmentally friendlyconstruction is taking root.By Kari Jorgensen Diener and

Anjad Hithnawi

17 Climt Chng:Binging vnmntn BdLeaders must prepare todayfor the environment of tomorrow.By Manish Bapna and Polly Ghazi

SEpTEmbEr2011M

ONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

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4/40MONDAY DEVELOPMENTSSEpTEmbEr20114

Managing Editor/Creative DiChad Brobst

Advertising/Subscription

Zoe Plaugher

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Executive Editor

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News Editor

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Monday Developments Magais published by:

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1400 16th Street, NW, Suite

Washington, DC 20036

Tel: 202.667.8227

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ISSN 1043-8157

Monday Developments Magazinelished 11 times a year by Intethe largest alliance of U.S.-based tional development and humanitargovernmental organizations. Wit

than 200 members operating indeveloping country, InterAction wovercome poverty, exclusion anding by advancing social justice andignity for all.

InterAction welcomes submissinews articles, opinions and anments. Article submission does nantee inclusion in Monday DevelopWe reserve the right to reject sions for any reason. It is at the diof our editorial team as to which are published in individual issues.

All statements in articles are topinion and responsibility of the a

Articles may be reprinted with prmission and attribution. Letters editor are encouraged.

A limited number of subscriptiomade available to InterAction magencies as part of their dues. Insubscriptions cost $40 a year (afor airmail delivery outside thSamples are $5, including pAdditional discounts are availabulk orders. Please allow 4-6 wedelivery. Advertising rates are aon request.

MoDaY DeeLoMes Maaz

ref lect ionsf othepesident

Tremendous opportunities exist tobetter align the work of the developmentand environmental communities. Suchmutually reinforcing solutions createwin-win approaches that are often overlooked. Toinvestigate the benefits of this strategy, InterActionrecently released a research paper laying out theneed to integrate conservation and developmentpolicies (see page 10). This approach is not onlycommon sense, it is also fiscally appropriate. It is

often less expensive to preserve something thanit is to restore or replace it later. This is especiallytrue for a subsistence farmer or fisherman trying toeke out an existence from rapidly depleting naturalresources.

Foreign assistance is once again on the chop-ping block and our community is working hard tosustain funding at levels that do not erode decadesof work. During these austere times, we also haveto do our best to use every tool at our disposal toensure foreign assistance is modernized to efficientlyand effectively meet the needs of the 21st century.Aligning development and conservation policiesmust be part of this approach.

As this new report makes clear, many of todayscrises have at their core a resource problem thatmight be caused by poor governance, mismanage-ment, corruption or just plain-old inequity. A short-age of natural resources usually fans tensions, as hasbeen the case in Pakistan, India and Somalia, to lista few examples. Burgeoning populations will only

make this situation worse. Underscoring this point,the UN predicts that in the next 15 years nearly2 billion people worldwide will be short of water.Hardest hit areas include Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,Egypt, huge swaths of China, portions of India anda number of states in the United States.

We need to help countries protect their ownecosystems and, as international NGOs, we needto include environmental concerns in our overallprogramming. Preserving ecosystems must not be anafterthought. Flood prevention, pollination and pestcontrol, soil maintenance and the provision of food

and fresh water are far easierto restore early on ratherthan when these resourceshave either run out or aredegraded beyond repair.

The current famine andrefugee crisis in the Hornof Africa underscores thedire need to integrate con-servation into global devel-

opment programs from the outset and to ultimately

create more resilient societies. The UN estimatesthat more than 11 million people in that region needhumanitarian aid due to drought, conflict and thecurrent food crisis. Hundreds of thousands are pour-ing out of their ravaged communities, with manyfleeing into neighboring countries. At press time, theUN estimated 1,800 new refugees were arriving inKenya daily, and eight out of 10 of these were womenand children, many of whom were malnourished.While the crisis has not aired sufficiently on U.S.television screens, the stories coming out of theregion are heartbreaking.

A massive global response must bolster the UNand NGOs, including many InterAction members,operating in the Horn of Africa. Yet just providinglifesaving food and nutritional help will not solvethe problem. We need to take longer-term measuresto promote food security and help tackle drought,water shortages and other underlying causes of thecurrent crisis. Much of the solution lies withinAfrica, as countries in the southern part of the con-tinent experience large-scale food surpluses, evenas war, poor policies and a lack of infrastructuremake an African-led solution difficult. Only bybuilding the continents overall food security in amanner that preserves and properly manages limitedresources can a locally sustainable solution emerge.

Of course, integrating development and conserva-tion policies wont solve all the problems in the Hornof Africa, but such an approach might contributetoward a better way of dealing with such cycles ofdrought, food crises and human misery in thefuture. Its worth a shot. MD

Sam WorthingtonpesidentandCEO

InteAction

Conservation and Development

Can Work Together

t i oftn l xpniv toprrv omthing thn it ito rtor or rplc it ltr.


5/405SEpTEmbEr2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

Feedack

Microfinance from aHuman Rights Perspective

Christopher Dunford points out in A Failure to Communicate: Micro-finance Confused (MD, May 2011) that public expectations of micro-finance as a poverty solution have been greatly downsized. However,we believe microfinance programs offer much to celebrate and builduponthough we must look beyond nominal financial benefits.

Indeed, microfinance programs are one important tool that canalleviate economic duress enough to allow people to meet their basicneeds, shift towards savings and invest in new or growing businesses.But poverty is not a purely economic phenomenon. Programs aspir-ing to alleviate poverty must also consider the social, cultural andstructural dimensions of poverty that keep marginalized populationsfrom overcoming barriers to economic self-sustainability.

Microfinance programs that hold human rights objectives at theircenternot poverty reductioncan help move people out of margin-

alization and attain wide-ranging social benefits.Such initiatives, especially in the form of revolving loans when

controlled by local communities, can build solidarity. In countries orregions governed by oppressive regimes, the resulting cooperation canlead to changes in how communities and authorities interact.

In places where the political environment makes it difficult or evendangerous to work with local communities on human rights initiatives,

Clements has been helping embassies,corporations and other organizations

meet their international insurance needs

for over 60 years. For a free consultation,

visit clements.com/mondaydevelopmentsor call us today: +1.202.872.0060

TAKE CLEMENTS WITH YOU.

NEVER LEAVE

ANYTHINGTO CHANCE

C A R P R O P E R T Y L I F E & H E A L T H S P E C I A L T Y & H I G H R I S K I N S U R A N C E

Send your letters to [email protected]

Street vendors such as these reclaimed their livelihoods using revolving

loans after the January 2008 post-election humanitarian crisis in Kenya.


6/40MONDAY DEVELOPMENTSSEpTEmbEr20116

Feedack

community-controlled microfinance can be a safe and unobjection-able entry point for working on additional issues. These programscan provide both an incentive and a shelter for communities to come

together and they can enable local, national and international NGOsto work with affected populations.

Services such as health and education, which have human-rightsoutcomes, can be linked successfully with microfinance programs.For example, in western Kenya, following the 2007-2008 post-electionviolence, a grassroots organization mobilized women who had beendisplaced and lost their livelihoods in the crisis. The womens partici-pation in revolving loan funds helped them start small enterprisesand gave them access to business training, counseling, family tracingand HIV testing.

We have seen community-controlled microfinance programs serveas a basis for collaboration and empowerment in places challengedby political and ethnic rivalries. The multi-ethnic Kenya NationalAlliance of Street Vendors and Informal Traders managed revolving

loan funds for over 1,400 of its members affected by the post-electionviolence, representing more than six ethnic groups. Through this

initiative, beneficiaries and other alliance members worked togetherto reconcile and build peace in the wake of the crisis.

In Myanmar, amidst political strife and extreme poverty, over 50,000

people in more than 150 conflict-affected communities have initiatedrevolving loan funds that have enabled them to begin meeting someof their most basic needs. In the process of working together, peopleare confronting their common challenges. They have been able tocircumvent middlemen by buying in bulk, offset teachers salariesand collectively negotiate with officials. Trust and reconciliation areincreasing and communities are developing future plans.

Dunford also writes that commercial microfinance institutions arereluctant to acknowledge the social value of micro-loans. But as wehave seen, community-based revolving loans with economic growthlinked to human-rights objectives can produce returns for marginalizedcommunities as well as for investors. MD

Ariel Jacobson, Senior Associate for Economic Justice and

Gretchen Alther, Senior Associate for Rights in Humanitarian Crises,Unitarian Universalist Service Committee

It has been a turbulent year for global agricultural commodity pricesand food security after more promising earlier prospects gave wayto what the Fd nd agicultu ognitin (Fao) calledincreasingly worrisome outlooks and an escalation of internationalprices to levels not seen in decades.

In ay, the FAO food price index stood at a near historical high of232 points. In June the U ntntinl Fund f agicultulDvlpmnt said the price increases had pushed an estimated 44million more people into poverty.

And in the Horn of Africa, persistent drought has exacerbatedsevere food insecurity for an estimated 12.4 million people in parts ofSomalia, Kenya, thiopia and Djibouti, displacing hundreds of thou-sands and causing countless deaths.

It is heartening and unsurprising that addressing commodity pricevolatility (energy and agricultural) and bolstering food security are keyFrench priorities for the November G20 summit in Cannes. G20 coun-tries accounted for 54 percent of the worlds agricultural surfaces, 65percent of farmland and 77 percent of global grain production in 2008.

he French government intends to focus on four crucial areas atthe summit: (1) improved regulation for commodity nancial markets;

(2) increased transparency for physical commodity markets; (3) betterprevention and management of food crises; and (4) stronger hedginginstruments to better protect the poorest populations against exces-sive price volatility. he lbl tnhip f agicultu, Fdscuity nd utitin, launched by resident Sarkozy in 2008, willlikely gure prominently in the discussions.

Ample evidence shows the G20 is tackling global agricultural com-modity price volatility and food security in an earnest, if plodding, manner.At the November 2010 Seoul G20 summit, leaders asked the FAO,the Organisation for conomic Co-operation and Development andother international organizations to coordinate with key stakeholders to

develop options for G20 considerationon how to better mitigate and managethe risks associated with price volatilityof food and other agriculture commodi-ties, without distorting market behavior,ultimately to protect the most vulnerable.he consortium submitted its report,rice Volatility in Food and Agricultural

arkets: olicy esponsesin early Junebefore the rst-ever G20 agriculture ministers meeting held in aris.

he G20 agriculture ministers resulting Action lan on Food riceVolatility and Agriculturecreated some laudable new programs thatcould improve transparency in agricultural commodity markets and theresponse to global food crises.

For example, it announced the creation of an FAO-housed Agricul-tural arket Information System to facilitate and improve the exchangeof data on agricultural production, consumption and stocks. he min-isters also agreed to remove export restrictions for food purchased forhumanitarian purposes by the Wld Fd gmm. However,jvi Bl of the Financial imesechoed the sentiment of many civil

society organizations noting the communiqu was watered-down onthe key issues: the mandate to consume biofuels and subsidies ontheir production, and the [broader] use of export restrictions. Addition-ally, Frances call for better global regulation of agricultural commoditynancial markets fell largely on deaf ears, with the nal declaration lack-ing any specicity on how this should be done.

InterActions G8/G20 ask Force is publishing an updated G20policy paper with fresh recommendations in the areas of agriculture,food security and nutrition.

Samer Abraham, InterActions policy and

advocacy assistant, contributed to this news item

Leaders Grapple with Rising Food Prices, Diminishing Food Security


7/40

Progress of theworlds womenN Women has released its report

rogress of the Worlds Women.It overviews the state of womensrights worldwide, mentions bestpracticesincluding the huthuz-ela Care Centers in South Africa,which house criminal, legal, healthand other services for rape victimsall in one placeand makes thefollowing 10 recommendations forfurther progress:

1. suppt wmn lgl

gnitin: Womens legalorganizations step in where

government-funded legal aidis limited, providing the adviceand support that women needto pursue a legal case, to puta stop to violence, to seek adivorce or to claim land that isrightfully theirs.

2. mplmnt gnd-nitiv

lw fm: Without a solidlegal foundation, attempts tomake courts more accessible

to women, police less hostileto their complaints and othernecessary reforms to the admin-istration of justice are likely tofounder.

3. suppt n-tp hp

t duc ttitin in th

utic chin: he justicechain, the series of steps thata woman must take to seekredress, is characterized byhigh levels of attrition, wherebycases are dropped as theyprogress through the system.

As a result, only a fraction ofcases end in a conviction or a

just outcome.4. ut wmn n th fnt lin

f lw nfcmnt: nder-reporting of crimes againstwomen is a serious problem inall regions. Across 57 countries,

crime surveys show that onaverage 10 percent of womensay they have experienced

sexual assault, but of these only11 percent reported it.

5. nvt in wmn cc

t utic: aking justice sys-tems work for womenwhetherthrough catalyzing legal reform,or supporting legal aid, one-stop shops and training for

judgesrequires investment.6. in udg nd mnit

dciin: Balanced, well-informed and unbiased judicialdecision-making is an essentialpart of ensuring that women

who go to court get justice.7. nc wmn cc

t cut nd tuth cm-

miin duing nd ft

cnict: Sexual violence as atactic of warfare has been usedsystematically and deliberatelyfor centuries.

8. mplmnt gnd-pn-

iv ptin pgm:eparations are the most vic-

tim-focused justice mechanismand can be an essential vehiclefor womens recovery.

9. U qut t bt th

numb f wmn lgi-

lt: In countries wherewomens representation inparliament increases substan-tially, new laws that advancewomens rights often follow.

10. ut gnd qulity t th

ht f th Millnnium

Dvlpmnt l: heDGs are interdependent and

each one depends on makingprogress on womens rights.

For more information on theproject, and to download the fullreport or its executive summary,visit http://progress.unwomen.org/.

In fobytes

7SEpTEmbEr2011M

ONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

W O R L D P R E M I E R E

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8/408 MONDAY DEVELOPMENTSSEpTEmbEr2011

In fobytes

FedEx continues tosupport transparencyInterAction is pleased to announce

that Fdex has awarded addi-tional funding to continue work onits Hiti aid Mp through July2012. he map, an online interac-tive tool that charts the locationand activities of NGOs workingin Haiti, was ofcially launched inJanuary 2011 with Fedx support.It currently features close to 500projects from 83 organizations,dramatically increasing transpar-ency, facilitating partnerships andimproving coordination amongNGOs. sing data gathered

from the eld, the map also helpsdonors and the public make moreinformed decisions about whereto direct their resources. Haiti Aidap was developed in partnershipwith the U.s. Chmb f Cm-mc Buin Civic Ld-

hip Cnt (BCLC). xplore thesite at http://haiti.ngoaidmap.org

Solar innovationsA renewable and climate-friendlyresource, solar energy is takinghold in developing countries moreand more.

eople worldwide live nearwater sources that are con-taminated with . coli. A simplemethod to purify that water, SolarDisinfection (SODIS), alreadyexists, but is tricky to monitor.ut water contaminated with .coliinto a plastic bottle, setit in the sun for six to 12 hoursdepending on the amount of sunand the water is safe to drink.

he problem is that, too often,

people stop the process too soon

without realizing the water is stillunsafe. For a competition run bythe soDs Fundtin, several

groups have started researchingsimple solutions that are easy tomanufacture and cost less than $5.One group used components thatare in solar calculators to create anelectronic indicator for whether theprocess was complete. hey arenow manufacturing a few hundredof the devices to begin testingin the eld. For a more detaileddescription of the project, go towww.scientistswithoutborders.organd search for SODIS.

One challenge health workers

can face is nding a safe way tostore vaccineswhich need tobe refrigeratedwhen electricityis unreliable. A Danish companyhas developed a solar refrigerator,which runs while the sun is up andchills icepacks that keep vaccinescool after the sun sets. Becausethere are no batteries that need tobe replaced, the expected lifespanof the device can be up to 20 years.he technology has been tested inCuba, Indonesia and Senegal, andis now being installed in severallocations in Kenya. For more infor-mation, go to www.trust.org/alertnetand search for Solar Fridge.

What constitutesa famine?any areas are food insecure, butwhat turns that food insecurity intoa famine? In Somalia today, twocauses are a prolonged droughtand a lack of a government ableto support its people after twodecades of political instability.

Worldwide, there are three indica-tors used to measure when foodinsecurity tips into famine territory:1. h bdth f fd incu-

ity in ppultin: 20 percentor more of a population haveextremely limited access to food.

2. h lvl f child mlnuti-tin in ppultin: 30 per-cent or more of a populationschildren under the age of 5 areextremely malnourished.

3. h dth t f ppul-tin: ore than two people outof every 10,000 in a population

are dying every dayaccordingto Is he World, this is fourtimes the average rate in a foodsecure population.

When all three of these factorsare present, then a countrysgovernmentor, in the absence ofa stable government, the nitedNationswill declare a famine. Formore information on the situation inthe Horn of Africa today, visit www.interaction.org/horn-of-africa-crisis.

A new way ofmeasuring hungerWith the hunger crisis in the Hornof Africa, the ability to measurehunger and malnutrition ratesis more crucial than ever. woprofessors with the tinlBuu f ecnmic rch

(Ber), have released a paperwith a new way to do so, whichthey say is more accurate thantraditional calorie counts.

A evealed reference

Approach to easuring Hunger

and ndernutritionby rbt .jnn (CLA School of ublicAffairs) and ln H. Mill(Department of Finance, niversityof Illinois at rbana-Champaign),explains the staple calorie share(SCS) measuring system. radi-tionally, hunger and malnutritionhave been measured by the num-ber of calories a person ingestsper day measured against therecommended calorie intake. hatrecommended intake, however,

is a static number that does notaccount for age, gender, health,physical activity, or a host of othercriteria that could affect the calo-ries a person truly needs to func-tion. Also, for various reasons, aperson may not be able to absorball of the nutrients or calories fromthe food they eat before it passesthrough their system, leaving themstill hungry or undernourished.

SCS works on an economic

principle. he paper denesstaple calories as calories thatcome from the cheapest available

food source, or staple food, suchas rice, wheat or cassava. hepoorest people will eat primarilyfrom staple calories. As incomesrise, there is a point where peoplecan afford to eat from moreexpensive calorie sources, suchas meat. SCS tracks the amountof income that people spend onstaple calories vs. more expensivecalories. he greater the staplecalorie intake, the higher the ratesof hunger and malnutrition.

You can search for the abstract

on zunia.org, which includes a linkto the full paper on CLAs publicaffairs website.

New report on aidrecipient feedbackCDa Cllbtiv Lning

ct has released a new report,Feedback echanisms in Interna-

tional Assistance Organizations. hereport was motivated by the desirethey heard from many people in aidrecipient societies to provide feed-backand to hear from aid agen-ciesabout their efforts. In over 20listening exercises conducted glob-ally, people talked of how they wereoften asked to provide informationduring assessments, consultations,monitoring visits, or evaluations,but they felt that they had not beengenuinely heard, let alone received aresponse. As a consequence, theybelieved opportunities were missedto share important feedback onthe effect of aid efforts, agenciesperformance, and other important

issues related to the accountabilityand effectiveness of internationalassistance.

o read the report, go to http://www.cdainc.com and click theNews tab.MD

Correction:

InAugustsInfobyteegadingtheAlli-ancefoIntenationalYouthDeveloent,foundingeeEducation Develop-ment CenterwasincoectlyefeedtoasEducationalDeveloentCente.


9/40

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Kicke

10 MONDAY DEVELOPMENTSSEpTEmbEr2011

NatureThe

of Development

byStephanie Cappa,LegislativeCoodinatofoIntenationalDeveloent,InteAction

A m 12.4 mll ppl

need of assistance in the Horn of frica, where another year

of faied rains has created ockets of faine and widesread

food and water shortages. he crisis is a stark reinder of the

connection between huan heath and environenta security.

Forer U adinistrator Henrietta Fore recenty noted thathe ongoing instabiity in pakistan is exacerbated by and and

water disutes n frica, outh sia and the midde ast, food

rices and avaiabiity have aso ayed a roe in sarking confict.

he concuded, treaining our rogras that assist countries

with securing better access to food and water, rotection fro

disaster and oca stewardshi of natura resources is critica.

Unitingconservation and

developmentefforts


11/4011SEpTEmbEr2011

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

Coserao



International conservation and develop-ment actors are mobilizing to do just that.As global natural resource degradation com-

bines with more extreme weather, develop-ment experts are increasingly focused oneliminating extreme poverty while restoringthe natural resource base. And as the globalpopulation surpasses 7 billion this year andperhaps rises to 10 billion by this centurysend, international environmental organiza-tions are increasingly focused on humandevelopment.

Such integration would have profoundlypositive results. Preserving functional eco-systems saves money, as it is almost alwaysless expensive to preserve a critical ecosystemservice (such as pollination, soil maintenance

or fresh water) than to restore or replace it.Conserving ecosystems also ensures that gainsin poverty alleviation, food security and otherdevelopment fundamentals can be sustainedover the long term. And conservation can pre-vent catastrophic loss from natural disasterscaused or exacerbated by ecosystem declineand climate change.

Finally, effective development and naturalresource management supports jobs in bothdeveloping and developed countries. Withnearly half of all U.S. exports purchased bydeveloping country markets, the U.S. econ-omy and U.S. jobs depend on trade withdeveloping countries. Yet 54 percent of thedeveloping worlds workforce is employed inagriculture, fisheries and forestry, sectors thatdirectly depend upon the health of naturalresources. Preserving the global resource baseis imperative for the economic health of bothdeveloping and developed economies.

With this in mind, InterAction conveneda series of discussions in early 2011 to charta common path forward for the conservationand development communities. Participantsfrom more than 30 organizations took part,discussing key barriers to integration as well

as opportunities to more effectively coordinatepolicy and programming. The results are cap-tured by author Laurie Mazur in InterActionsnew publication, The Nature of Development:Integrating Conservation and Development toSupport Sustainable, Resilient Societies.

The conclusion is simple: An integratedapproach to conservation and developmentcan yield better outcomes for both. Yet thereal-world policy and program barriers tointegration are significant. Three of the mostimportant are:

InteActionsThe Nature of Developmentaeoutlinessoeciticalissueselatedtothecolexelationshietweenov-etyalleviationandecologicalsustainaility.Itacknowledgesthattheenvionentisnotonelegofastool,uttheveyfaicintowhichouhuancounityiswoven.Ifthefaicstheadseakundethestainofagowingoulationandinceasingexloitation,huansuvival,aticulalyoftheostvulneale,willejeoadized.Yetyfocusinglagelyoncatuingtheeconoicvalueofnatue,theaeleavesotheciticalvaluesunaddessed.moefullyaccountingfotheeconoic

valueofnatue,whileaniotantsteinassigningesonsiilityfothecostsofenvionentaldegadation,isnotsufcienttoensuetheongoingsustainailityofthelanet.Indeedanyecosystecoo-nents,includingtheuntoldillionsofse-ciesthateainundesciedyscience,ighthavenoeconoicvaluetosoe,wheeasothesconsidetheiceless.Eventheostsohisticatedeffotstocal-

culatethevalueofnatuewillinvolvejudg-entsadeyindividuals,societiesandgovenents.Thesehuanjudgentsaeshaedyhuanvalues,whichhaveanydiensionseyondtheeconoic,includ-ingethical,cultual,socialandolitical.Foexale,theanyassionateand

gloaleffotstootecthaitats,seciesandthewelfaeofindividualanialsointtoaveydiffeenttyeofvalue,thatofin-tinsicvalue:thevalueofsoethingfoitsownsake,indeendentofitswothtoany-oneoanythingelse.Seciescannotsi-lyeexchangedoelacedandextinc-

tionisfoeve.InYunnanpovince,hoeofChinaseaining350wildelehants,IFAWhaswokedcloselywiththegovenentandlocalcounitiessince2000tohelelehantsandeolecoexistontheland.micoceditloansenalefaestodeveloaltenativeincoegeneatingscheesthatdonotcoetewithelehantsfohaitat.Acounity-wideealywaningsystealetsneighosofelehantsintheaeaandongoingeducationogashelen-

suesafetyandeffectivelandstewadshiwithouthaingtheelehants.paticiat-ingvillages,whichonceviewedelehantsasatheattotheiwell-eing,havecoetotakeideinotectingthisfagileelehantoulation.Ifweecognizetheethicalaswellas

ecologicalandeconoiciotanceofaintainingiodivesity,weshouldstivetoavoidconsutiveusewhentheeaevia-lealtenatives.Whenanagedeffectively,nonconsutivealtenativescaneaongtheostecologicallyandeconoicallysustainaleeansfohuanstoenetfonatue.AsnotedinGaining Ground:In Pursuit of Ecological Sustainability,theyalsoovidetheootunitytoecognizeandhighlighttheiotanceofotheval-uessuchasaesthetic,cultual,educational,intinsic,eceational,scientic,socialandsiitualvalues.

Whalewatching,whichisfasteco-ingtheedoinantuseofwhalesinthe21stcentuy,isnonconsutiveandthusinheentlyecologicallysustainalewhenanagedandegulatedaoiately.Itiseconoicallysustainaleinfactitisotentiallyahugeeconoicoonfoostdeveloingcoastalcounitieswothu-wadsof$2.1illionannually.Anditisethi-callysustainaleecausetheentieindusty

isedicateduonahuanaeciationofwhalesaecognitionoftheintinsicvalueoftheseelovedgiantsofthedee.

The Nature of Developmentlaceseco-logicalsustainailityattheheatofthesus-tainaledeveloentodel.butaoeho-listicundestandingthataddessesethical,socialandotheoftenovelookedstandsofnatuesvaluewilleciticaltosafeguadingtheecologicalfaicintowhichouseciesandlegionsofothesaewoven.

evn th mot ophitictd

ffort to clcult th vlu of

ntur will involv judgmnt

md by individul, ocitind govrnmnt.

Coserao

Valuing NaturebyBeth Allgood,Caaignsmanage,andKatie Miller,ExecutiveLiaison,IntenationalFundfoAnialWelfae(IFAW)


13/40

XX

13SEpTEmbEr2011M

ONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

LifeStraws Carbon for Water program just made access to safe water easier

for millions of Kenyans. Its removing millions of tons of carbon, too.

To learn more, please visit us at: Follow us:

www.carbonforwater.com www.twitter.com/CarbonForWater

Access to safe water is a challenge

in the developing world.



Coserao

Siloed sectors. The environmental anddevelopment actors within NGOs, foun-dations, government and Congress still

largely remain in separate silos, con-ceptually and practically.

Structural flaws in resource man-agement. Around the world, effec-tive resource management is a majorchallenge. Too often, critical decisionsabout the environment are made with-out accountability, transparency or par-ticipation by those most affected, suchas women, indigenous people, ethnicminorities and the poor.

Incomplete measures of success. Cur-rent measurement methods do notcapture the complex nature of todays

environmental and development chal-lenges. For example, governments anddevelopment agencies measure increasesin food production, but not the health ofecosystems that underpin those gainsorwhether those gains are sustainable overthe long term.

There are great organizational, governanceand accounting challenges, but also clearmeans to address them:

Effective natural resource management.Improved natural resource managementwill require new modes of decision-mak-ing that involve disenfranchised groups,the removal of incentives that encouragenatural resource depletion and the pro-motion of resource rights.

New and flexible partnerships.Donors,governments and practitioners needimproved cross-sectoral communicationand new alliances among environmentaland development actors as well as withnontraditional partners, such as womensorganizations, health advocates and busi-nesses.

Enhanced measures of success. An inte-

grated approach requires more accurateand sensitive measures of human well-being and environmental health, includ-ing: comprehensive analyses of environ-mental and social assets and challenges,integrated accounting methods, newbenchmarks of success, and shared infor-mation on best practices.

Instead of creating new bureaucracies,increase the effectiveness of existing efforts.

External view of the new green facility for

Safeer Childrens Center.continuedonpage37



MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

eroMeaL CosrUCo

IT IS COMMONLY ASSUMED THAT

green building is a high priced construc-tion technique, a luxury affordable only to

the wealthy and elite. However, green buildingtechniques are actually comparably priced toconventional methods and also bring a hostof other benefits in terms of reducing carbonemissions, water pollution, running costs andnegative impacts on human health.

Like many developing countries, the Pales-tinian Territories are experiencing rapid popu-lation growth, urbanization and an increas-ing demand for energy. These demands arecoupled with issues such as water scarcity,desertification, deforestation and limited pub-lic sector resources.

Recent reports from the Intergovernmen-tal Panel on Climate Change indicate that inthe coming decades, the Middle East will bethe region most affected by climate change.Although the Middle East as a region contrib-utes a small amount to global greenhouse gasemissions (only around 5 percent) the regionspercentage of total emissions is on the rise.Since 1990, emission rates have increased 150percent and this amount is expected to doubleby 2050. Sustainable development is furthercomplicated by the complex political context

that is driven, in part, by scarce resources.Buildings contribute to 40 percent of energyconsumption and 30 percent of carbon emis-sions worldwide. Due to the major impactof buildings on the environment, the UnitedNations Environment Program has stated thatthe building sector has the greatest level ofpotential for drastic emission reductions.This presents a window of opportunity for thedevelopment community to positively impactsustainable development through changes inthe way we build.

n

Building:a Windw fopptunity

byKari Jorgensen Diener,SenioKnowledgemanageentSecialist/LEEDGeenAssociate,andAnjad Hithnawi,reseachandCaacitybuildingCoodinato,CHFIntenational

In the PalestinianTerritories, environmen-

tally friendly constructionis taking root.



eroMeaL CosrUCo

In the Palestinian Territories, typical forms ofnew construction, operations and maintenancestrategies result in negative impacts on the localenvironment. Moreover, nascent urban planning

policies and limited enforcement of environ-mental laws and regulations have resulted inad hoc construction. Green spaces are replacedby residential and commercial buildings withpoor environmental performance. A rapidlyincreasing demand for energy, which is growing8 percent annually, adds to dependence on non-renewable resources. These issues, coupled withinadequate sanitation, drainage and solid wastemanagement systems, present serious challenges.

h ct dbtOne of the major obstacles facing green

building initiatives in the Palestinian Territoriesis the misconception of cost. Many establishedstudies have proven that there is no significantdifference in the cost of green buildings com-pared to traditional buildings. Green buildingscan be built with small or no added costs andwithin the budget range of similar conventionalbuildings. Building green may also include theuse of passive building techniques that do notautomatically assume the application of hightech solutions alone. Moreover, any addedcosts are typically recovered in long-term sav-ings in the operations of buildings.

For example, at the Safeer Childrens Center, a

recently constructed green building, the centersChairman, Isa Hindi stated, From the morninguntil just before sunset, there is no need at allfor lighting or the use of air conditioning in thesummer because of the design and the large sizeof windows. In its one year of operation, thecenters expenses for water and electricity havebeen 50 percent less than similarly sized build-ings in the same area. This drastic reductionis due to the green building techniques used,ranging from a grey water treatment systeminstalled at the site to low-cost sun-shades.

opptuniti nd chllngGiven the fact that the Palestinian Terri-

tories receive one of the highest levels of aidin the worldmore than $17 billion since

signing the Oslo Accords in 1993, of which alarge proportion goes to infrastructure fund-ingthere is great potential for integratingnew sustainability approaches. Green build-ing offers a new way for infrastructure plan-ning and implementation, beginning with siteselection and extending through to construc-tion, renovation, adaptive reuse of existingstructures and the operation and maintenanceof buildings.

Most importantly, green building is not aforeign concept to the region and much canbe learned from the environmentally respon-sive elements of traditional Palestinian archi-tecture. Traditional construction strategiesenabled buildings to reach required thermalcomfort levels in an arid/semi-arid area andpromoted compact and dense communitydevelopment. Historically, local building ori-entation and the careful design of windows,overhangs and insulation increased solar gainin winter, reduced buildings heat in summerand maximized natural ventilation and light-ing. Moreover, buildings were designed towardthe inside to shield from bright sunlight andincorporated inner vegetated courtyards.These courtyards generated a cooler micro-

climate, enhanced fresh air circulation andventilation, provided outdoor shaded areasand maximized day lighting gains. In biggerbuildings, solar chimneys (wind towers) wereoften used to aid in heating and cooling.

Although methods of traditional Pales-tinian building promote natural heatingand cooling for structures, the applicationof green building design has been limited.However, with the addition of green buildingcurriculum into university courses in Palestin-ian engineering faculties, local expertise in

both traditional and up-to-date green buildingapproaches is growing. During the 2010-11school year, courses ranging from Use of Solar

Energy to Environmental Systems in Architec-ture were offered at major Palestinian univer-sities. Contractors exposed to new techniquesare adopting new measures in constructionefforts. As local material suppliers see demandgrowing, their green product range is expand-ing. In the past five years, the West Bank hasseen many new businesses starting up withproducts ranging from geothermal servicesto grey water treatment systems.

As government officials become moreaware of the public sector benefits of greenbuilding, a legal framework and key incen-tives for investors and builders are slowly tak-

ing root. In November 2010, Prime MinisterSalam Fayyad wrote in an opinion piece forThe Christian Science Monitor:

In Palestine, we are increasingly recogniz-ing the importance of integrating green con-struction practices into our vision for buildinga viable, secure state. We must consider notonly human and economic security, but inorder to ensure these, we must also considerenvironmental security. Without ensuringthat we proceed to ameliorate the effects ofclimate change, we cannot be assured that ourefforts in construction of towns, homesanda statewill not be undermined.

As demonstrated in the Palestinian Ter-ritories, climate change is a real and ongo-ing challenge affecting developing countries.Infrastructure development initiatives shouldlook to green building to reduce the impactof buildings on energy consumption and cli-mate change while also improving humanhealth, the ability of communities to sustainconstruction projects and the potential fornew job creation in a growing global sector.Green building does not necessarily meanusing a more expensive form of building; onthe contrary, it is cost-effective in pure eco-

nomic terms. Green buildings often drawfrom traditional architecture and construc-tion techniques, which facilitates acceptance.Potential challenges may be overcome withawareness, local skills development and gov-ernmental incentives and support.

With its many advantages to human andenvironmental health and the economic bot-tom line, green building should become thestandard for infrastructure initiatives imple-mented by the international developmentcommunity. MD

Building Better, Building GreenGreen building aims to achieve a triple bottom line of environmental, nancial and

social benets. It begins with sustainable site selection and integrative, collaborativedesign processes to promote: reduction of energy usage; water conservation

and stormwater management; use of sustainable materials in construction and

operations; and improved indoor air quality. Green building leads to new jobs and

creates a new market for environmentally friendly material production that places

an emphasis on local production and innovation. It can also raise property value and

attract buyers and renters. Moreover, green buildings promote increased employee

productivity due to improved health of occupants.



MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

CLMae

HE WORLD IS WITNESSING A SERIES OF WEATHERevents so extreme they are at the limits of modern human expe-rience. The record-breaking Pakistan floods and Moscow heatwave of 2010 were followed this year by a torrential downpour thatswamped an area of Australia the size of France and Germany com-bined and by Koreas greatest snowfall in over a century.

These and other disasters have already tested the capacity ofaffected developing countries to cope and thrown developmentefforts off course. Yet more frequent and intense events areonly one risk vulnerable countries and their developmentpartners must prepare for as climate change accelerates.Others include heightened climate variabilitysuchas large swings in rainfall patterns that can affectwater supply and crop productionand longer-term change, such as sea level rise, which threatensmany coastal cities.

Planning for and adapting to these changesmust quickly become a central priority ofnational governments. The new World ResourcesReport (WRR) 2010-2011: Decision Making ina Changing Climate calls on governments tostart now to incorporate climate risks intodecision-making processes for critical sectorssuch as urban development, agriculture, energy,

water and forests. Unless future development isclimate-resilient, the report warns, aid efforts maybecome ineffective and development goals missed.

Making this happen is, of course, much easiersaid than done.

For public officials in low-income countries, pressingpriorities such as hunger and basic healthcare will oftenoutweigh addressing climate change risks, which are seen aslonger-term problems. And many climate change adaptationinitiatives are still in their infancy.

But there is also good news. For while there is much uncertaintyabout exactly how climate impacts will unfold, we also know a great deal

about investments and activities thatcan support development while alsopromoting climate resilience. And

often these policies do not requireexpensive new technologies or addi-tional spending.

Produced by the World ResourcesInstitute, the UN Development Pro-gramme, the UN Environment Pro-gramme and the World Bank, WRR2010-2011 focuses on how govern-ments, particularly in developingcountries, can integrate both short-and long-term climate risks intonational policies and plans, boost-ing the resilience of communitiesand ecosystems. The report provides

guidance on five key elements ofeffective adaptation decision-making(public engagement, decision-relevant information, institutional design,tools for planning and policy-making, and resources) and draws onover 100 expert contributions from more than 30 countries.

byManish Bapna,managingDiecto,andPolly Ghazi,

Wite-Edito,WoldresoucesInstitute

Leaders must prepare todayfor the environment of tomorrow.

For publicofcil in low-

incom countri,pring prioritiuch hungrnd bichlthcr willoftn outwighddringclimt chng

rik.

Climt Chng:

Bingingvnmntn Bd



CLMae

engging th publicPublic participation in decision-making pro-

cesses is an important asset for governments as

they seek support for adaptation policies andset priorities that inevitably involve trade-offs,winners and losers.

Engaging the most vulnerable members ofsociety is also essential for adaptation activi-ties to respond to actual needs on the ground.For example, in Bangladesh, national disastermanagement officials, assisted by local Disas-ter Management Committees and NGOs, haveused public participatory methods to evaluateclimate impacts and vulnerabilities in half thecountrys 64 administrative districts. Drawingon these assessments, communities and officialshave agreed to risk reduction action plans that

typically include such activities as agriculturalrisk reduction measures, disaster preparednesstraining and raising roads.

Citizens can also be a great, practical asset as countries prepare forclimate impacts. For example, Chinas government established farmersorganizations and water users associations to engage rural populationsin water saving engineering measures like deepening ditches as partof agricultural adaptation activities.

Incentives, both financial and otherwise, can provide useful carrotsto engage a skeptical or indifferent public. For example, in Mali, bicycleshave been given to citizens taking part in government-led efforts to userainfall gauges to record and transmit local precipitation data that farmersthen use to guide crop planting.

Innovative methods of engagement, such as games that explainclimate risks and scenario exercises that explore possible futures, canalso involve the public in choosing adaptation options. One customizedcard game, Weather or Not?, used by the Red Cross to explain likelylocal risks from extreme events to fishing communities in Senegal ledto a new early warning system for the coastal area.

nfmtin nd f dpttinClosely allied to public engagement is the need for governments to

collect and deploy timely and accurate information to serve adapta-tion needs. In so doing, ministries and donors need to focus both onwhattypes of information are required and how this information iscollected and distributed to those who need it.

For climate change adaptation, decision-relevant information is

not just (or even primarily) about climate information. Collectinginformation on local land use, poverty rates, health, water and energysupply and transport can be just as important since the severity ofclimate impacts depends as much on a communitys vulnerability asit does on rainfall or temperature changes. While this sounds like atall order, often this information is already available but spread outamongst various government offices.

Such information should be combined with climate-specific infor-mation such as temperature and rainfall records, which can showaverages, extremes, trends and cycles, and from which public officialsand scientists can draw conclusions about where droughts or floodswill likely occur and what impacts they will have.

Unfortunately, many developing countrieslack the basic infrastructure and capacity neededto supply this information.

To plug this gap, countries and donors urgentlyneed to invest in on-the-ground weather moni-toring stations and other data collection systems.African nations on average maintain eight timesfewer weather monitoring stations than the mini-mum recommended by the World Meteorologi-cal Office. In the province of San Ignacio, Peru,one lone meteorological station operates in anarea of 5,000 km2 spanning altitudes between460 and 3,800 meters above sea level with widelyvarying climates.

Engaging citizens in data collection effortscan pay dividends. For example, farming areasin several African countries gather information

on local rainfall that is fed into meteorologicalagency forecasting services. Such informationcan inform both short-term needs (e.g. helping

farmers adjust their crop rotations) and longer-term adaptation measures.To distribute information, video, radio, mobile phone and satellite

data are being used in pilot projects with promising results. For example,Zambias national meteorological agency is disseminating local climateand weather information to remote farming communities via SMS texting.

However it is transmitted, information should always be translatedinto local languages and made easy to access for use on the ground.

Digning intitutin f chnging climtUntil now, governments have mostly viewed countering climate change

solely as a matter of environmental or sector-based policy. This fails toaddress the wide-ranging nature of climate change impacts across societya reality that requires a coordinated approach among national-level agen-cies and between all levels of government. Ministries on the frontline ofclimate impacts include energy and agriculture, water and forestry manage-ment and meteorological and disaster response agencies. In addition, theengagement and leadership of powerful planning and finance ministriesis particularly critical to ensure climate risks are integrated into nationaleconomic development and poverty reduction strategies.

Establishing an over-arching body to coordinate climate adaptationactivities can strengthen countries efforts. But this, too, is often lacking. A2010 UNDP survey of 32 developing countries found only 15 had estab-lished inter-ministerial committees or councils to govern climate issues.

Dplying tlTools have a vital role to play in climate adaptation decision-making,arming policy-makers to assess risks and decide among policy options.Such tools include maps, modeling, scenario exercises and tools thatforecast likely changes due to climatic shifts. Often, generic decision-making support tools already commonly used in developing countriescan be customized for climate change. Environmental assessments andeconomic analyses, for example, can be used in this way.

Adaptation-specific tools being piloted by countries include hazardmaps and scenario exercises that policymakers can use to play outdecisions under a range of possible futures. Hazard maps created in

Weather Monitoring Stations

Weatheonitoingstationscollectdataoneciitation,teeatue,huidity,windseedanddiection,andsoiloistue.Asof2003,theewee1,152functioningWoldWeatheWatchstationsinAfica-onee26,000sqk.

continuedonpage38



MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

HE DEBATE ON THE BEST STRATEGIES TO GENERATEeconomic growth remains as relevant as ever, especially whenit comes to the nature of political systems worldwide. What we

have learned over the years is that to sustain inclusive economic growthover extended periods of time, it is essential that countries look moreclosely at the importance of democratizing reform and governanceprocesses. In other words, democracy plays a key role in a countryssocio-economic development and economic reform is inseparablefrom the surrounding political climate.

There have been numerous studies, debates and conferences on therelationship between democracy and economic growth. Hard data isinconclusive, showing that both democracies and authoritarian regimescan generate economic growth. One must look beyond macro-levelnumbers to understand the relationship between socio-economicdevelopment and political reform. For example, while different political

regimes can generate economic growth, the nature of that growth isquite different. There seems to be a growing consensus that for eco-nomic growth to be sustainable over long periods of time, it has to be:

inclusive; based on the rule of law; relatively free of corruption, especially systemic corruption; and grounded in prudent macroeconomic policy.

ncluivityRegarding inclusivity, it is important to keep in mind that GDP

growth figures or related numbers do not tell the full story of devel-opment. Economist Hernando de Soto began exploring the informal

sector in his native Peru in the early 1980s. He demonstrated that asmuch as 35 to 40 percent of the economic activity in the country wastrapped in an underground informal sector, blocked from enteringthe mainstream market by a wall of red tape. Although the issue ofinformality has gained prominence, successful efforts to include infor-mal entrepreneurs in the mainstream economy are still few and farbetween. Some research suggests that the size of the informal sectorhas grown significantly over the past several decades to as much as50 to 60 percent in some key emerging economies.

The Arab Spring is also a stark reminder of the significance of theinformal sector and the political implications of the lack of economicinclusiveness. In fact, it was the frustration of a Tunisian informal streetvendor, Mohamed Bouazizi, that set off a series of revolutions acrossthe Middle East. The challenges he faced are something that millionsof entrepreneurs in countries around the world relive every day; forinstance, he could not rely on the legal system when police officers

confiscated his goods. For growth tobe inclusive, it needs to reach disen-franchised groups that remain lockedout due to cumbersome bureaucraticprocedures and absence of marketinstitutions such as property rightsand the rule of law.

h ul f lwThe rule of law needed for sus-tainable economic growth includesproperty rights, contract enforce-ment and a host of other factors thatdepend on a healthy, functioning andindependent judiciary and a soundlegal system. Nobel laureate DouglassNorth demonstrated this some yearsago in his work on new institutionaleconomics. He famously noted thatthe whole history of economic growth

Key linkages between economics,democracy and governance affecteconomic growth.

byJohn D. Sullivan,ExecutiveDiecto,CentefoIntenationalpivateEnteise

Building ecnmic Bidg

som rrchuggt thtth iz of thinforml ctorh grownignicntly ovrth pt vrldcd to much 50 to 60prcnt in omky mrgingconomi.

eCooMCs

Fatuma Mohamed enrolled in an Education Development Center work-

readiness and entrepreneurship program in Garissa, Kenya, where shelearned the nuts and bolts of running a business. A small grant helped her

open her own beauty salon.



eCooMCs

can be summed up in one concept: moving from systems of personalexchange (where you can only do business with people you know andtrust because the system relies on self-enforcement) to systems of

impersonal transactions where you can do business at a distance withstrangers. In other words, think of the difference between markets wherepeople trade goods for cash in person and complex trading systemssuch as eBay or Amazon.

Making eBay or Amazon a reality requires putting in place the keyinstitutions mentioned above. If you cannot be assured that you canenforce your contract through a court system, an alternative disputeresolution system or some other mechanism, that uncertainty becomesa barrier to doing business and it keeps economic growth at relativelylow levels. As North and others point out, to create a sustained rule oflaw you really need to have a democratic system.

CuptinSustained economic growth requires an environment relatively free

of corruption, especially systemic corruption. Throughout the world,most agree that corruption hurts development in all sectors of theeconomy. One popular perception is that business is not interested infighting corruption. But we have seen that this is not the case. Talk toany representative segment of the business community in emergingeconomies and you will find a growing awareness of the effects ofcorruption and the barrier it is to business development. But how cancorruption be dealt with successfully?

One approach is to work with chambers of commerce, businessassociations, think tanks and others to create collective action frame-works. These are membership associations and other organizations

where people can collectively pursue economic reforms to reducecorruption through actions such as reducing the amount of red tape.Also, it provides opportunities for citizens and the private sector tojoin together in self-defense to fight against extortion tactics suchas the frequent inspections that plague firms (especially small- andmedium-sized ones) in developing countries.

In addition, we have to look at the specific country regulations andthe degree of decision-making discretion that government officials have.Working with the Center for Liberal and Democratic Studies (CLDS)in Serbia, for instance, we found that in the customs authorityoftenone of the most corrupt institutions in emerging marketsmultiple,overlapping bands of customs duties and the broad discretion thatcustoms officials had to apply regulations were at the heart of the cor-ruption issue. CLDS worked with the Serbian government to propose

a series of reforms to simplify the customs authority and to make theregistration of each individual transaction that occurred mandatory.As a result, corruption was reduced.

udnt mccnmic plicyPrudent macroeconomic policy is absolutely key. Steven Radelet,

now with USAID and formerly with the Center for Global Develop-

continuedonpage34



MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

sHa aeDas

W HEN MOST PEOPLE READ AMonday Developmentsarticle aboutdemocracy and governance theylikely think about institution building in theglobal South, the Arab Spring or Iraqi votersleaving polling places with ink-stained fingers.

But what about democracy and civicengagement here at home? How are we doingon that front and why do the answers to thosequestions matter so much?

Think about an issue that your institution hastaken on. Perhaps it is funding for child health or

basic education or agriculture. Can you imaginedozens of members of Congress calling to getyour input on those issues? Can you imaginedozens of editorial writers calling to get yourthoughts on an editorial they are writing aboutwhy humanitarian foreign assistance programsare so vital? Can you imagine this happening?

Of course you cant. But whether you canimagine it or not, I say that it is not an impos-sible dream because Ive seen some of thesethings. My basic proposition is this: Just asthere are people in the world who are hungry

for food and desperate to get an educationfor themselves or their children, Americansare hungry to have more meaning in theirlivesto live lives that truly matter. I wouldalso venture to say that all Americans wantthis, but only a small number are awake tothis desire. The good news is that many ofthose who know they want to make a differ-ence in the world are your own donors. Theytruly would like to light up their membersof Congress and inspire their local media onthe issues that your organization cares about.

But, and heres the rub, citizens are thwartedby two major impediments: (1) feelings ofhopelessness and inadequacy about making adifference as an advocate; and (2) an inability tofind a structure of support that will help themthrough their despair and truly empower themto make a difference. They are seeking a struc-ture of support that can coach them throughtransformations like these: from I dont makea difference to I do make a difference andfrom I cant fight city hall to I am city hall.

I know this still sounds far-fetched so let me

get to where you come in. If your organiza-

tion has 300 U.S.-based staff or 100 or even 25,could you see assigning just one of those staffto identifying and empowering those withinyour donor base who want to go deep withtheir democracy and make an even bigger dif-ference with their money and their voice? Youmust understand, however, I am not talkingabout a staff member who can help a cadre ofstakeholders know the name of their mem-ber of Congress, how a bill becomes law orwhat email message to send to Congress. Itis a much deeper lesson plan than that. I amtalking about an inquiry more closely related tohuman development seminars or the most pro-found staff retreat you ever experienced. I amtalking about volunteers having an interactionwith your organization that will allow themto get in touch with their lifes purpose and apersonal commitment to moving toward it.

Here are some of the components of thestructure of support that gives it its depth. Thisstructure for grassroots engagement includesa commitment to several things.

BkthughFor a citizen to go from not knowing the

name of their member of Congress to having a

deep, trusting relationship with them requiresa series of breakthroughs; it requires movingout of your comfort zone. That is essentiallythe definition of a breakthrough: seeing some-thing that seems difficult or impossible, hav-ing some discomfort in taking it on and then,with coaching and support, going throughthat comfort zone to experience the joy andaccomplishment on the other side. Thesebreakthroughs can happen with a member ofCongress, with an editorial writer, with otherleaders in the community and with oneself.

Creating deep relationships to advance change.

bySam Daley-Harris,Founde,rESULTSEducationFundandthemicoceditSuitCaaign

Wht abut Dmccynd vnncH t Hm?



engging thEngaging other community members in

being empowered volunteers is part of thestructure of support. If I invite a friend to ameeting there is always the fear that they willsay no or that they will come and see this asa useless activity. When volunteers becomesenior to that fear, when the commitment to

the purpose and vision is greater than the fearof rejection, then big things can happen.

Building ltinhipWhen an op-ed is selected for publication,

it has less to do with the quality of the op-edand more to do with the relationship one hasdeveloped with the op-ed editor. Of course,timing and quality are important, but I wouldrather have 10 people who have great, trustedrelationships with op-ed editors pitch agoodop-ed rather than send a greatop-ed to 10editors with whom there is no relationship.So the commitment is not so much to havingan editorial writer or member of C ongresssay yes to every request, but to building adeep, trusting relationship. Hearing no froma member of Congress early on should be seenas just one step along the path to building agreat relationship over time.

Bing vulnblShowing a moving video or reading con-

vincingly an excerpt from an emotional articleto a member of Congress is more importantthan just sharing information. The goal is totap into their humanity and create a deeply

memorable moment. But people shy awayfrom being vulnerable, especially with thosein positions of power. However, a willingnessto be vulnerable is essential to having break-throughs, engaging others, building powerfulrelationships and, ultimately, success.

Let me share a few specifics about thisstructure of support:

You must have someone on the road speak-ing powerfully to groups in order to iden-tify volunteers who want to take on thislevel of commitment and personal growth.

The volunteer groups should have at leasttwo meetings a month. One should bea national conference call committedto inspiration and empowerment withguest speakers, a designated action for themonth, an accompanying action sheet andan opportunity to practice being articu-late. The other session should focus on

planning meetings with members of Con-gress, calls to editorial writers and out-reach meetings to expand the local group.

The grassroots advocates should receivepackets to take to editorial writers andother written materialsboth informa-tional and inspirational.

Of course this is just a glimpse of what isrequired for having breakthroughs with Con-gress and the media.

I began using these strategies in the early1980s. After the volunteers generated 90 edito-rials in 1986 in a successful campaign to triplethe Child Survival Fund from $25 million to$75 million, UNICEF Executive Director JimGrant sent a hand-written note saying: I thankyou in my mind weekly, if not more often, forwhat you and your colleagues are accomplish-ingbut I thought I should do it at least oncethis year in writing.

So I ask again: What if 1 percent of yourmembers were seriously engaged in makingthe case for international development to theirmembers of Congress, the media and thoughtleaders in their communities? What if theywent far beyond mouse-click advocacy and

committed themselves to creating championsin Congress and the local media for the endof poverty and your institution created a pro-found structure of support to help make thathappen? What could result from such actions?Wouldnt it be interesting to find out?MD

In 2012 the author will launch the Center forCitizen Empowerment and Transformation. Hewill take your comments and questions on thisarticle beginning September 1 athttp://blog.interaction.org/

sHa aeDas

h commitmnt i not o muchto hving n ditoril writr or

mmbr of Congr y y tovry rqut, but to building dp, truting rltionhip.

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MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

eMoWerMe

Indeed it has been saidthat democracy is the worst form of govern-ment, except for all those other forms that have been tried from timeto time.Winston Churchill

HIS PAST SUMMER, WITH THE BIRTH OF SOUTH SUDANcoming on the heels of the Arab Spring, the winds of changecould be felt blowing across the African continent. To see peopleunite in a determined and collective effort to throw off the chains ofoppressionwhether through acts of mass demonstration like those

in Tahrir Square or at rural polling stations sometimes accessed atgreat personal riskis always inspiring and it is easy to get carriedaway with optimism.

But Churchills somewhat cynical observation acknowledges thecomplex realities of democratic societies. They are imperfect, dynamicsystems created and run by flawed individuals who generally requirethe tedious bureaucracy of governance to keep them in line.

In Kenya, a new constitution was ratified and promulgated last yearafter election abuses in 2008 caused widespread uproar and violence.Kenyas civil society played a major role in demanding constitutionalchange and continues to act as a watchdog in the implementationprocess. But constructively engaging an active civil society in the

reorganized government will require policymakers to strike a delicatebalance between the need for inclusiveness and the need for effectiveand efficient operations. That may not be easy.

One of the main tenets of the new constitution is the decentraliza-tion of authority and resources to support more community-basedownership and involvement. Next year, as part of this process, thecountry will change its current provincial organization to a county-based structure. At the same time, Kenyas health sector, divided dur-ing the 2008 political turmoil into the Ministry of Medical Servicesand the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, is meant to cometogether again under one Ministry of Health while also devolvingcertain governance powers to the county level.

Dr. Goderick Onyango, provincial director of medical services inWestern Province, says this process is slow and not without prob-lems, particularly when it comesto things like disaster manage-ment or immunization programswhere, he says, You must havesome coordinating level higherthan the county. Onyango alsopredicts that, given the geo-graphic and economic inequi-ties in the country, managingthe human resource capacity

for health facilities at the countylevel will be challenging unlessthe central Ministry continuesto play a role.

Nevertheless, O nyango sup-ports the empowerment of com-munities and their engagement in the management of public hospitalsand health facilities. Hospital management committees, which functionas hospital boards, are already required to include members from civilsociety and faith-based organizations. He says they help to moderatethings like fees levied against the patients. Theyll come and tell you,No, this is high, the women in this area may not be able to afford

Governance guidelines as tools fordemocratization.

uding thud

byKate Steger,CounicationsandKnowledgeExchangeCoodinato,manageentSciencesfoHealth(mSH)/Kenya

hyll com ndtll you, o, thi ihigh, th womn inthi r my not bbl to fford thi,th childrn nd

to b trtd forfr, dont chrgnything.



eMoWerMe

this, the children need to be treated for free, dont charge anything.Representing the needs of their specific community to hospital staffis part of what these committee members are expected to do. Still,

there is inevitably a bit of push and pull in the process. Most of itinvolves money.

Rashid Nasoro is a community member and retired accountant whochairs the hospital management committee at the Western ProvincialGeneral Hospital. He says there is an assumption that these manage-ment committees just rubber stamp budgets submitted by hospital staff.If youre going to continue to bring numbers for me to approve andyou dont expect me to know what youve done with the money beforeand whether it did what you requested to do, if youre not expectingthose questions, do I even have a role to play? he asks.

On the other hand, the hospital management teams, made up of thesenior hospital staff, argue that committee members have occasionallyexceeded their oversight role and tried to interfere with rather thanfacilitate hospital management activities. In the name of protecting

public funds from real or perceived corruption, this kind of interferencecan create a fear of transparency and an environment of suspicion anddisorder, which erodes rather than promotes community confidenceand exacerbates staff retention and recruitment problems.

New guidelines are meant to address issues like these and they seemto be helping (see box). But while Nasoro appreciates the clarity theguidelines have provided, he also notes there are more problems yetto solve. For one thing, he says, members of hospital management

committees, even the ones from the community, are not saints. Hisconcern is that corruption can cascade to the community level alongwith the devolution of authority. How the committees will be askedto report to the central ministry and how they will be held accountablestill has to be determined. Borrowing a little of Churchills cynicism,Nasoro says, You need a guard to guard the guards.MD

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Guidelines for clarity; guidelines for empowermentInJune,asasignofthehealthsectosseiouscoitentto

uildingtheelevantanageentcaacitiesatthecounity

level,theministyofmedicalSeviceslaunchedtheGovernance

Guidelines for Hospital Management Committees.With

fundingfoUSAID,themSHLeadeshi,manageentand

SustainailityogainKenyawokedwiththeinistyin

develoingtheguidelines,tainingtheovincialtainesand

oducinganationalolloutlanandudget.Afteattendinga

tainingsessionontheguidelines,counityeerashid

Nasoonoted,Thecoefunctionsofthecoitteeshave

eenselledout.Theeesknowwhattheiolesshould

e,andtheesactuallyadistinctionetweenwhatthehosital

anageentcoitteesshouldedoingasagainstwhatthe

hositalanageentteasshoulddo.



MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

IKNOW HOW FRUSTRATING IT CAN BE TO HOLD A VIDEOcamera and have no idea what to shoot. I was once asked to makea short video for a nonprofit doing work in Nicaragua, and becauseI thought their work was incredible, I assumed that telling their storywould be easy. My client needed a video for fundraising but was unsurewhat should be in it and I had no idea where to start. I foolishly thoughtthat the more I shot, the easier it would be to edit. By the end I of mytrip I had loads of random and unrelated footage. As I tried to sortthrough it and start editing, I realized how many things I should havethought about before I began shooting in the first place.

With the increased accessibility of video cameras and editing sys-

tems, as well as outlets like Facebook and Vimeo, there is a higherdemand than ever for content. Lacking funds to send film crews over-seas, organizations often turn to their own employees to create thecontent they desperately need. Experience has taught me why my firstprojects were so difficult: What I really needed when I began shootingand producing was some clear direction. If you find yourself needingto create a short video for an NGO, you may be able to benefit fromthe lessons Ive learned over the years.

Wht will mk my vid gt?A great story. Story is the most important ingredient of any video, no

matter the length. While many amateur filmmakers think they need better

technical skills, the most important skill to develop is a sense of story. Beforeyou can connect with an audience, it is important to think about yourvideo as a narrative and locate the story arc in your organizations work.

A good story has a beginning, middle and end. Beyond that, thereare a few additional elements that make for a great story. In their classicbook, The Tools of Screenwriting, David Howard and Edward Mableyboil the basic story arc down to the following elements:

The story is about somebody with whom we have some empathy. This somebody wants somethingvery badly. This something is difficult, but possible, to do, get or achieve. The story is told for maximum emotionalimpact and audience

participation in the proceedings. The story must come to a satisfactory ending.

I was recently in India to pro-duce a short piece for a client whoprovides education to childrenin the slums of Calcutta. Therewere several ways we could haveapproached the project, but ourfirst step was to meet potentialcharacters and look for the stron-gest story arc we could find.

Many rickshaw pullers live inthe community where our client

is working. Our character Arjunwould likely grow up to be a rickshaw puller like his father, but insteadhe has a chance to go to school and is now hoping to be a doctor some-day. Rather than start w ith the program and talk about the impact, westarted with a strong character and worked any relevant informationaround that story arc. To read more about the decisions we made andto view the final piece, visit http://stilllifeprojects.com/india

Hw d knw wht t ht?Once you have understood the elements of your story and have a

plan for the story arc, the next step is to figure out what you will shootwhile you are in-country.

Practical tips for creatingpowerful videos.

Binging thsty Hm

byRyan Hill,OwneandFounde,StillLifepojects,LLC

The author interviews a rickshaw puller on the street in Calcutta, India.

Deo s

Whil mny mturlmmkr thinkthy nd bttrtchnicl kill, thmot importnt killto dvlop i nof tory.



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Create a shot list. The best advice I have received is to think abouteach project as a silent film. Ask yourself what you would shoot if youwere not able to use any audio in your story? As you make a list of what

shots you would need to tell the story you are creating your shot list.Shoot long interviews. Thankfully, you arent making a silent film

and you will have the chance to interview your characters. The longerand more thorough your interviews are, the easier a time you will havewhile editing. Dont just skim over the information you needfocuson moments and details in your interviews. The viewer will know thatthe ARV (antiretroviral) treatment is beneficial for an AIDS patient,but what was the moment like when the doctor told your characterthat the treatment was available? How did your character get to thehospital that morning? What was going through his/her mind on theway to the hospital? The more details you collect in your interviews,the more tension you will be able to build in their story and the betteryour audience will connect with your characters.

Do some of the interview while your character is doing an activity.

Rather than save all of your interview questions for one long sit-downinterview, think about asking your character some of your questions inthe environment where they live and work. If your character works withyouth leadership training, ask them some interview questions whilethey are at a youth program. Dont worry if it seems a little chaotic. Themore we see them doing the things they are talking about, the morebelievable they are and the better idea we have of what they actually do.

Shoot your characters in real situations. The best way for a viewerto learn about your character is to watch them interact in real situa-tions with real people. It is time consuming to do this, so often in the

field you will need to arrange for these situations to happen. WhenI was in Moshi, Tanzania, filming at a clinic, we met Betha, who is acommunity health worker. She was 23 years old and HIV-positive, yetreturns to the hospital to help others who are starting ARV treatment.We had finished an interview with her and taken some shots aroundthe hospital, but we wanted to see her counseling some patients. Sowe arranged for her to meet with a mother and her baby. That sceneallowed viewers to watch Betha at work, to see how well she interactswith the patients; it also added emotion to a scene that otherwise wouldhave been mostly interview. To see how we used the scene visit http://stilllifeprojects.com/tanzania.

Hold your shots. A mistake I made early on was to think that once Ihad found and framed a pretty shot, I could move onto the next one. Ididnt realize how long I needed to hold the shot before I was creating

something usable for the editor. A good rule is to count to ten slowlyonce you have found a good shot.

Wht will mk my vid lk pfinl?Pay as much attention to your audio as you do to your images.

When people ask me which camera they should buy, Im never surehow to respond. Most people think megapixels and resolution arethe most important aspects of a new camera, but the image is greatwith almost any camera made in the last five years. What is equally asimportant as the video image is the audio capabilities of the camera.My advice to people in the market for a new camera is to find a camerathat will allow you to plug in a wireless mic and adjust the level fromwithin the camera.

For character-driven pieces it is nearly impossible to get the footageyou need without a wireless mic. One of the biggest mistakes I seepeople make is to think that they can rely on the built-in microphoneon their camera to get the audio they need. This almost never works.Instead, you need to have a wireless mic handy to put on your subjectswhen you are shooting an interview and to put on your character whenyou are spending time with them.

Control the movement of your camera. If you dont trust your abilityto hold the camera steady, I would recommend bringing along a tr ipodand getting as many shots as you can with the camera locked downon it. You often hear people complain about how shaky and difficultto watch some videos are, but you rarely hear people complain thatthe camera needed to move more.

If you follow these tips you will return from your shoot with footage

that looks and sounds great. You will also have a clear vision of howyour piece should be edited together. While its easy to get overwhelmedby the endless number of options, it is important to simply choose thebest one you can and go with it. The biggest thing to remember is thatnothing ever goes as planned when you are in the fieldthe ability tobe flexible and find the humor w hen things go wrong is the mostuseful skill. MD

The author, whose credits include PBS, HBO and National Geographicand awards including The Overseas Press Club award for Best Interna-tional Reporting on Human Rights and the 2011 Sundance Cinematog-raphy Award, can be reached [email protected].

For more information, please contact

[email protected] | 1+617.287.7116 | uc.umb.edu

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MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

CroWD soUrC

W HILE THERE HAS BEEN CONsiderable attention of the use ofsocial mediasuch as Facebookand Twitteramong protesters in Egypt, Iran,Tunisia and elsewhere, it is helpful to keep inmind that this new form of communicationis also being applied to various global healthchallenges. One especially promising appli-cation involves bounded c

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