MCB 317 Genetics and Genomics
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Transcript of MCB 317 Genetics and Genomics
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MCB 317Genetics and Genomics
MCB 317 Topic 10, part 3A Story of Transcription
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Why are Acitvators cartooned as two balls held together by a tether?
Co-activators & chromatin remodeling complexes not shown
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General FactorsRNAP
Activators
Properties of Activators
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ActivatorsMultiple functions = multiple domains
• DNA binding domain• Activation domain• Dimerization domain (some)• Ligand binding domain (some)
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Genes in Yeast vs. Larger Euk
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Reporter gene in yeast -> use to study activators
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Deletion Analysis of Coding Region -> Truncated Proteins
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Domains of Activators
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Properties of Activators:Transcription factor families
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Gene Families
• It is more common to create variations of a useful protein structure than it is to create a new structure
• Families created by gene duplication and divergence
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Gene Families are Generated by Duplication and Divergence
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ActivatorsMultiple functions = multiple domains
• DNA binding domain• Activation domain• Dimerization domain (some)• Ligand binding domain (some)
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• Helix-turn-helix• Helix-loop-helix• Homeobox• Zinc finger• Leucine zipper
Activators classified based on their DNA binding domain: Transcription factor families
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Activators classified based on their DNA binding domain: Transcription factor families
Different Family Members = Different Binding Site
Protein Domains andStructural Motifs
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Protein – DNA interaction
General Properties of Proteins that bind DNA
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Helix-turn-helix
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Homeodomain
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Zinc finger type I structure
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LeucineZipper
Activators (factors) that dimerize only bind DNA as dimers
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Homodimers bind inverted repeats
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Homodimers, Heterodimers, Family Members and Recognition Sites
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Zinc-finger type II Heterodimers
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Helix-loop-helix dimer
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Cell Type Specific Patterns of Txn = Combination of Which Receptors and Txn Factors (Activators) a Cell Produces
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Some Key Activators -> Txn of other Activators
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ActivatorsMultiple functions = multiple domains
• DNA binding domain• Activation domain• Dimerization domain (some)• Ligand binding domain (some)
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Gene family members
Gene Gene
Gene
Ortholog
Paralog
Orthologs = family members in different speciesParalogs = family members in same species
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Blast Search
Yeast = 34 Zinc Finger Txn Factors (Activators)
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Ab
Protein
ExpressionPattern
Gene
Gene (Organism 2)Paralogs
Mutant Gene
Biochemistry
Genetics
Mutant Organism
1
2
3
4
78
56 9
10
11
Orthologs and Paralogs
9
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Many Types of Steroid Hormones
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A Variety of Family Members of Steroid-binding Txn Factors (Activators)
In General Family Members have similar properties:Monomer v. dimer, mode of activation/inhibition, even types of genes regulated: homeodomains -> genes invovled in development
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Gene Families
• It is more common to create variations of a useful protein structure than it is to create a new structure
• Families created by gene duplication and divergence