McGraw-Hill/Irwin Not-for-Profit Entities 19 Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All...

McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Not-for-Profit Entities

19

Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Not-for-Profit Entities

• The accounting and financial reporting for governmental, nonprofit entities is controlled by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB)

• Accounting and financial reporting for nongovernmental, nonprofit entities is controlled by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

– Important to determine the role the government has in the organization

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Financial Reporting for Private,Not-for-Profit Entities

• Private, not-for-profit entities must report their net assets in accordance with FAC 6

• FAC 6 specifies three mutually exclusive classes of net assets:

– Unrestricted net assets

– Temporarily restricted net assets

– Permanently restricted net assets

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• Some not-for-profit entities use a fund structure to account for each type of net asset class

• Other not-for-profit entities maintain only an accounting record to show the amounts in each net asset class

– The specific identification of any restricted asset must be made when the asset comes into the entity, generally by donation or bequest

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• Important FASB Standards– FASB 93 guides depreciation

– FASB 116 guides accounting for contributions

– FASB 117 establishes financial display requirements

– FASB 124 establishes the accounting for investments

– FASB 136 guides the accounting for transfers of assets to a not-for-profit organization that raises or holds contributions for others

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• Mergers and acquisitions – Exposure drafts– The proposed standards:

• Require the recognition of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair values at the date of the acquisition

• Require that intangible assets other than goodwill and goodwill be assigned to reporting units that are acquired

• Approaches to evaluating goodwill impairment:– Qualitative Evaluation Method– Fair-Value-Based Evaluation

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Colleges and Universities

• Special conventions of revenue and expenditure recognition

– Tuition and fee remissions/waivers and uncollectible accounts• The full amount of the standard rate for tuition

and fees is recognized as revenue• Accounting for university-sponsored

scholarships, fellowships, tuition and fee remissions or waivers depends on whether the recipient provides any services to the university

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• Special conventions of revenue and expenditure recognition

– Tuition and fee reimbursements for withdrawals from coursework• Accounted for as a reduction of revenue

– Academic terms that span two fiscal periods• Accounted for as revenue in the fiscal year in

which the term is predominantly conducted, along with all expenses incurred

• NACUBO recommended the use of the accrual basis of accounting

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• Board-designated funds– The board may designate unrestricted current

fund resources for specific purposes

– FASB 117 specifies that these funds may not be reported as restricted net assets because only external, donor-imposed restrictions can result in restricted net assets

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• Public colleges and universities– Accounting and reporting is specified by the

GASB – GASB 35 requires that they follow the

standards for governmental entities as specified in GASB 34

– Most public institutions will be special-purpose government entities engaged in only business-type activities

– These entities present only the financial statements required for enterprise funds and then are included as component units of the state government

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• Private colleges and universities– The FASB specifies the accounting and

financial reporting standards

– The three financial statements required are:• The statement of financial position• The statement of activities• The statement of cash flows

– They are free to select any account structure that best serves their management and financial reporting needs

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Overview of the Accounting and Reporting of Colleges and Universities

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Overview of the Accounting and Reporting of Colleges and Universities

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Health Care Providers

• Hospital accounting– Investor-owned hospitals provide the same

types of financial reports as commercial entities

– Not-for-profit hospitals present their financial results using a specific format required by the FASB

– Governmental hospitals follow the GASB’s accounting and reporting requirements and are considered special-purpose entities engaged in business-type activities

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• Hospital fund structure– Although not required to do so, many

hospitals have used a fund accounting structure for accounting purposes

– Operating activities are carried on in the general fund, and a series of restricted funds can be used to account for assets whose use has been restricted by the donor

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Overview of Hospital Accounting and Reporting

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• Financial statements for a not-for-profit hospital

– Separate, not-for-profit hospitals issue four basic financial statements• The balance sheet• The statement of operations• The statement of changes in net assets• The statement of cash flows

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• Not-for-profit hospital - The balance sheet– Presents the total assets, liabilities, and net

assets of the organization as a whole

• Major accounts– Receivables– Investments

• Initially recorded at cost if purchased or at fair value at the date of receipt if received as a gift

– Plant assets • Property, plant, and equipment is reported with

any accumulated depreciation

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• Not-for-profit hospital - The balance sheet– Assets whose use is limited

• Separate disclosure should be made for assets that have restrictions placed on their use

– Long-term debt • The hospital must also account for its long-term

debt and pay the principal and interest as it becomes due

– Net Assets • (1) unrestricted net assets available (2)

temporarily restricted net assets available for use, and (3) permanently restricted net assets

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• Not-for-profit hospital - The statement of operations

– Also often termed “the statement of activities”

– Includes the revenues, expenses, gains and losses, and other transactions affecting the unrestricted net assets during the period

– Only general fund transactions are reported

– Should report an operating performance indicator

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• Not-for-profit hospital – Major accounts in the statement of operations

– Net patient service revenue

– Contractual adjustments

– Income from ancillary programs

– Interfund transfers

– General fund expenses

– Donations

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• Not-for-profit hospital – The statement of changes in net assets

– It presents the changes in all three categories of net assets: unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted

• Statement of cash flows– Its format is similar to that for commercial

entities

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• Summary of hospital accounting and financial reporting

– Major operating activities take place in the general fund

– The restricted funds are holding funds that transfer resources to the general fund for expenditures upon satisfaction of their respective restrictions

– General fund uses the accrual basis of accounting

– Patient services revenue is reported at gross amounts measured at standard billing rates

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– A deduction for contractual adjustments is then made to arrive at net patient services revenue

– Other revenue is recognized for ongoing nonpatient services

– Charity care services are presented only in the footnotes; no revenue is recognized for them

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– Operating expenses in the general fund include depreciation, bad debts, and the value of recognized donated services that are in support of the basic services of the hospital

– Not all donated services are recognized– Donated property and equipment are typically

recorded in a restricted fund until placed into service, at which time they are transferred to the general fund

– Donated assets are recorded at fair values at the date of gift

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Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations

• Voluntary health and welfare organizations (VHWOs) provide a variety of social services

– They solicit funds from the community at large and typically provide their services for no fee

– VHWOs are typically audited

– The federal government normally provides them tax-exempt status

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• Accounting for a VHWO– Similar to other not-for-profit organizations

except for special financial statements that report on the important aspects of VHWOs

– The accrual basis of accounting is required

– VHWOs have been free to use fund accounting in their accounting and reporting processes

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• Financial statements for a VHWO:– Statement of financial position

– Statement of activities

– Statement of cash flows

– Statement of functional expenses

• The statements are designed primarily for those who are interested in the organization as “outsiders”

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• Statement of financial position for a VHWO– Major balance sheet accounts are as follows:

• Pledges from donors• Investments• Land, buildings, and equipment• Liabilities• Net assets

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• Statement of activities– The overall structure of the statement of

activities for voluntary health and welfare organizations and other not-for-profit entities should be very similar as a result of FASB 117

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• Statement of activities– Public support

• The primary source of funds is likely to be contributions from individuals or organizations that do not derive any direct benefit from the VHWO for their gifts

– Revenues• Funds received in exchange for services

provided or other activities

– Gains • Gain or loss on sale of investments and other

assets

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• Statement of activities– Donated materials and services

• Should be recorded at fair value when received

– Expenses • Information about the major costs of providing

services to the public, fund-raising, and general and administrative costs

– Costs of informational materials that include a fund-raising appeal • Many VHWOs prefer to classify such costs as

program rather than fund-raising

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• Statement of cash flows– The format of this statement is similar to that

for hospitals

• Statement of functional expenses– Details the items reported in the expenses

section of the statement of activities

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• Summary of Accounting and Financial Reporting for VHWOs

– Reporting requirements are specified in FASB 116, FASB 117, and the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide for Not-for-Profit Organizations

– The accrual basis of accounting is used

– Primary activities are reported in the unrestricted asset class

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• Summary of Accounting and Financial Reporting for VHWOs

– Resources restricted by the donor for specific operating purposes or future periods are reported as temporarily restricted assets

– Assets contributed by the donor with permanent restrictions are reported as permanently restricted assets

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Other Not-for-Profit Entities

• Examples of other not-for-profit organizations (ONPOs):

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• Accounting for ONPOs– In addition to FASB 116 and FASB 117, the

AICPA Audit Guide for Not-for-Profit Organizations provides guidance for accounting and financial reporting standards

– While accrual accounting is required for all ONPOs, some small organizations operate on a cash basis during the year and convert to an accrual basis at year-end

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• Accounting for ONPOs– With the adoption of FASB 116 and FASB

117, the procedures used by ONPOs and VHWOs may move away from the traditional funds used

– They may account for all transactions in a single entity or by establishing separate accounts for unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted net assets

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• Financial Statements of ONPOs– Purpose: Explain how the available resources

have been used to carry out activities– They should disclose the nature and source of

the resources acquired, any restrictions on the resources, and the principal programs and their costs

– They should also provide information on the ability to continue to carry out objectives

– FASB 117 requires: (1) a statement of financial position, (2) a statement of activities, and (3) a statement of cash flows

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• Summary of Accounting and Financial Reporting

– Accounting is similar to that for VHWOs– The accrual basis of accounting is used – When a large number of programs or a

number of very different types of programs are part of the operations, it may be desirable to prepare a statement of expenses by functional area or major program as well

– As a result of FASB 116 and FASB 117, the reporting requirements of ONPOs are substantially the same as VHWOs

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