McGraw-Hill © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 1 Electricity Principles...

McGraw-Hill © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

1 - 1

ElectricityElectricity

Principles & ApplicationsPrinciples & ApplicationsEighth EditionEighth Edition

Chapter 1Basic Concepts

(student version)

Richard J. Fowler

McGraw-Hill

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INTRODUCTION

• Work and Energy• Atoms• Ions• Charge


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Dear Student:

This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segmentis preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by aConcept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Reviewslide, you can return to the beginning of that segment byclicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow youto view that segment again, if you want to.


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Workand

Energy


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Concept Preview• Energy and work are interrelated terms.

• Energy can be converted from oneform of energy to another form of energy.

• W is the symbol for bothwork and energy.

work and energy.• The Joule (J) is the unit for both


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Work (W)consists of a force moving through a distance.

Energy (W)is the capacity to do work.

The joule (J)is the base unit for both energy and work.

The amount of work done equals the amount of energy used (converted).

Fifty joules of energy are required to do fifty joules of work.


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A cell converts chemical energy to electric energy.

A light bulb convertselectric energy to lightenergy and heat energy.

ENERGY CONVERSION


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ENERGY QUIZThe _____ is the base unit of energy. joule

The symbol for the base unit of work is the letter _____ .

J

The italicized upper-case _____ is the symbol for energy.

W

Doing forty joules of work requires _____ joules of energy.

forty

A light bulb converts _____ energy into_____ energy and _____ energy.

electriclight, heat


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Concept Review

Repeat Segment

• energy and work are closely related

• energy can be converted from oneform of energy to another form of energy

• W is the symbol for bothwork and energy

work and energy• the Joule (J) is the unit for both


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PARTICLES OF THE

HELIUM ATOM


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Concept Preview

• Electrons are always in motion.

• Electrons and protons have an electric charge.

• Atoms contain electrons, protons, and neutrons.


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++

Protons (+ charge)


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++

Protons (+ charge)

Neutrons (no charge)


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++-

-

Protons (+ charge)


Electrons (- charge)


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++-

-

The electrons’ orbital paths are shown by the dashed lines.

The electrons orbit around the nucleus (neutron/proton cluster).

Protons (+ charge)


Electrons (- charge)


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++-

-The two electrons are in the same shell even though they have different orbital paths.

HELIUM ATOM

+

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


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++

+

--

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron

Each electron stays in its own

orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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++

+

-

-

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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++

+

--

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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++

+

---

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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++

+

-

-

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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++

+

-

-

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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++

+

-

-

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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++

+

-

-

-

= Neutron

= Proton

= Electron


orbital path.

HELIUM ATOM


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Concept Preview

• Electrons are always in motion.

• Electrons and protons have an electric charge.

• Atoms contain electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Repeat Segment


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Formation Of Ions

from

Atoms


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Concept Preview

• Ions are basically charged atoms.

• A negative ion has gainedan electron.

an electron.• A positive ion has given up


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+11

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A SODIUM ATOM


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AND A CHLORINE ATOM

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--

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--

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+17

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--

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--

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Sodium Atom

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FORMATION OF IONS

Chlorine Atom


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--

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Sodium Ion

-Free Electron

FORMATION OF IONS

Chlorine Atom


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Chlorine Atom

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--

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Sodium Ion

-

FORMATION OF IONS


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FORMATION OF IONS

Chlorine Atom

+17

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--

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--

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+11

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Sodium Ion

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FORMATION OF IONS

Chlorine Ion

+17

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--

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Sodium Ion

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Concept Review

• Ions are basically charged atoms.

• A negative ion has gainedan electron.

an electron.• A positive ion has given up

Repeat Segment


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Static Charges


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Concept Preview

• An attracting force exists between unlike charges.

two like charges.• A repelling force exists between

• Positively-charged objects have a deficiency of electrons.


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_chargecharge

_charge__

charge

_charge

Like charges produce a repelling force.

When physically released, they repel each other.

Force Between Electric Charges


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Charged rod. (Many negative charges have been removed from the rod.)

+ + + + + --- + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + --- + + + + + + + +


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_ +_ +_+_+_+_+

+_+_

Uncharged ball suspended on a thread. (Equal number of negative and positive charges uniformly distributed.)


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+ + + + + --- + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + --- + + + + + + + +

+_ +_ _

+++_+_ _

+_+_

Ball receives small induced charge as rod approaches. (Note clustering of like charges on ball’s surface.) Weak force of attraction develops.


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+ + +_ _ _

+ + +_ _ _

+ +_ _

+ + + + + --- + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + --- + + + + + + + +

More clustering of like charges and stronger attraction occurs as the rod is moved closer to the ball.


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+ +---++ --- +

+ --- + + --- +

+ --- +

+ + ---+

+ -- + + --- +

+ --- ++ --- +

+ + + + +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + +

Electrons are transferred from ball to rod when contact is made. Now, both ball and rod have a positive charge.


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+ + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + +

+ +---++ --- +

+ --- + + --- +

+ --- +

+ + ---+

+ -- + + --- +

+ --- ++ --- +

The ball is now repelled by the rod because of the like charges on the two objects.


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CHARGE QUIZ

Electrons have a _____ electric charge. negative

Protons have a _____ electric charge. positive

The _____ is electrically neutral. neutron

The charge of a sodium ion is _____ . positive

A chlorine ion has a(n) _____ of electrons. excess

Like charges _____ each other. repel


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Concept Review

• An attracting force exists between unlike charges.

two like charges.• A repelling force exists between

• Positively-charged objects have a deficiency of electrons.

Repeat Segment


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REVIEW

• Work and Energy• Atoms• Ions• Charge

McGraw-Hill © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 1 Electricity Principles...

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Transcript of McGraw-Hill © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved. 1 - 1 Electricity Principles...