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Migrt Igity, Nti-Buiig,

th Pitis Rgurizti i C

Jean McDonald

AbstractRegularization, a means or people living with precar-

ious immigration status to legalize or regularize their

status, is a central demand o immigrant rights groups

across Canada From a perspective o No Borders, does

the demand or regularization, while challenging the day-

to-day practices o Citizenship and Immigration Canada,

also unintentionally reinorce state power? Historical

research on regularization programs in Canada suggests

that regularization programs do not eliminate migrant

illegality but recongure it In this way, regularization may

be implicated in processes that both makes and unmakes

illegality within the context o immigration and citizenship

in Canada

RsumLa rgularisation, un moyen pour les personnes vivant

avec un statut dimmigration prcaire de lgaliser ou de

rgulariser leur statut, est une revendication centrale de

la dense des droits des immigrants partout au Canada

Dun point de vue No Border, la demande de rgularisation,

tout en contestant les pratiques usuelles de Citoyennet et

Immigration Canada, ne renorce-t-elle pas aussi invo-

lontairement le pouvoir tatique? La recherche historique

sur les programmes de rgularisation au Canada indiqueque ceux-ci ne suppriment pas lillgalit des migrants; ils

ne ont quen modier la conguration De cette aon, la

rgularisation peut tre implique dans des processus qui

la ois ont et dont l illgalit dans le contexte de limmi-

gration et de la citoyennet au Canada

IntroductionRgurizti, ms r pp ivig with prrius

immigrti sttus t giz r rguriz thir sttus, is

tr m immigrt rights grups rss CBut wht r th impitis this m? Cmig rm

prsptiv N Brrs, s th m r rgur-

izti, whi hgig th prtis Citizship

Immigrti C, s uittiy rir stt

pwr? Histri rsrh rgurizti prgrms i

C rm 1960 t 2004 mstrts tht th rguriz-

ti prss is ti-buiig xris Rgurizti

is th trm mst f us by gvrmt is t

srib prgrms tht r pprtuitis r pp iv-

ig with prrius immigrti sttus i C t ppy

r prmt sttus1 Rgurizti prgrms, hwvr,

t imit migrt igity; ist this igity

is rgur thrugh th rgurizti prss I this

wy, rgurizti my b impit i prsss tht bth

mk umk igity withi th txt immigr-

ti itizship i C

T thrti pt mthgi pprh

gvrmtity2 is usu r xprig prsss

igizti withi th txt immigrti piy i

C Igizti rrs t ths prsss tht make

pp ig: prsss tht illegalize rti bis i pr-

tiur sps withi th gbizig ti-stt systm

I C, w s th wys i whih pp r mig thrugh th ssist, gr, rist prsss

sti xusi mb i th Immigrt

Rug Prtti At (IRPA) T mjrity pp ivig

with prrius immigrti sttus i C r pp

wh t mt th rstrit rquirmts th pits

systm, systm tht mphsizs prtiur wrk skis

mi sttus whi s privigig uti rm

whit-mit utris, suh s Austri, th US, th

UK, thrs Ub t ss th pits systm, my

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hv submitt rug ims r hv i ths ims

hv i t rmi i C rthr th pr-

suti i thir utry rigi Othrs h wrk, visitr,

r stut viss r hv vrsty thir viss Frm gv-

rmtity pprh, prsss igiztith pr-

sss tht mk prs ig b urst s

rt t sy thrugh stt bururis istitu-ti mhisms but s thrugh thgis gvr-

mt Wh shu b gvrig, wh s t b gvr,

wht si prtis gvrig, bm thikb

rtiiz thrugh si istitutis prtis

, , th st simpy thrugh i stt piy

O th thiqus pwr i this rgim gvr-

mtity is th iti vrius tgris vits

i ppsiti t rm sity

I C, this prti tgrizti bms

r i xmiti rgurizti prgrms rm

1960 t 2004 It is thrugh th ritri tht trmi i-

gibiity r prmt immigrti sttus tht itis

srvig usrvig ppits bm thik-

b T gity prs, th, bms thikb

ptb thrugh vrius thgis gvrmt tht

mk rti th tgrizti srvig

migrts s pps t ths m usirb Tis

i tur gitimts immigrti piy tht prts ur

th ti-immigrt isurs th t prtt th

Ci ti by piti rm pssib rig -

tmiti, strutig th Ci ti s vi

pur/puri

Whi pitiis f sir rgurizti prgrmst b humitri t mpssit gvrmt3

wy t with th prbm ig immigrtshis-

tri rsrh mpits this viw Frm 1960 t 2004,

rgurizti prgrms hv b hrtriz s -

tim-y prurs Gry iiig with stritr

brr trs irs rmt, rgurizti

prgrms f rt irs i th pruti

migrt igity, s g hs r migrti bm

miimiz rmt msurs r irs

Primry rsrh rm prjt tit N-Sttus

Immigrts: Exprig Ms Rgurizti, whih

tk p i 20042005,4 wi rm th bsis thisppr I this prjt, th rsrh tm, whih I ws

prt, urtk histri rhiv rsrh, s w

s ut ky irmt itrviws, us grups,

ru-tb isussis rgurizti prgrms i

C rm 1960 t 2004 I this ppr, I wi rst ut-

i th mjr rgurizti prgrms i C rm

1960 t 2004 t bttr urst hw rgurizti pr-

grms rgur igity urig this tim pri I th

s sti, I xmi mm ritri r xusi

i th rgurizti prss by psig th qusti: wht

r sm th ti-immigrt rist isurss tht

hv b rpru thrugh rgurizti? Trugh

isussi th pitis rgurizti i C i th

thir sti, I brt th i igity s prss

xp up prsss igizti i th txt

immigrti piy i C

Regularization: Te Making and Unmakingof IllegalityWithi th Ci txt, th trm rgurizti

ts t b us mr rquty th th trm msty

by gvrmt is immigrt rights vts

ik wh sribig prgrms tht prvi th ppr-

tuity r -sttus (im)migrts t ppy r g immi-

grti sttus Rivk Aug, g-tim mmuity

tivist wrkr with th Jwish Immigrt Ai Srvis

(JIAS) i Mtr, Qub, ts tht gvrmt isr highy vrs t usig wht sh s th A wr

msty5 Ist, gvrmt is r r mr iky

t us th trm rviw r rgurizti t srib pr-

grms tht prvi u g immigrti sttus t ths

withut ivig withut it i C Othr immigrt

rights tivists, suh s Jggi Sigh, pit t th pitiy

bis ttis th trm msty s rm r-

givss r th supps wrgig ig immigr-

ti sttus6 T trm rgurizti, hwvr, hs its w

ttis simir t tht rmizti s urst

withi Fuui rmwrkwhrby rgur sttus

ms ths with g immigrti sttus, whi thswithut g sttus must b irrgur withi this gvr-

mt gi

T Chis Ajustmt Sttmt Prgrm (19601972)

is iky th rst rm rgurizti prgrm i C

Tis prgrm w r Chis migrts wh m t

C withut sttus umts, r with th umts

rtiv Ci itiz (mmy rrr

t s Ppr Ss7), t ppy r prmt rsiy8

Appits t mstrt tht thy wr g

mr hrtr wr t ivv i th iustry

ig immigrti9 Chis mmuitis i C

wr tiv i prssurig th r gvrmt t hgrist immigrti ws tht h r s xu

Chis immigrts, suh s th Chis H x th

Chis Exusi At10 It is stimt tht ru 12,000

pp wr rguriz thrugh this prgrm11

Fwig th Chis Ajustmt Sttmt Prgrm,

th Ajustmt Sttus Prgrm (i Frh, Operation

Mons Pays; i Egish, s kw s Prjt 9712)th

rgst rgurizti i C t tws impmt

i 197313 I th ry 1970s, irsig umbr

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migrts bm -sttus Tis ws u, i prt, t th

1972 hgs i r immigrti piy wh Sti

34 th 1967 Immigrti At ws rp Tis brr

ptti ppits rm ppyig r prmt rsi-

y rm withi C14 My mmuity grups

piti rgiztis vt r rgurizti

prgrm, grr muh pubi supprt Dspit thrrw tim rmAugust t Otbr 1973ts

thuss ppi15 Irmti but th prgrm ws

wiy issmit, rgy thrugh mmuity rgiz-

tis16 Athugh it is ukw hw my wr xu r

rjt, stimt 39,000 pp wr sussu17

I 1981, ight yrs fr th Ajustmt Sttus

Prgrm, Hitis ivig i Qub ught r sur

rgurizti prgrm By 1980, mr mr

Hitis i C u thmsvs with rgi sttus:

thy h stut r wrk viss, r prhps h vrsty

thir vis h bm ig18 As th piti situ-

ti i Hiti wrs, Hitis i Qub bg t rg-

iz i rr t bby r prvii gvrmts

r prgrm tht wu rss thir s tivy,

rthr th s-by-s bsis s rug imts

T O Christi Hitis py ky r i this

strugg s w s i mpigs r rgurizti i 1972

1987 Tis grup rst m tgthr wh immigr-

ti ws hg i 197273 Hiti tis u

gr ppy r prmt rsiy rm withi

C19 Tis hg f my Hitis withut g

sttus, svr -sttus Hitis bg t b tr-

gt by immigrti uthritis whi ttig hurhT grup rgiz mtigs, bbi gvrmt b-

is is, sussuy irs pubi wr-

ss thrugh ws vrg20 T 1981 prgrm rgur-

iz vr 4,000 pp Tis prgrm rjt ppits

with rimi rrs srius mi prbms21 Fr

xmp, t st ppit ws rus bus h h

tubrusis22 Tis spi rgurizti r Hitis

i Qub rguriz my pp; hwvr, r ths

ukw umbrs ppits wh wr rus, thy

wr w kw t immigrti rmt is

subjt t irs msurs tti

prtti23T Miistrs Rviw Cmmitt (19831985) ws

prgrm i whih -sttus immigrts wh h iv

i C r mr th v yrs wr m t

b sussuy stbish itgrt u bm

rguriz24 At this tim, ig immigrti ws -

sir imprtt piti issu by th r gvr-

mt Svr rprts wr mmissi by th Ci

Miistry Empymt Immigrti, iuig tw

by WG Rbis, Ig Immigrts Issus Ppr25

Ig Migrts i C,26 bth whih rjt

gr msty rmm iti sttmt

irs i immigrti rmt brr

trs Trugh th Miistrs Rviw Cmmitt,

stimt 1,000 pp wr rguriz ukw

umbr ppits rus S- ig migrts

wr sir imprtt piti issu i th ry- tmi-1980s, but ut piti viw uti ru 1994,

wh th issu i rug imts rm mrtrium

utris27 bm prmit

Frm 1994 t 1998, th Drr Rmvs Orr Css

(DROC) rguriz svr thus i rug im-

ts wh h rmi i C r thr yrs r mr

withut rmv rr28 Rus imts wr gr-

y stuk i imb bus thy wr rm mrtrium

utris Si Chi ws ths utris urig

this pri, Chis mmuity rgiztis i C

bg t vt r prmt rsiy r i ru-

g imts29 Grups rm rt, Mtr,

Vuvr, iuig my -sttus immigrts, rw

pubi ttti t this issu30 Apprximty 3,000 ppi-

ts rm Chi, Ir, thr utris wr rgur-

iz thrugh this prgrm, but my mr wr rjt

bus thy i t mt rsiy rquirmts, r h

rimi rrs r srius mi itis31 Fur

yrs fr th DROC prgrm , simir rgizig

bg i Mtr, whr i rug imts rm

Agri bg t mbiiz m sttus

I 2002, i rug imts rm Agri mbi-

iz t m prmt sttus sur rguriz-ti prgrm I th 1990s, my pp m t Qub

rm Agri u t th vit it tht hs tiu

thr r my s I 1997, th Ci gvrmt

stpp prttis t Agri s mrtrium u-

try, yt t th sm tim my Agris rug ims

wr rus32 I 2002, th Ci gvrmt i

t strt prtig pp t Agri gi, fr urtiv

tr ws struk btw th tw utris33 Just vr

1,000 i rug imts rm Agri u thm-

svs t risk prtti34 My -sttus Agris

i Qub mbiiz t put prssur th gvrmt t

rguriz thir sttus35 Ty rt th Ati Cmmittr N-sttus Agris (CASSA), wrk with is

rm N O Is IgMtr, iiviu supprtrs,

vrius bur, ith, wms grups36 Fr t

t, th Ci Qub gvrmts itru

rgurizti prur r i Agri rug im-

ts wh h b ivig i Qub Whi pprximty

900 pp wr rguriz thrugh this prgrm, vr

150 pp wr rus tiu t prt-

ti, mst bus thy i t mt th Qub rsiy

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rquirmt, h rimi rr r u t r t

py th rg ppiti r th prgrm37

Frm th itr isussis Citizship

Immigrti C, primiry rf umt ws ir-

ut i Sptmbr 2001 rgrig Spi Msurs38

T bjtivs ths spi msurs wr t: Rguriz

th sttus iivius wh hv stbish i C r t b t s thrugh rm prurs;

Cr th ks r th impmtti w gis-

ti39 Athugh th Spi Msurs wr vr imp-

mt br w gisti ws itru with th 2002

Immigrt Rug Prtti At (IRPA), my

th rmmtis this irut umt rst

with rgurizti prgrms tht h urr i C

br 2001 Fr xmp, ist trs tht mt t gui

2001 ibrtis iu Cr ritri tht is trgt

xusiv Spi strt ish t40

T ritri xpiity mti i th umt iu

rsiy rquirmt thr yrs, biity t itgrt,

mpymt (ie, t hvig us pubi si ssist),

mtig th rquirmts mi, rimi,

surity hks ssry t b i C Ty

wu s xu ths wh hv rmi i C pst

th t thir prtti rr Expiit mti is m

th trgt rmv usussu ppits41

Trugh histri stuy rgurizti prgrms

i C rm 1960 t 2004, w xpr th wys i

whih pputis -sttus immigrts bm gv-

r gvrb Trugh this gvr, prtiu-

r ti th g itiz is rt gitimizWhi w itizs, r prmt rsits i th s

my rgurizti prgrms i C, r strut

thrugh th rgurizti prss, th tgry th

usrvig immigrt is simutusy rt, uph

mg As suh, rgurizti prgrms b

urst s big impit withi th prsss

igizti Igizti wrks t bth siy xu,

thrugh suh prtis s tti, prtti, th

sig g vus r try, siy iu ur

imps itis xpitbiity ispsbiity As

Nit Shrm rgus, immigrti piis i C

t t uph systm gb prthi42 Aprthii this gb ss s t m simpy th physi xu-

si grup pp rm trritri sp; rthr, it

ms thir inclusion, vi this xusi, s ig r

uwu Tis tgrizti surs th imps stt

xpitbiity thrugh rsur g prsh r

spi grup pp/wrkrs T g itiz, s

strut thrugh th rgurizti prss, is rgy

pru thrugh th ritri tht hv ii with

vry rgurizti prgrm i C rm 1960 t 2004

Criteria for Regularization: Producing/Protectingthe National Body Politic

It [th Ci immigrti systm] is tir pprtus this systm is bs th ssiti iivius43

Hw r th ritri rgurizti prgrms impiti prutiv isurss rism, tiism,

th purityi trms mit urstigs

th g itiz th ti by piti? I this s-

ti, I xmi th wys i whih th prmit ritri

r rguriztirimi imissibiitis, mi

imissibiitis, tthmt t th pi wrkr, -

mi wth, rsiy rquirmts, tis sit

itgrti, prs miy, s utry ri-

gipru spi ti th g itiz , i

s ig, wrk t gvr pputis -sttus immi-

grts i C i prtiur wys I my wys, rgur-

izti prgrms, s rm gvr, t s mth tgrizti, sprtig ths wrthy prmt

rsiy vtu rm itizship rm ths

m uwrthy r grus t th ti by piti,

rtig justiti r thir tti prtti

Crimi imissibiity, mg th mst mm ri-

tri us t xu pp rm rgurizti prgrms,

is impit i isiius rist isurs tht pr-

us sm migrts s sur r gr wh

must b sr i rr t prvt thir tmit-

ig th ti by piti Nt surprisigy, rimiity

ts t b th mst trvrsi mt i th m

r rgurizti by immigrt rights grups Sm v-

ts rgurizti sti pt this ritri s imprt-

t ptb Hwvr, by ptig rimiity s

gitimt bsis xusi, thr is i th systmi

istituti rism, whih hs b w-umt

s xistig withi th Ci piig th rimi

justi systm44 I prtiur, it is th rimiizti

riiz pr mmuitis, whih i tur uphs

th pris-iustri mpx Fr xmp, svr pr-

tiipts i us grups with -sttus immigrts i

rt pit ut tht this iti s t rss

systmi rism, ssism, sxism withi piig th rimi justi systm i C i thir utris

rigi A mi-g wm ur wh h iv

i rt r svr yrs mpy s msti wrkr

with prrius sttus mstrts this r:

Yu shut b puish gi fr yuv srv yur tim

Pus, t vryby ry mmits rim Trs big prbm

with s imprismt uir jugs A ty is vry

strssu wr w iv i; pp mk mistks45

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I this sttmt, this wm is mkig tw imprtt

pits T rst is tht ig prtti fr prs

srvs thir tim i pris impss ub puishmt

T s pit is tht rimi justi systms r t

iib

My -sttus immigrts mmuity tivists

hv s rgu tht rimi imissibiity is uir th bsis ub puishmt As -sttus tivist i

Mtr pit ut, Wr hums, wr iivius

A i iiviu i sm ki gstur tht is rim-

i th thy b puish thrugh th justi systm

Why spiy trgt wh st hum bigs bs

ths ritri, r wh thy r?46 Tus, pp with

prrius rms immigrti sttus, iuig prm-

t rsiy, u srv thir tim i ji, but th

prtti frwrs Frm itizs, th thr h,

wu y hv t srv tim r thrr y pu-

ish

Histriy, rgurizti prgrms hv s xu

pp with srius mi itis Lik rimi-

ity, this ritri is impit i tiist pruti

r, rirs th isurs tht struts immi-

grts s pttiy grus issthus -

ig t b sr, tst, mitr ti by th

stt Tis ritri is s gitimt thrugh isurs

mphsizig st ysis, whri pp with iss

r sir t b usrvig prmt rsiy

bus thy t s ris th Ci systm My

pp with prrius sttus srib xusi m-

i grus s xtrmy prbmti, isrimitry, ihum A msti wrkr ur with prrius

sttus pit ut, Pp wh r i shu b trt

quy with thrs47 Svr pp I spk with t

tht my prrius immigrts gt sik s rsut th

us grus wrk itis tht thy r r

t pt i C Fr xmp, wm mpy

s msti wrkr pit ut, Smtims yu gt th

iss hr thy wt t s yu bk t yur u-

try Tts t right48 Athr xpis, T jb tht yu

gt s -sttus immigrt is jb tht is gig t gt

yu sik49 Pp with physi isbiitis, r wh hv

hri isss suh s kiy iss, HIV/AIDS, uk-mi, r tubrusis, r f u miy imis-

sib r prmt rsiy, whthr thrugh rgur-

izti, spsrship, r Humitri Cmpssit

ppitis

Pps tthmt t th pi wrkr thir -

mi wrth hv s b us t xu rti pp

rm rgurizti prgrms, ithr bus th wrk

tht thy r bus thir ibiity t iy sup-

prt thmsvs thir miis Exusi bs up

s mi stbiity is simir t mi imissi-

biity i tht bth p up st ysis isurs

r thir gitimy Furthrmr, st ysis isurs

struts s ihtmy btw Ci-br

itizs, wh i this rmwrk miti vi im

t mi r si wr utsi th ritri

stbish r (im)migrts, migrt utsirs, whpurprty hv t pi thir us my t ss

ths srvis

I rity, hwvr, pp with prrius immigrti

sttus py txs, f prrm th urpi

uwt wrk tht urpis th Ci my A

ttig xmp is th wrk prrm by msti wrkrs,

whthr thrugh th Liv-I Crgivr Prgrm (LCP) r i

th irm my Du t th gr tur hi-

rrig bur i C, this wrk ws my Ci

wm t pursu pi wrk utsi th hm ts th

Ci gvrmt vi th st tiy subsi-

iz hi r strtgy T isurs st ysis s

isists pruig pp s ris up th Ci

systm rthr th rgizig prss ssti wrth s

hum big th mutip wys i whih pp my

rih th wr i whih thy xist As Spish-spkig

wm rm Lti Amri rgus,

A us wrk i sm rm T wm wrks i th hus, th

hir wrk twrs th utur, bus stuyig is rm

wrkig W giv my, my thigs bk t th utry Fr

this rs, it st sm ir [t xu pp wh r t

rmy mpy] vry wrks50

With this sttmt, sh is isistig tht mmbrs

mmuity h itrisi vu withi tht mmuity,

rgrss st ysis rgumts tht spiy trgt

(im)migrts t th trry T gr ss us

grups with -sttus immigrts i rt ws tht

pp wh t wys pi wrk (r xmp, pp

with isbiitis, sig mthrs, ry pp) shu t

b xu rm rgurizti prgrms Exusi

th bsis k mpymt s t tk it ut

tht my pp hv t iv with rstritis tht imit

thir biity t ss pi burCmmuity tivists -sttus immigrts ik

ritiiz rgurizti prgrms tht wu y w

ppits t bti tmprry wrk prmits, suh s

th prps by th Grtr rt Hm Buirs

Assiti (GHBA) th Cstruti Rruitmt

Extr Wrkrs Srvis (CREWS),51 bus thy -

t prvi th surity stbiity tht prmt rsi-

y rs As rt-i wrkr t usig

sttmt tr t, Iv h pp whv ths


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wrk prmits thy thik thyr g Ni tw

yrs tim yur gig t hv t rw52 Cmmtig

tmprry wrk prmit prgrms, Spish-spkig

wm rigiy rm Lti Amri with prrius

sttus stt:

Tis rtiy sms ik ub-g swr t m Bus

thy t yu smthig, but it hs ub mig A th

ub mig is tht thyr gig t ttrt tmpt yu [t

mk yurs kw, t ppy], thyr t gig t pss r

pt vry S, yu giv r s thm yur irmti,

th wh thy gt t yur s thy might r might t giv

it t yu S t m this sms ik ub-g swr; it s

t wrk r m, r r my miy, r r my ris My

hiwht I wu ikis itiv thig, tht is t sm-

thig whr r 3 r 4 yrs I m m, th I y hv tw

mths br I rtur t big riv rzy gi A I th

sm risks gi S r m it s t b itiv, r ty

r th utur53

I this sttmt, this wm is rwig ttti t th

r rgurizti prgrm tht s mr th sim-

py giz itiy wrkrs withi imit tim rm

As sh pits ut, thr is itt t gi t t s r

-sttus immigrts wh mk thmsvs kw

itib t immigrti rmt uthritis with-

ut t st th h giig prmt rsiy As

w, pp hig wrk prmits r gry pt

vi trt with mpyr, vig wrkrs wh

my hv wrk prmits but t hv prmt rsi-y p t bus by mpyrs54 Wrk prmits simpy

t rss th g-trm s -sttus wrkrs

thir miis

Rsiy rquirmts r thr ms xusi

rm rgurizti prgrms A xmp this ritri

wu b rquirig ppits t hv rsi i C

r prtiur pri tim r t hv rriv i r-

ti ti br rti t, suh s i th s th

2002 rgurizti r Agris rsiig i Qub Lik

rimi hks mi itis, this rquirmt

is impit i xusiry tiist isurs tht

ms yty pr bgig rm ths viws utsirs r rig t th ti by piti Svr

pp with prrius sttus tht prtiipt i ur

rsrh rgu tht gth rsiy shu ut r

smthig Fr ist, Prtugus-spkig wm

rigiy rm Brzi rgu, T mut tim tht

prs wrk iv ty, tht yu wrk, pi

txs, wr ivv i th mmuity, tht yu wr i th

utry uts55 Hwvr, thrs rgu tht vry

shu b iu i rgurizti prgrm, [r t th

vry st ut r whi witig t mt th rsiy

rquirmts, i thr is miimum mut tim

must hv b ivig i th utry br thy r igib

r prmt rsiy], Durig tht tim th prs

shu b giv sm ki surity i rr t iv hr

Fr xmp, i yu g t th bk [withut g sttus]

yu r t yu t p ut bus yur SINstrts with 956 O wm rsp, syig, Prhps

urig tht tim th prs shu b giv prmit t

prv t C tht yu b usu Afr ths thr

yrs th yu shu b giv yur pprs It is imprtt

t hv sm ki stbiity urig tht tim57 Athr

Spish-spkig wm with prrius sttus pit

ut pp wh r prt fr ivig i C r

my yrs f xpri rmv s trumti:

Why s C t s th situti th hir th

pp wh iv hr? Afr thr r ur yrs th hi hr

rs th gug, rs th ustms th t rtur him

bk t his utry rigi s vry strg mg It is

psyhgi mg58

As iit i this sttmt, g-trm -sttus rsi-

ts C ivig with th iti prtbiity

f xpri rmv i u ss: physiy, rm

th ti trritry, psyhgiy, s this wm

pits ut, rm th ti by piti , thrr,

s thy r rmv xu rm ss ti

bgig I sum, rsiy rquirmts, whrby ppi-

ts must prv rsiy i C r rti umbr yrs, srv t kp pp with prrius immigrti

sttus i stt ig imb i whih xpitti by

mpyrs, rs, thrs tiu s g s

vurbiity t th twi isipiry prtis tti

prtti rmi

Hvig miy mmbrs ivig i C hs s b

us s mm ritri i rgurizti prgrms

Pp with prrius sttus s w s mmuity gy

wrkrs hv rgu tht th iti miy i th

Ci immigrti systm is rrw xusi-

ry Cutrig th rrw iti miy us by

Citizship Immigrti C, wm -ur rm th Cribb miy s yby i th

mmuity wh hs hp yu st by yur si59

Athr wm with prrius sttus t, Mst

pp m hr withut y miy60 Furthrmr, th

Ci immigrti systm ts t privig th ptri-

rh htr-ur miy, whi qur, sig prt,

-ur miis r iky t b xu, whthr -

iy r irmy As mmuity hth tr wrkr

t:

Vum 26 Reuge Numbr

70

7/30/2019 McDonald 2009

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Issus ru sxuity sxu ritti r mst vr

mti i ths kis piis T v stig

r tht pp i rr t hi thir sxu ritti

try t gt i s stright prs, is just W t v kw

hw muh thts gig 61

Htrsxuity is f prsum s th rm i myimmigrti piis, suh s th miy spsrship pr-

grm rgurizti prgrms r xpti

Simiry, th ppiti prss is gr s it ts t

b tr th m th miy As wrkr t

ighburh tr pit ut, Immigrti is vry

ptrirh, thy wys ssum tht th m is gig

t b th priip ppit S th its i th hs th

m t b rspsib r [his wi], its ik vur

r hr62 T ritri miy, th f ptrirh,

htrsxist ssumptis pguig immigrti piis i

gr, b urst s thr wy i whih wm,

trs, qur migrts my b xu withi rgu-

rizti prgrm

Rgurizti prgrms hv t tims s iu

itgrti s tr ritri r igibiity Sm

pp with prrius sttus thught tht this ws, i

sm wys, ir iti At th sm tim, my s

pit ut tht u t tim strits it b iut t

gt ivv i tivitis tht r gry ssit with

itgrti, suh s th rig th tw i

gugs C (Egish r Frh), gig t hurh

vutrig with mmuity rgiztis O pr-

tiipt summriz this by syig tht fr wrkig myhurs vrtim kig fr yur miy, thr is

vry itt tim f r itgrtig63 O wm rjt

th ritri itgrti tgthr, syig, Wh rs

hw w yu gt g! Pp r pp64 T ritri

itgrti b urst s rgy isrtiry

rbitrry Cmmuity wrkrs immigrti g

wrkrs pit ut i itrviws tht immigrti rs

wi f i wht itgrti ms s-by-

s bsis

Svr rgurizti prgrms i C hv us

prtiur grup pp mig rm spi

utry Wh isussig th ritri utry rigi,my pp with prrius sttus pit ut th systmi

rism withi th urrt immigrti systm, whrby

rti grups pp (eg, whit immigrts rm th

UK) t t b trt irty th thr grups

pp (eg, Bk immigrts rm th Cribb) As

wm si: W [Bk immigrts rm th Cribb]

r trt irty A thy [whit British immigrts]

t s i thyr br hr65 Othrs mti tht my

pp spig vi prsuti r t rgiz

s rugs bus th Ci gvrmt hs i

h tim tht thir utris r t grus Fr

ist, wm pit ut,

Bus yu m rm th Cribb, thy just k t yu

sy hw yu b rug? Im surig Im struggig,

Im big bttr bus mistrt rp

vrythig yu thik but my utry st shw up

th ist66

Tis sttmt highights th prrity tmprry sttus

i C, spiy s mvs rm th rtiv st-

biity th psiti rug imt t tht i

rug imt wh wi iky rmv prurs

i th r utur Tis xmp pits t th iur th

rug trmiti systm t rgiz my pp

wh m t C skig rug s piti rugs,

spiy wh thy r skig rug rm ti-stt

with whih C hs urtiv mi rtiships

Mst prtiipts t tht rgurizti prgrm shu

pt ppitis rm -sttus immigrts

qu bsis, rgrss thir utry rigi

Distiguishig th rimi rm th g, th is-

s rm th hthy, th zy rm th hr-wrkig,

th wy rriv rm th y, ths wh t bg

rm ths wh bg, th rgurizti prss is

ti-buiig prti Nt y r th purprty

wk srt rm th strg ppits, th ti

by piti must b prtt rm ths m usuit-

b subjts withi th ti trritry T th-gis tti prtti r us t urthr -

ti rmv rjt ppits Yt, thy r s us

s isipiry ttis withi systm i whih prrius

r igiz immigrts r gy systmtiy

i ss t th rights titmts tht uy g

rsits C r r thrby rig r-

sur thir g prsh ttmptig t imit thir

si piti prtiipti withi th si sps

igity

Illegality and the Politics of Regularization

Hw pp bm igiz i C? Igity b bttr urst wh xmi s th prut st

prsss rthr th s giv stt r sttus As m-

strt bv, rgurizti prgrms r svr

prsss tht pru rgur igity i th -

txt immigrti i C Whi th w migrtry

bur ts t b urst pru thrugh stt

piis prtis s th s rspsibiity th ii-

viu, itis pvrty, umpymt, ispmt,

thr squs pitist gbizti shu


71

7/30/2019 McDonald 2009

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b rgiz s tr trs gb migrtis67 As

rug gy wrkr pit ut:

Its s situti th triti btw grwig gb

iquitis tightig brrs Trs th situti

uumt pp ry hr, but thrs th gig pr-

ss s w, migrtry prssurs hw yu gt i i thr

rt y g vus r pp I yu t t th rug

iti, myb thyr t i-thrt i piti wy

but thyr i-thrt bus thir si rights r t pr-

tt i thir utry rigi68

A wm with prrius sttus srib xmp:

I kw s wm with tw hir Sh ppi r [ru-

g sttus] thy wr i but th hir r stuyig

hr, thy spk th gug Tt miy is ig D yu thik

tht is g? C C ry sy tht it is th utris

with mr humitri ss? Tt prs wrk, pi txs,

tht sh wt ws pprtuity bus i hr utry

sh ws vitim msti vi Sh m hr t giv hr

hir bttr i69

Sss rgus tht rg-s gb migrtis r stru-

tur thrugh vrius trsti gpiti pr-

sss (iuig i de acto i rti-

ships) tht y b prtiy rgut thrugh ti

immigrti trs70 With this urstig, w

s hw gb migrtry ws bm th pr-

sss igizti i C Sss pits ut thtbus gb migrtry ws ur rgrss ti

immigrti trs, rs tr risis, r th

ig migrts it ti trritry, r rgy

uwrrt71 Tis iits tht migrts wi rriv

i C rgrss g vus r tr As

Sss ts, wh vu g tr is s

r miimiz, umbrs wi irs vi thr h-

s72 Chgs i immigrti piy, suh s th rp

Sti 34 th 1967 Immigrti At i 1972 tht

brr ptti ppits rm ppyig r prmt

rsiy withi C, hv t irs i pp

sig pprtuitis r u g immigrti sttus Sirgurizti prgrms hv t t ii with

th tightig g vus tr irs

msurs immigrti rmt, th impiti is

tht th pputi migrts trig thrugh ig

r smi-g hs (eg, vis-hrs wh wi sty

fr viss xpir; i rug imts wh rmi i

C) wi iky irs

T squs gb pitism, suh s isp-

mt, pvrty umpymt, r mg th rivig

rs bhi gb migrti Gb pitism is, i

my wys, pt up systm gb prthi,

this gb prthi is rpru thrugh gb

migrtis Shrm s it qusti whthr itizship

rgims r simpy xusiry; ist sh xmis th

tis ti-stt systm gb prthi t

include vi xusiry rmwrk Sh writs, [L]ikpst rms prthi, gb prthi is t bs

kpig irti pp apartbut ist, rgizig

tw (r mr) sprt g rgims prtis r i-

rtit grups pp within th sm sp73 T

xist gb prthi is f i, Shrm rgus,

bus it tius t b ssit with r-bs g

irtitis thr r mst gy bs r

istitis u i immigrti w ty T ti-

stt systm gb prthi, hwvr, gitimizs bth

gb iquitis th us riv r, suh s

tti prtti, gist -itizs s

turizs ss, gr, riiz xusis t

ti mmbrship74 O th ts this systm

gb prthi is th stbishmt hirrhi sys-

tm i whih ss t rights titmts bm bs

up tgriztis mr- ss-srvig migrts

Sss pits ut tht th rtiship btw th gb

my th ti-stt is t ppsiti r

mutu xusivity; ist, th ti-stt systm is

ssti mt i th vpmt pitist gb-

izti75 As th prsss igizti, gb

migrtis s uti t u th s th ti

mystisyig th m r hp, xpitb, ispsb bur As mmbr th Ati Cmmitt

N-Sttus Agris xpi,

C is utry buit immigrti O thig is r: th

Ci gvrmt ursts this ursts tht its

my s th p ig wrkrs, its tmprry wrkrs;

it brigs i t my Immigrts i gr r brigig i

t my76

I vrsti, tw wm with prrius sttus pit

ut:

A Tr is t prpg i Suth Amri thtC wts t brig immigrts Why, ist

brigig mr pp, st it rguriz vryby

tht is ry hr? Tr r pp wh r ry

wrkig givig t th utry

B At th sm tim bus thy t giv us u-

mts thy mk us i T yu hv t us sm

ss si [Si Isur Numbr]77

A systm gb prthi, ssry t th ms

gb pitism srvig th s th Ci

Vum 26 Reuge Numbr

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7/30/2019 McDonald 2009

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ti my, is bth prutiv pt

up prsss igizti

Immigrt rights vts hv sught t hg th

piis prtis th immigrti systm withi

C s mstrt bv i rgr t rguriz-

ti prgrms Currty, immigrt rights tivists t

t pit t iquis withi th rug trmitisystm th k vib ptis r -sttus immi-

grts t bti prmt rsiy At prst, th y

prur tht ws -sttus immigrts i C t

ppy r g immigrti sttus is t mk ppiti

Humitri Cmpssit (H & C) grus

r sttus With stimt 5 pr t suss

rt r ppits, rig t th mmuity wrkrs

migrt justi tivists I spk with, this prgrm is

t ptb t my immigrt rights grups bus

it s t r qut suti r pp ivig

wrkig i highy xpitb vurb itis

T H & C ppiti uss prmity itgr-

ti, hvig miy mmbrs i C, pi mpy-

mt Autmti imissibiity u thrugh mi,

rimi, surity hks is my pttiy su-

ssu its th pprtuity t bti g sttus

Fr xmp, Avvy G, wyr with th Chis Ci

Lg Cii i rt, ON, t tht mm mi

prbm tht mks pp imissib r sttus is

kiy iss:

Kiy [iss] is just xmp [ it] h psitiv

H & C, but ws t bus mi [ritri], right? Sby th his kiy is gttig v wrs H s trspt S,

thy [Citizship Immigrti C] kw tht i h gs

bk t Chi h wi i bus hs t gig t gt trs-

pt Tts prt th rs why thy w him t sty H

& C grus But th thy t him bus mi

prbm, right? Why is tht ir, why is tht ritri, kwig

tht this prs thrwis mts th ritri tht is st up?78

Athr vu r prmt rsiy rm withi

C is thrugh rug im Hwvr, mjr w

rgiz withi th Immigrt Rug Br

(IRB), th gvrmt burury tht mks isis bth ims r prmt rsiy humitr-

i mpssit grus ims r rug

sttus, is th k i-prs pps prss r

rug ims Tis is spit th t tht ur th 2002

Immigrti At th impmtti Rug Apps

Divisi is rquir by w I thr wrs, pps pr-

ss i st ut i piy but hs yt t b istitutiiz

i prti

As wrkr t mmuity hth tr pit ut,

my th urrt piis Citizship Immigrti

C pru migrt igity bus pp

thrugh th rks th urrt systm:

Its ur urrt immigrti w tht mks t pp

thrugh th rks bm uumt i th rst p,

s i yur srt biig by th sm ritri, thr r ts

pp tht r gig t thrugh th rks [ th rguriz-

ti prss]79

A sigit squ piis impit i th pr-

uti prsss igizti is tht pp wh

thrugh th rks r th siy iu[] ur

imps itis r prtrt vurbi-

ity80 Immigrti piy, u t th t srt s-

siy pputis migrts, is prss igizti

T urrt gvrmt rgizti th immigrti

systm, th, is i its prutiv migrt igity

D Gv writs, T si sp igity is

rsur g prsh sp r ivisibiity,

xusi, subjugti, rprssi81 Tus, igity

is sptiiz iti i whih th physi brrs

th ti-stt r rpru withi th vryy ivs

riiz immigrts i utss tis82 Fr xmp,

oronto Starrti rprts tht r immigrti -

rs with rr t prt t t rmv hir wh

wr ttig tw rt shs i Apri 2006 I

ths ss, th t th rs ti ws t r th

hirs prts ut hiig83

Athr rti rvstht wh immigrt wm withut u g immigr-

ti sttus i C ttmpt t prss hrgs busiv

prtrs, thy f tti prtti84 Ts

xmps u t prss igizti mist i

piis, s, rgutis, prtis i whih stt

brrs r rv withi th trritri brrs th

ti-stt As Shrm hs pit ut, th brr is t

just physi ggrphi trritri mrkr85 Ist, th

brr xists whrvr -sttus immigrts my m

it tt r rtti with istituti sttigs

whthr rig hir i sh, stpp r tr

viti by pi, r sk r SIN r wh ppyigr jb Tis is igi brr tht riss, mr-

gig s wispr vr-prst, wh pp try t

ss si srvis suh s hth trs, si husig

-prtivs, shs, bks, wr s, pi

sttis, thrs Igi brrs uti withi

by th sp itizship t mk th wh

prs, i t, ig As suh, brrs (bth physi

igi) t t y s g piti


73

7/30/2019 McDonald 2009

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rights, but r s impit i tis wh bgs

wh s t86

ConclusionsT histry rgurizti i C rm 1960 t 2004

mstrts th wys i whih migrt igity is r-

gur thrugh immigrti piis suh s rguriztiprgrms Migrt igity is pru wh pp r

tgriz thrugh th igibiity ritri histriy ss-

it with rgurizti Tus, th s- prbm

i g migrts is t sv i y g-trm ss but

rthr mg thrugh th irti tgrizti

migrt pputis s ths m sirb ths

m usirbwith th sirbiity ppit

trmi thrugh th us strit ritri T t pr-

uig th g itiz thrugh rgurizti, th, -

t b sprt rm th pruti igity i ths

prss xu rm th rgurizti prss Exu

rm th ti, ths wh r rjt r f subjt t

irs itsi msurs immigrti r-

mt, suh s tti prtti Ts hight

rmt msurs f sur th swif physi xu-

si usirb ppits Mwhi, thrts t-

ti prtti miti th r inclusion

-sttus immigrts thrugh itis xpitbiity

th ispsbiity

I C, rgurizti prgrms hv histriy

b impmt thrugh th us strit ritri, suh

s rimiity, mi hth, mpymt, rsiy, it-

grti, miy, utry rigi, mg thrs Deacto ritri suh s mi wth, riizti,

isrimiti gist y m t t b htr-

sxu s m it py thrugh ppiti s,

th sirti vuti suh ritri s it-

grti withi Ci sity th -rsi

ths s miy i C It is thus thrugh bth

xpiit impiit ritri tht ppits bm xu

rm rgurizti prgrms Rgurizti prgrms,

thrugh th ppiti vuti prsss, pru

rpru xphbi tiist isurss T

immigrt bms strut s sur r, gr,

iss; s smthig t b sr, tst, mitr,ti, prt i rr t sur th hth th

ti my t prvt th tmiti th

ti by piti

Dspit th risks ivv i vtig r rgur-

izti prgrm, th m r sttus r rmis

th ky struggs my immigrt justi rg-

iztis rss th utry, iuig N O Is Ig

(i Vuvr, rt, Mtr), th Sirity Withut

Brrs iti (Mtr), svr thrs Yt, t

vt r rgurizti prgrm is t prtiipt i

ti-buiig xris; t sk th stt t rssrt its

mk isis but wh is sirb wh is

usirb O th thr h, rgurizti prgrm

wu hv hug impt th ivs pssiby ts

thuss pp wh wu gr hv t iv with

th twi thrts tti prttiO wy tht migrt justi tivists hv rss

this r with rgurizti is t wrk twrs Dt

Ask, Dt r Ass withut Fr piis withi

muiipitis, mig tht ity srvis b m

vib r rsits rgrss thir immigrti

sttus Tis ws i th tstps svr mpigs

i th US tht hv rt stury itis t vryig

grs Citis rss th US hv pt vrib rs-

utis tht i my wys hg r immigrti

ws; i, sm hv rrr t thmsvs s stu-

ry it is r sty zs87 Ovr fy itis hv pss

gisti tht rbis th us muiip us, rsur-

s, wrkrs r th rmt r immigr-

ti ws Othrs, suh s Ls Ags, Chig, Prt,

Stt, Nw Yrk City, Mipis, t m w,

hv tk mr prtiv rs, whrby spi gis-

ti brs ity wrkrs rm iquirig it /r is-

smitig immigrti irmti rgrig prss

usig ity srvis88 Rsutis pss i Btimr,

Austi, Cmbrig, thr itis rm tht ity

srvi wi b i th bsis rm itizship

sttus89 Ts hgs i muiip piy wr t

grt by muiipitis; rthr, ths trsrmtiswr hr-w by immigrts, rugs, thir is

thrugh hr wrk, rsrh, twrkig, vy

Ts mpigs wrk twrs rtig mmuitis tht

r t pt up rm itizship s mrkr

bgig

Trugh suh prtis, th si sp migrt

igity, whi rtiy t bish, is rm thrugh

th stbishmt (prus) ity buris Muiip

piis rmig th right t pubi srvis r mm-

brs th mtrpis ps imprtt hg t stt

itis igity i th txt immigrti

sttus As t bv, th physi brrs th stt rrpru i utss sris withi th trritry

th ti-stt My ths situtis whri brrs

r rquty rpruttig sh, gig t th

hspit, ppyig r si husig, ssig mrgy

shtr srvis, ig r pi ssistwu b

irumvt t grt xtt thrugh muiip piy

tht rsis isrimiti bs immigrti sttus

surs ss t srvis withut r immigrti

rmt msurs

Vum 26 Reuge Numbr

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7/30/2019 McDonald 2009

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At th sm tim, hwvr, it is imprtt t rgiz

th vry r impt tht ss t rm itizship hs

pps vryy ivs As Mi Vrsyi pits ut,

the legal right to remain must t b sir isigi-

t (mphsis )90 Ev withi ity tht rms

ss t ity srvis rgrss rm itizship,

r uthritis r t brr rm rig rimmigrti wsrrstig, irrtig prtig

ths prss t m ptb withi th ti

by piti T m r rgurizti prgrm

th mvmt twrs stury itis r tw vit

gs withi th migrt justi mvmt i C, yt

bth hv with sigit imittis Ativists sh-

rs r with migrt rights s xmi th

wys i whih systms immigrti sti r sys-

tms hirrhi ssiti tht, i tur, uph

systm gb prthi gb pitism T vit

gs sttus r stury itis must t b

urst s t ri pitis immigrti,

but y bgiig i g-trm ght r gb justi,

rm mvmt, rjti th ti-stt

systm, tht must b tk up withi th txts

iism i whih thy mrg, with mmitmt

t iigus sirity

Notes

1 Frm 1960 t 2004, sussu ppits t rguriztiprgrms wr r prmt rsiy At prst,hwvr, mst isussis by gvrmt is ruth i rgurizti hv gry us thti tmprry wrk prmits S, r ist,Gry, City Csirs Askig Ottw t Lt Igs WhAr Wrkig Sty, Globe and Mail, Mrh 30, 2005, butisussis i City rt ui t push r rgu-rizti tht wu r sussu ppits tmpr-ry wrk prmits

2 M Fuut, Gvrmtity, i Te Foucault Efect, G Burh, C Gr, P Mir (Chig: Uivrsity Chig Prss, 1991); C Gr, GvrmtRtiity: A Itruti, i Te Foucault Efect, GBurh, C Gr, P Mir (Chig: Uivrsity

Chig Prss, 1991); A Og, Buddha Is Hiding: Reugees,Citizenship, the New America (Brky: Uivrsity Ciri Prss, 2003)

3 E Khr, J MD, P Nyrs, C Wright, TRgurizti N-Sttus Immigrts i C19602004: Pst Piis, Currt Prsptivs, AtivCmpigs (rt: Ctr Ex r Rsrh Immigrti Sttmt (CERIS), 2004)

4 Fu by th Ctr Ex r Rsrh Immigrti Sttmt (CERIS), th Gbizti Autmy Prjt, MMstr Uivrsity

5 Rivk Aug, itrviw by J MD r N-Sttus Immigrts: Exprig Ms Rguriztiprjt, Mtr, PQ, Juy 3, 2004

6 Mtr N-Sttus Ativist Rutb (grup rpr-sttivs rm immigrt rights rgizti, prmi-ty -sttus tivists), iitt by J MD

Jggi Sigh r N-Sttus Immigrts: ExprigMs Rgurizti prjt, Mtr, PQ, Otbr16, 2004

7 A G, T Brk Drm Immigrt withut Sttus(rt: OCASI, 2002)

8 Prmt rsiy i C is t prmtper seI prmt rsit is vit rim r whihth mximum st is t yrs r mr (rgrss th tim tuy srv), fr urgig pty r thrim, th prs ss thir sttus s prmt rsit wi iky prtti Mr rty, prmtrsiy rs hv b itru Ts rs must brw vry v yrs; i rr t rw, ti his-

try whr yu hv iv, whr yu hv wrk, thr spts yur i must b suppi t Citizship Immigrti C

9 Appi Histry Rsrh Grup, Ajustmt SttmtPiy, i Te Peopling o Canada 19461976, AppiHistry Rsrh Grup (Cgry: Uivrsity Cgry,1997)

10 Vitr Wg, itrviw, August 2627, 200411 Appi Histry Rsrh Grup12 W G Rbis, Ig Migrts i C, Miistry

Empymt Immigrti (Ottw: Gvrmt C, 1983)

13 J-Cu Irt, itrviw, Otbr 18, 2004

14 Ibid15 F Hwkis, Critical Years in Immigration (Kigst:

Qus Uivrsity Prss, 1991)16 Irt17 A G, Histry Cs Immigrti Lw (rt:

Mtr rt Chis Suthst Asi Lg Cii,2004)

18 Irt19 Ibid20 Ibid21 Ibid22 Ibid

23 Ibid24 G, Histry Cs Immigrti Lw25 W G Rbis, Ig Immigrts Issus Ppr,

Miistry Empymt Immigrti (Ottw:Gvrmt C, 1983)

26 Rbis, Ig Migrts i C27 C impss mrtrium rmvs t utris

whih th Ci gvrmt ms isur, gryu t piti turmi suh s ivi wr r coup dtat

28 Wg29 Ibid


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30 Ibid31 Ibid; Avvy G, itrviw, Juy 5, 200432 M Lwry, P Nyrs, Ru b Rprt: N O

Is Ig: T Fight r Rug Migrt Rights iC, Reuge 21, 3 (2003)

33 S Mtgmry, rs Lik t Wtr D? Dprtti

Sms t Mk N Ss Big Wtr Ctrt WsAu but th im C Di AgrisShu Lv, Montreal Gazette, 19 Otbr, 2002;Mtr N-Sttus Ativist Rutb, RutbDisussi, Otbr 16, 2004

34 Lwry Nyrs35 Mtr N-Sttus Ativist Rutb36 Ibid37 Lwry Nyrs38 Gvrmt C, Spi Msurs (Ottw:

Citizship Immigrti C, 2001)39 Ibid40 Ibid

41 Ibid42 N Shrm, Immigrti Gb Aprthi (pub-

i tur, N O Is Ig Cmmuity Ati Frum,rt, ON, 2005)

43 Mmbr th Ati Cmmitt N-Sttus Agris,Mtr Ativist , 2004

44 V Stzwih, Racism and Social Inequality in Canada(rt: Tmps Euti Pubishig, 1998); G Wiims, Rism i Justi: T Rprt th Cmmissi Systmi Rism i th Otri Crimi JustiSystm, i (Ab)Using Power: Te Canadian Experience, S C By, D E Chu, R Mzis (Hix, NS:Frw Pubishig, 2001); G Wiims, Stig

Bk Ors i th Otri Crimi Justi Systm,i Making Sense o Sentencing, D C J Rbrts(rt: Uivrsity rt Prss, 1999)

45 N-Sttus Wm Cur Fus Grup, Fus GrupDisussi, August 14, 2004

46 Mtr Ativist Rutb47 N-Sttus Wm Cur Fus Grup, August 14

200448 Ibid, Juy 10 200449 Ibid, August 14 200450 N-Sttus Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, Fus

Grup Disussi, Juy 24, 2004, trst it Egish

rm Spish51 Grtr rt Hm Buirs Assiti Cstruti Rruitmt Extr Wrkrs Srvis,

Prps t th Gvrmt C t RgurizUumt Wrkrs i th Rsiti CstrutiStr (rt: Grtr rt Hm BuirsAssiti, 2003)

52 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb, RutbDisussi, Sptmbr 28, 2004

53 N-Sttus Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup,August 14, 2004

54 Rug gy wrkr, Cmmuity Agy WrkrsRutb, Rutb Disussi, Sptmbr 28, 2003

55 Fus Grup N-Sttus Prtugus-Spkig Wm,Fus Grup Disussi, Juy 24, 2004, trst itEgish rm Prtugus

56 Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, August 14, 2004

T Si Isur Numbr (SIN) bgis with 9 tiit tht th rhr is tmprry rig wrkrSIN rs bgiig with 9 s hv xpiry trrspig t th t t whih th rhr is gytit t wrk

57 Ibid, Juy 24, 200458 Ibid59 Wm Cur Fus Grup, Juy 10, 200460 Ibid, August 14, 200461 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb62 Ibid63 Wm Cur Fus Grup, Juy 10, 200464 Wm Cur Fus Grup, August 14, 2004

65 Ibid; Ci Cui r Rugs, Rprt SystmiRism Disrimiti i Ci Rug Immigrti Piis (rt: Ci Cui rRugs, 2001); L Jkubwski, Immigration and theLegalization o Racism (rt: Frw, 1997)

66 Wm Cur Fus Grup, Juy 10 200467 S Sss, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age o

Globalization (Nw Yrk: Cumbi Uivrsity Prss, 1996)68 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb69 Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, August 14, 200470 Sss71 Ibid72 Ibid

73 N Shrm, Gb Aprthi Nti-Stth:Istitutig Brr Rgims, i Nationalism and GlobalSolidarities, J Gm P Jms (L:Rutg, 2007)

74 Ibid75 Sss76 Mtr Ativist Rutb77 Spish-Spkig Wm Fus Grup, August 14, 200478 A G, itrviw, Juy 5, 200479 Cmmuity Agy Wrkrs Rutb80 N D Gv, Migrt Igity Dprtbiity i

Evryy Li, Annual Review o Anthropology31 (2002):

42981 Ibid, 42782 Ibid83 Kiwski, Brs Attk Rmv Kis: Stuts

Us t Lur Prts, oronto Star, My 1, 200684 N Kug, Wm F Dimm: Abus r Dprtti?

oronto Star, August 3, 200485 N Shrm, O Big Nt Ci: T Si

Orgizti Migrt Wrkrs i C, CanadianReview o Sociology and Anthropology38, 4 (2001)

86 Ibid

Vum 26 Reuge Numbr

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87 Nti Immigrti Lw Ctr, Att Chrt Lws, Rsutis Piis Istitut rss th USAgist Stt L Pi Ermt ImmigrtiLws (Ls Ags: Nti Immigrti Lw Ctr,2004)

88 Ibid

89 Ibid90 M Vrsyi, Itrrgtig Urb Citizship vis--vis

Uumt Migrti, Citizenship Studies 10, 2(2006)

Jean McDonald is a doctoral candidate in the graduate pro-

gram in Social Anthropology at York University and a long-

time member o No One Is Illegal in oronto


McDonald 2009

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