MBBRACE-UK?MMBRACE-UK?MBRRACE-UK?

Hsu ChongNIHR Clinical Lecturer

St5 O&G

Background

• Confidential enquiry into maternal deaths• Saving Mothers’ Lives• MBRRACE- Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk

Through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK

Sombre facts• Each death is a personal tragedy for every family• Between 2009 and 2012 - 321 women died

– The women who died gave birth to 235 infants of whom 173 survived

– The women who died left behind a further 408 surviving children

– In total 581 motherless children remain

Maternal death rate 2003-12(Three year rolling averages)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

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Mid-year of each three-year period

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Direct and Indirect maternal death rate

Direct maternal death rate

Indirect maternal death rate

Causes of maternal death

Other

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Solid bars show indirect causes, hatched bars show direct causes

74% of women who died 2009-12 had a pre-existing medical disorder

Learning lessons to improve care

“We owe it to those left behind to learn from the death of their mother, partner, daughter or

friend and to make changes for the future to prevent other women from dying”

Dr Sara Kenyon, MBRRACE-UK, Dec 2014

Maternal mortality in the UK, France and the Netherlands

Netherlands 2009-12 France 2007-09 UK 2010-120

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DirectIndirect

Rate

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,000

Sources: Dutch Maternal Mortality Committee 2014, MBRRACE-UK 2014, CNEMM 2013

Maternal mortality rate by age

Rate per 100,000

maternities

95% CI Relative risk (RR)

95% CI

Age <20 8.7 4.9-14.3 1.26 0.65-2.3320 – 24 6.9 4.9-9.3 1 25 – 29 8.3 6.5-10.4 1.21 0. 81-1.8130 – 34 9.6 7.7-11.9 1.40 0.96-2.0935 – 39 15.2 12.0-19.0 2.22* 1.50-3.32≥ 40 22.7 15.1-32.8 3.30* 1.96-5.47

*Significantly raised compared to women aged 20-24

Maternal mortality rate by area of residence (IMD quintile)

Rate per 100,000 maternities

95% CI Relative risk (RR)

95% CI

IMD Quintiles (England only) I (Least deprived/ highest

20%) 8.2 5.6 to 11.6 1 -

II 8.2 5.6 to 11.4 1.00 0.60 to 1.67III 8.9 6.4 to 12.0 1.09 0.67 to 1.77IV 11.0 8.5 to 14.0 1.34 0.87 to 2.12V (Most deprived/ lowest 20%)

12.1 9.7 to 14.9 1.48* 1.00 to 2.29

*Significantly raised compared to women in least deprived areas

Maternal mortality rate by ethnic group

Rate per 100,000

maternities

95% CI Relative risk (RR)

95% CI

Ethnicity (England only)

White (inc. not known) 9.0 7.8 -10.4 1 Indian 20.5 11.9-32.8 2.27* 1.30-3.74Pakistani 13.9 7.8-22.8 1.53 0.84-2.60Bangladeshi 11.1 3.0-28.4 1.23 0.33-3.20Other Asian 8.1 2.9-17.6 0.90 0.32-1.99Caribbean 18.5 6.0-43.2 2.05 0.66-4.87African 26.9 17.6-39.4 2.98* 1.90-4.51Others/ mixed 10.2 5.6-17.1 1.13 0.61-1.94

*Significantly raised compared to white women

Maternal mortality rate according to country of birth

Woman's country of birth

Rate per 100,000

maternities

95% CI Relative risk (RR) 95% CI

UK 8.6 7.5 to 9.8 1 -Outside UK 15.2 12.5 to 18.3 1.77* 1.39 to 2.24

Bangladesh 9.0 1.9 to 26.3 1.05 0.21 to 3.11India 14.5 6.3 to 28.6 1.69 0.72 to 3.39Pakistan 10.9 4.7 to 21.4 1.27 0.54 to 2.54Sri Lanka 29.4 8.0 to 75.1 3.42 0.92 to 8.89Ghana 22.0 4.5 to 64.2 2.56 0.52 to 7.59Nigeria 34.2 16.4 to 62.9 3.99* 1.88 to 7.48Somalia 17.8 4.8 to 45.5 2.07 0.56 to 5.38Poland 8.9 3.6 to 18.3 1.03 0.41 to 2.17

*Significantly raised compared to women born in the UK

Other characteristics of women who died

Medical condition/ characteristic

Direct (n=106)Frequency (%)

Indirect (n=215)Frequency (%)

Total (n=321)Frequency (%)

Body mass index (BMI) kg/m2

<18 1 (0.9) 5 (2.3) 6 (1.9)18 – 24 35 (33.0) 89 (41.4) 124 (38.6)25 – 29 28 (26.4) 44 (20.5) 72 (22.4)≥ 30 31 (29.3) 56 (26.0) 87 (27.1)Missing 11 (10.4) 21 (9.8) 31 (10.0)

Mental health problems

Yes 12 (11.3) 42 (19.5) 54 (16.8)No 87 (82.1) 165 (76.7) 252 (78.5)

Any pre-existing medical condition (excluding obesity)

Yes 74 (69.8) 163 (75.8) 237 (73.8)No 25 (23.6) 44 (20.5) 69 (21.5)Missing 7 (6.6) 8 (3.7) 15 (4.7)

Direct deaths

• Thrombosis• Genital Tract Sepsis• Haemorrhage

VTE RiskRisk of VTE per 10000 healthy women/year

Relative risk

No contraception & not pregnant 2 1

1st and 2nd generation COCP ( levonorgestrel, norgestimate, orethistrone)

5-7 2.5

Etonogestrel (ring) or norelgestromin (patch)

6-12 3

3rd /4th generation (gestodene, desogestrel, drospirenone)

9-12 4.5

Pregnancy 29 14.5

Post-partum 300-400 150-200

RCOG Guideline 37a

RCOG Guideline 37a

Postnatal risk assessment

Postnatal risk assessment

Genital tract sepsis

Characteristics of Women who Died• Age

• Median age 30 years (range 17- 45)• 35% (n=7) of women who died from Genital Tract Sepsis were > 35 years,

whereas for the influenza and other groups the figure was 22% & 26%• Primiparous = 33% • Minority ethnic groups = 33% • Born outside the UK = 24%• Died in the postnatal period = 82%• Smoked = 24%

– the majority of women who smoked (13 out of 20) died from a respiratory cause

• Obese = 22%

Comparison between women who died and women who survived

Classification of care received

Percentage of women who died

Percentage of women who survived

Good care 23% 26%

Improvements to care which would have made no difference to outcome

14% 53%

Improvements to care which may have made a difference to outcome

63% 21%

Figure 2. Distribution of causative organisms according to source of infection and mode of delivery.

Acosta CD, Kurinczuk JJ, Lucas DN, Tuffnell DJ, Sellers S, et al. (2014) Severe Maternal Sepsis in the UK, 2011–2012: A National Case-Control Study. PLoS Med 11(7): e1001672. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosmedicine/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672

Figure 2. Distribution of causative organisms according to source of infection and mode of delivery.

Acosta CD, Kurinczuk JJ, Lucas DN, Tuffnell DJ, Sellers S, et al. (2014) Severe Maternal Sepsis in the UK, 2011–2012: A National Case-Control Study. PLoS Med 11(7): e1001672. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosmedicine/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672

Genital Tract Sepsis: Delays in Management

• Delay in identification of the source of infection

• When recognised as genital tract – not fully investigated or monitored

• Over-reliance on antibiotics to control the infection at source

• Poor recourse to imaging & repeated imaging – MRI / CT scan

• Reluctance to take surgical measures - appropriate drainage of collections or

surgical excision of infected tissue

“A woman presented in labour and was noted to have genital tract sepsis. She was delivered by caesarean section. The operation was complicated by a lateral tear and atony with an estimated blood loss of 1500mls. She was given intravenous antibiotics for 48 hours after delivery but her sepsis did not improve. There were several changes of antibiotics.

On day 5 postpartum a CT scan was performed and found what was thought to be an area of sepsis in the wound communicating with the uterine cavity.

On day 6 she worsened and a laparotomy was performed. The uterus was necrotic and the abdomen contained a great deal of pus. She had a sub-total hysterectomy and wound debridement. Despite intensive care she developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, deteriorated and died”

“A woman admitted in second trimester with vomiting and preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes. Septic - chorioamnionitis caused intrauterine death of the fetus.

The sepsis resuscitation bundle was promptly applied and following blood cultures and discussion with a consultant microbiologist, antibiotics were commenced within one hour of diagnosis. Despite resuscitation she failed to improve. The team then proceeded to hysterotomy to remove the source of the sepsis. After two days of supportive care on the intensive care unit she made a full and complete recovery.

Her treatment was prompt and effective with rapid source control when she failed to respond to conservative treatments. The time from admission to control of the sepsis was 18 hours.”

Recommendation Genital Tract Sepsis

When sepsis is present the source should actively be sought with appropriate imaging and consideration given to whether surgical or radiologically-guided drainage is required

(RCOG Green-top guideline 64b, 2012)

Deaths from haemorrhage

• 0.46/100 000• (Deaths from Cardiac disease =2.25/ 100 000)

• Causes: 4Ts – Uterine Tone– Retained placental Tissue– Trauma– Thrombin (clotting disorders)

Haemorrhage

RCOG guidelines: Post-partum haemorrhage

Deaths from cardiac disease

Deaths from cardiac disease

• Saving Mothers’ Lives report (BJOG, March 2011)

Causes of death

• MI– 0.48/100 000 deaths– UKOSS: 0.7/100 000 non-fatal Mis

• Aortic dissection– Marfan’s– Type IV Ehlers-Danlos

• Cardiomyopathy– Rare

Recommendations

• Thorough history and examination• Phone a friend (the Medical Reg)• Repeat investigations

– ECG– Troponin– Early recourse to angioplasty– CXR/MRI/Echo

DEATHS FROM NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE

Neurological disease

• Epilepsy-commonest neuro disease– P/N advice (showers not baths etc)

• Post-natal conception/contraception counselling in women with neurological disease is as much our responsibility as the GPs/ neuro team

• Much needed:– Research into SUDEP (Sudden unexpected Deaths in

Pregnancy)

Case 1• Admitted for induction• BP 140/95• Given Dinoprostone gel• Syntometrine at delivery• Sudden severe headache,

seizure, asystole-SAH

Oxytocin alone (without ergometrine) is the drug of choice

for the routine active management of the third stage of labour

NICE CG107, CG55

Ischaemic Stroke

Rare0.03 per 100 000 maternities

Neither pregnancy, caesarean section delivery nor the immediate

post-partum state are absolute contraindications to thrombolysis (intravenous or intra-arterial), clot

retrieval or craniectomy.

ACTIONS FOR DOCTORS, MIDWIVES AND ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

Causes of maternal death

Sepsis

Observations

All women with any symptoms or signs of ill health, including those who are postnatal, should • basic observations taken (temperature, pulse rate,

respiratory rate and blood pressure)• results documented • AND acted upon

Influenza

Communication

• Do not hesitate to seek senior advice.

• Consultant to consultant referral is appropriate when specialist advice is needed.

• All staff should participate in the review of care for the Confidential Enquiry.

Key Messages• Pre-pregnancy counselling by doctors with experience of managing

their disorder in pregnancy.

• Coordinated multidisciplinary obstetric and medical clinic, thereby avoiding the need to attend multiple appointments and poor communication between senior specialists responsible for their care.

• Individualised care plan made together by members of the multidisciplinary team including a midwife, obstetrician, obstetric anaesthetist, obstetric or specialty physician, psychiatrist, surgeon and members of the allied health professions as appropriate.

Key messages• Appropriately trained senior physicians should be involved in the

care of pregnant and post partum women with new onset symptoms suggestive of or known underlying medical disorders.

• All pregnant women presenting with acute respiratory compromise require urgent assessment by a physician and an anaesthetist or intensive care specialist.

• Routine advice for pregnant women with diabetes mellitus should include the increased risk of hypoglycaemia and education of family members about optimal management of this condition.

Key Messages• All women with proteinuria should have this quantified and further

investigated if found to be significant.

• Super morbidly obese pregnant women should be looked after by specialist multidisciplinary teams.

• Senior surgical opinion is essential when dealing with surgical complications in pregnancy or postpartum and should not be delayed by team hierarchy. Early discussion between consultant obstetrician and consultant surgeon is vital.

Go save some lives