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8/21/2019 Mcrscpe
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A Short History of the
MicroscopeBiology 20
Mrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud
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http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.html
http://www.semguy.com/gallery.html
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.htmlhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://semguy.com/gfx/ant1.jpghttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.html -
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History ~ Inventors
Founding Fathers of Microscopy: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html
Please refer to the above website for information
on the inventors of the microscope. (If the site isnot available, please refer to the end of this
powerpoint).
**Link to end of Powerpoint
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html -
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Background
The microscope was first built in 1595 by Hans andZacharias Jansen(1588-1631) in Holland (see figure).
Later, it was perfected in the 17th century in several countries,including by Robert Hooke (1635-1703), in England but mostnotably by a Dutchman, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723).
Hooke, after examining thin pieces of cork, discovered it had ahoneycombed structure, and used for the first time the word"cell" to describe its smaller elements. Using a much improvedmicroscope, with a monocular eyepiece, a wooden tube, astage for holding a specimen, and a glass globe full of water to
concentrate light onto it, Hooke produced marvelousillustrations, which were published in 1667, in his famous
book Micrographia,which fired the imagination of hiscontemporaries, including van Leeuwenhoek. (Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm)
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/jansen.jpghttp://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/rest2.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/rest2.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/jansen.jpg -
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Hans and
Zacharias Janssen,~1590, Dutch Eyeglass
Makers, Inventors
Credit for the first microscope is usually given toZacharias Janssen, pictured at the left, in Middleburg,Holland, around the year 1595. Since Zacharias was veryyoung at that time, it's possible that his father Hans madethe first one, but young Zach took over the production.
The first compound microscopes produced by theJanssen's was simply a tube with lenses at each end. Themagnification of these early scopes ranged from 3X to9X, depending on the size of the diaphragm openings.
Info directly from: Founding Fathers of Microscopy,
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.molbio.princeton.edu/courses/mb427/1999/projects/9910/microscope.gif -
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Background
14thcentury lenses were used
in spectacles
Late 16thcentury the Dutch refinedthe art of lens grinding
significant magnification.
1600slenses first mounted onpermanent frameworks (so
distance could be changed)
Why would this be important?
To focus the image
http://www.molbio.princeton.edu/courses/mb427/1999/projects/9910/microscope.gif -
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Next, lenses were paired
together.
These formed the
earliest compoundmicroscopes and
telescopes.
Why would this be
useful?
To increase the
magnification
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/mu
seum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.html
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.html -
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Robert Hooke, 1635-1703,
English Chemist, Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor
Hooke's remarkable engineering abilities enabledhim to invent and improve many mechanical devices,including timepieces (for which he invented the spiral
spring), the quadrant, and the Gregorian telescope.Perhaps even more intriguing than his actualinventions are the devices he designed but never
built: he anticipated the invention of the steamengine, and as early as 1684 he described a workingtelegraph system. Hooke balanced his inventions withmore pure research. Hooke improved on earlycompound microscopes around 1660.
Info directly from: Founding Fathers of Microscopy,
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html -
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In Micrographia (1665), hecoined the word cell to describethe features of plant tissue
(cork from the bark of an oaktree) he was able to discoverunder the microscope. He put
his extensive mathematicalknowledge in formulating thetheory of planetary movement,which provided a basis for Sir
Isaac Newton's theories ofgravitation. In 1667 hediscovered the role ofoxygenation in the respiratory
system.
Info directly from:
Founding Fathers of
Microscopy,
http://www.cas.muohio.edu
/~mbi-
ws/microscopes/fathers.html
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html -
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Illustration of Cork Cells by Robert Hooke
http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.html
http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.htmlhttp://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.html -
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Robert Hooke's microscope. Hooke first described
cells in 1665.
http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-
of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.html
Robert Hooke:
http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/
tomlinson/ctomlinson03/Cell
Project04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htm
http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htmhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.htmlhttp://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.html -
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
refined lens grinding so
that living things could
be seen through the
microscope. Then there was little
change until the
industrial revolution
Both image from:http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/
Leeuwenhoeks
primitive one lens
microscope.
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm -
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723,Wine Assayer, Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public
Official, and Inventor Leeuwenhoek was a man with many
talents, his most important attributes werecreativity, power of observation, andingenuity. Leeuwenhoek was a commonman without any fortune or formal
education, so he had to work for a living.Leeuwenhoek made simple (one lens)microscopes. He was not the first personto build a microscope, but themicroscopes that he did build were the
best ones for that time period.Leeuwenhoek was the first person todescribe bacteria (from teeth scrapings),
protozoans (from pond water), helped toprove the theory of blood circulation. Hegained much of his inspiration form
reading Hooke'sMicrographia.
Info directly from:
Founding Fathers
of Microscopy,
http://www.cas.m
uohio.edu/~mbi-
ws/microscopes/fa
thers.html
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html -
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Van Leeuwenhoek used his new instrument, whichwas tenfold more potent than Hookes (he reached theamazing power of 300 times with a single lens!) todiscover startling microscopic things, such as
protozoa and spermatozoa, which thus far werecompletely unknown to science, or to discover themicroscopic structure of known things, such as fleasand plant leaves.
Van Leeuwenhoek had even been able to slicespecimens of a cow's optical nerves in 1674, andobserve its longitudinal fibrous internal structure. Hewas perplexed to see that they were not hollow tubes,as the prevailing theory of the time, such as that
defended by Ren Descartes, proposed. ((Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm)
View Bacterial drawings: http://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20in
troduced/section_01.html
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htmhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.htmlhttp://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm -
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Changes of the Industrial Revolution
standardized parts(which were
interchangeable with other microscopes) lead
to mass production
This triggered a drop in priceincreased
accessnew discoveriesclearer images
In approx. 1880modern microscopes
were being used
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Electron Microscope
Developed in the 1930s the electron microscope allowed for higher
magnification
used electron beams (instead of light) and focusedwith an electromagnet (no lenses)
the light microscope produces magnifications up to2000X
the electron microscope produces images that aremagnified up to 50 000X or higher
What do you think the electron microscope allowedscientists to see? Better quality images at higher magnification
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Monocular Compound
Microscope
http://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-
gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpg
Binocular Compound
Microscope
http://www.labessentials.co
m/Rev3.jpg
http://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpghttp://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpg -
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Electron Microscope
http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centralla
boratory/CM120/CM120.html
Termite Head:
http://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramo
s/SIP.html
http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.htmlhttp://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.htmlhttp://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.htmlhttp://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.html -
8/21/2019 Mcrscpe
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http://semguy.com/gfx/spidey.jpghttp://semguy.com/gfx/spidey.jpg -
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Refer to this physics site for sample electron
photos:
http://www.deutsches-
museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htm
View the SEM gallery of electron microscope
images:
http://www.semguy.com/gallery.html
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htmhttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/physik/e_phys23.htm -
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Relative Sizes
Refer to University of Arizona Website:
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/c
ells/cells2.html
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells2.html -
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Parts of a Compound Microscope
Compound
Microscope Parts:
website reviews the
parts of a microscope.(http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-
ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.html)
Try the self test
diagram
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Bio
logy_203/Summaries/
Microscopes.htm
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/selftest.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.html -
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Resource Sites:
University of Arizona:
Studying Cells:
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/c
ells/cells.html
Cell Video (animal and plant cells, image
examples)
http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.mov
http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htm
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.htmlhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htmhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htmhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/bvid4a.movhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.htmlhttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.html