learning objects(LO)

outline• why?• brief history• LO or OER• what are LOs?• barriers to LOs• beyond definition

• details• standards• LOs today• semantic web• future of LOs• PLE

why learning objects?

• "Learning objects make it unnecessary to have thousands ofiterations of the same teaching point.“ McGreal (2004)

• "I loved the learning objects idea because the “write once, use anywhere” idea had a lot of economic appeal“ Wiley (2006)

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

brief history• 1960s – hypertext / xanadu / id – ted nelson

• 1980s (+) – GNU, open source – richard stallman

• 1990s – LEGO, OOP & LO – wayne hodgins

• 2000s – atom, LO to OER – david wiley

• 2002-2007 – transition – LO to OER• 2001 – creative commons• 2002 – UNESCO & MIT• 2007 (+) – open education movement• 2010 (+) – semantic web

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277

RIP learning objects

• "The whole learning objects field of work turned into a giant software engineering exercise“

• “learning objects’ inability to live up to the incredible hype and investment they received to the fact that the premise of the possibility of simple reuse was simply wrong."Wiley (2006). Blog. RIP-ping on Learning Objectshttp://opencontent.org/blog/archives/230

learning objects = OER

openness = sharing

what are learning objects?evolving definition:

• “any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning...“ IEEE (2002)

• "knowledge object" Merrill (1998)

• "instructional object.” Gibbons, Nelson, and Richards (2002)

• "sharable content objects“ SCOrm ADL

• “any digital resource that can be re-used to achieve a specific learning outcome” Ally (2004)iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

LOs at Athabasca

what are the barriers to using LO• definitional – what is a LO?

• work involved and skill deficits - technical

• structure of repositories

• lack of learning objects in some disciplines

• quality of learning objects in repositories

• granularity

• copyright and intellectual property

• attitudinal barriers - sharing and openness

Factors Affecting the Development and Use of Learning ObjectsMoisey, Ally & Spencer (2006)

what are learning objects?

• "any digital resource that can be reused to facilitate learning" Wiley (2000)

• "any digital resource that can be reused to mediate learning" Wiley & Edwards (2003)

• "any digital resource that can be freely adapted and be reused to mediate learning" Wiley (2007)

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

guidelines instead of definitions

4 R’s• Reuse – copy verbatim• Redistribute – share with others• Revise – derivatives (adapt and

improve)• Remix - Combinations

iTunes – Introduction to Openness in Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

ALMS analysis

• Access to Editing Tools• Level of Expertise• Meaningful Editable• Self-Sourced

iTunes – Introduction to Openness in Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

open licensing

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967images: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

“some rights reserved”

“some permissions granted”

details

iTunes – Introduction to Openness in Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

•Big OERs – teach well/hard to reuse

•Small OERs – Don’t teach well / easy to reuse

•Ideal – big OER + revise + remix

granularityreusability paradox

standards

• interoperability• IEEE• SCORM – ADL (DoD) – “play well”• IMS global - CanCore, dublin core

metadata

• LOM – learning object metadata

where are LOs today?

COL - The Re-use and Adaptation of Open Educational Resources (OER) - 2012

where are LOs today?

• Kahn• CK-12• connexions - rice• MOOCs– Canadian (distributed, connectivism)– Coursera (POC-packaged online content)– Udacity– edX – mit, harvard, berkeley

web 3.0 – semantic web

• metadata to data• Tin Can – next gen of SCORM– noun, verb, object – “I did this”– “I passed the test” “I read the book”– Learning outside LMS, mobile– LMS vs LRS (learning record store)

• learning analytics• sentiment analysis• natural language data

http://tincanapi.com/

LO example-semantic web

Niemann et. al (2012)

Clustering by Usage: Higher Order Co-occurrences of Learning Objects

– “you shall know a word by the company it meets” – firth

– “Our approach does not rely on the relations between users and objects but on the relations between the objects themselves”

Da Silva et. al (2012)

Recommendation of Learning Objects in an Ubiquitous Learning Environment through an Agent-Based Approach

• ubiquitous learning – context, mobile• agents – student, recommender, interface

LO example-semantic web

De Jong et. al (2010)

Learning by creating and exchanging objects: The SCY experience

• ELO – emerging learning object– user-generated– shareable and reusable– versioning (process)– forking (collab., reuse)

• pedagogical agents– continuous analysis – ELO, chat, actions

future of LOs

Wikipedia (2012)

personal learning environment (PLE)“one node in a web of content, connected to other nodes and content creation services used by other students. It becomes, not an institutional or corporate application, but a personal learning center, where content is reused and remixed according to the student's own needs and interests. It becomes, indeed, not a single application, but a collection of interoperating applications—an environment rather than a system“ (downes)

• learning pathways• learner interests• remix• agent software• user-generated content

PLE – 2.0

D’Arcy Norman http://darcynorman.net/2008/03/05/on-the-ple/

PLE – 3.0 ?

McNamara (2012)

Wikipedia (2012)

can we create and/or order an interoperating environment?