MB0031 Assingment Set1 Set2

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ASSIGNMENTS - MBA II SEMESTER

MB0031

SET 1

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Q.1:- a. Explain the impact of MIS in the area of police Information

system.

b. What are the functions and disadvantages of MIS?

Ans:- MIS is an Information system which helps in providing the management of an

organization with information which is used by management for decision making.

A management information system (MIS) is a subset of the overall internal

controls of a business covering the application of people, documents, technologies, and

procedures by management accountants to solving business problems such as costing a

product, service or a business-wide strategy. Management information systems are

distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other

information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically,

the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods

tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support

Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.

During the period of preindustrial revolution most of the data processing was done manu

ally.It was after the industrial revolution that the computers slowly started replacingmanual labour. The modern digital computer was basically designed to handle scientific

calculations. During the period 1940 to 1960 computers were commercially used for

census and payroll work. This involved large

amount of data and its processing. Since then the commercial application exceeded the

scientific applications for which the computer were mainly intended for. MIS is an

Information system which helps in providing the management of an organization with

information which is used by management for decision making.

Impact of MIS MIS has a major impact on the functions of any organization. The

organization derives benefits from the systems in the following form:

(a) Speedy access to information,(b) Interpretation of data,

(c) Quick decisions,

(d) Speedy actions,

(e) Increased productivity and thereby increase in the profit

(f) Reduced transaction cost

The usage of Electronic media for data storage and processing the data is an inte

gral part of MIS. The texts and images in electronic forms are effective in

communicating ideas from source to destination. It is technology driven in the

sense it revolves around wireless electronic gadgets, internet, money cards

credits cards, debit cards, id cards, atm cards etc.

MIS is very significant in modern day education system where we come

across usage of LCDs, Smart

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boards, internet etc in class rooms. In the tourism MIS has led to radical

changes in booking system, tourist information system, hotel facilities,

accommodation facilities, transportation modes available, images of the facilities that

could be provided etc.

Function of MIS The main function of MIS is to help the managers and the executive

s in the organization in decision making.

1. Large quantities of data like customers information, competitors

information, personnel records, sales data, accounting data etc is collected

from internal sources like the

company records and external sources like annual reports and publications.2. The collected data is organized in the form of a database.

3. The data from the database is processed and analysed by using

different tools and techniques.

4. The results of the analysis is properly presented to the managers to help

them in decision making.

Disadvantages of MIS

1. Highly senstive requires constant monitoring.

2. Budgeting of MIS extremely difficult.

3. Quality of outputs governed by quality of inputs.4. Lack of flexiblity to update itself.

5. Effectiveness decreases due to frequent changes in top management

6. Takes into account only qualitative factors and ignores non-qualitative

factors like morale of worker, attitude of worker etc...

Q.2:- a. Write a scenario which shows the applications of OLAP systems.

b. How does Information technology influence the organization s goals?

Ans:- Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) OLAP refers to a system in which there

are predefined multiple instances of various modules used in business applications. Any

input to such a system results in verification of the facts with respect to the

available instances. A nearest match is found analytically and the results

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MIS

Teaching

methodology

Transportation

planning

Better Tourists

InformationOffice

automation

Better Banking

system

Increased

Production


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displayed form the database. The output is sent only after thorough verification

of the input facts fed to the system.

The system goes through a series of multiple check of the various parameters use

d in business decision making.

OLAP is also referred to as a multi dimensional analytical model.Many big companies use OLAP to get good returns in business. The querying process of t

he OLAP is very strong. It helps the management take decisions like which month would

be appropriate to launch a product in the market,

what should be the production quantity to maximize the returns,

what should be the stocking policy in order to minimize the wastage etc.

Model of OLAP

IT influences Organizations goals There is always a mention about what IT contributes to

corporate strategy. It was recognized that corporation achieved a

significant competitive advantage by adopting suitable IT concepts in building

While many people think of decision support systems as a specialized part of a

business, most companies have actually integrated this system into their day to day

operating activities. For instance, many companies constantly download and analyzesales data, budget sheets and forecasts and they update their strategy once they

analyze and evaluate the current results. Decision support systems have a definite

structure in businesses, but in reality, the data and decisions that are based on it are

fluid and constantly changing.

Types of DSS

Data-Driven DSS take the massive amounts of data available through the company's

TPS and MIS systems and cull from it useful information which executives can use to

make more informed decisions. They don't have to have a theory or model but can "free-

flow" the data. The first generic type of Decision Support System is a Data-Driven DSS.These systems include file drawer and management reporting systems, data

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warehousing and analysis systems, Executive Information Systems (EIS) and Spatial

Decision Support Systems. Business Intelligence Systems are also examples of Data-

Driven DSS. Data-Driven DSS emphasize access to and manipulation of large databases

of structured data and especially a time-series of internal company data and sometimes

external data. Simple file systems accessed by query and retrieval tools provide the

most elementary level of functionality. Data warehouse systems that allow themanipulation of data by computerized tools tailored to a specific task and setting or by

more general tools and operators provide additional functionality.

Data-Driven DSS with Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) provide the highest

level of functionality and decision support that is linked to analysis of large collections of

historical data.

Model-Driven DSS A second category, Model-Driven DSS, includes systems that use

accounting and financial models, representational models, and optimization models.

Model-Driven DSS emphasize access to and manipulation of a model. Simple statistical

and analytical tools provide the most elementary level of functionality. Some OLAP

systems that allow complex analysis of data may be classified as hybrid DSS systems

providing modeling, data retrieval and data summarization functionality. Model-Driven

DSS use data and parameters provided by decision-makers to aid them in analyzing a

situation, but they are not usually data intensive. Very large databases are usually not

needed for Model-Driven DSS.

Model-Driven DSS were isolated from the main Information Systems of the

organization and were primarily used for the typical "what-if" analysis. That is, "What if

we increase production of our products and decrease the shipment time?" These systems

rely heavily on models to help executives understand the impact of their decisions on theorganization, its suppliers, and its customers.

Knowledge-Driven DSS The terminology for this third generic type of DSS is still

evolving. Currently, the best term seems to be Knowledge-Driven DSS. Adding the

modifier driven to the word knowledge maintains a parallelism in the framework and

focuses on the dominant knowledge base component. Knowledge-Driven DSS can

suggest or recommend actions to managers. These DSS are personal computer systems

with specialized problem-solving expertise. The "expertise" consists of knowledge about

a particular domain, understanding of problems within that domain, and "skill" at solving

some of these problems. A related concept is Data Mining. It refers to a class of

analytical applications that search for hidden patterns in a database. Data mining is theprocess of sifting through large amounts of data to produce data content relationships.

Document-Driven DSS A new type of DSS, a Document-Driven DSS or Knowledge

Management System, is evolving to help managers retrieve and manage unstructured

documents and Web pages. A Document-Driven DSS integrates a variety of storage and

processing technologies to provide complete document retrieval and analysis. The Web

provides access to large document databases including databases of hypertext

documents, images, sounds and video. Examples of documents that would be accessed

by a Document-Based DSS are policies and procedures, product specifications, catalogs,

and corporate historical documents, including minutes of meetings, corporate records,

and important correspondence. A search engine is a powerful decision aiding tool

associated with a Document-Driven DSS.

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Communications-Driven and Group DSS Group Decision Support

Systems (GDSS) came first, but now a broader category of Communications-Driven DSS

or groupware can be identified. This fifth generic type of Decision Support System

includes communication, collaboration and decision support technologies that do not fit

within those DSS types identified. Therefore, we need to identify these systems as aspecific category of DSS. A Group DSS is a hybrid Decision Support System that

emphasizes both the use of communications and decision models. A Group Decision

Support System is an interactive computer-based system intended to facilitate the

solution of problems by decision-makers working together as a group. Groupware

supports electronic communication, scheduling, document sharing, and other group

productivity and decision support enhancing activities We have a number of technologies

and capabilities in this category in the framework Group DSS, two-way interactive

video, White Boards, Bulletin Boards, and Email.

The five levels Scott Morton proposes five levels of complexity at which

reconfiguration can be applied. The following five levels indicates how it is possible to

reconfigure strategic information system based on the influence of IT.

1. Localised exploitation This is part of the Evolutionary level and exist

s within individual business functions. It addresses the local efficiency and

effectiveness of a information system.

2. Internal integration

This is part of the evolutionary level and exists between different systems

and applications. It evolves out of rationalization using a common IT

platform. Efficiency and effectiveness are enhanced by coordination

and cooperation within the enterprise;

3. Business process redesign This is part of the revolutionary

level. It involves more thorough reevaluation of the enterprise valuechain and the

production process.

4. Business network redesign This is also part of the

revolutionary level. It

involves reconfiguration of the scope and tasks of the business network. It also

helps in the creation and delivery of products and services. Coordination and

cooperation extend, selectively, beyond the enterprise's boundaries; and

5. Business scope redefinition It is also part of the revolutionary level

. It involves migration of functions across the enterprise's boundaries. It may

change the organization's conception of the business.

Scott Morton's Five Levels of ITInduced Reconfiguration (Scott Morton 1991)

(b) Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

India Outsourcing > Software Development Life Cycle

As in any other engineering discipline, software engineering also has some

structured models for software development. This document will provide you with a

generic overview about different software development methodologies adopted by

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contemporary software firms. Read on to know more about the Software Development

Life Cycle (SDLC) in detail.

Curtain Raiser Like any other set of engineering products, software products are

also oriented towards the customer. It is either market driven or it drives the market.

Customer Satisfaction was the buzzword of the 80's. Customer Delight is today'sbuzzword and Customer Ecstasy is the buzzword of the new millennium. Products that

are not customer or user friendly have no place in the market although they are

engineered using the best technology. The interface of the product is as crucial as the

internal technology of the product.

Market Research A market study is made to identify a potential customer's need.

This process is also known as market research. Here, the already existing need and the

possible and potential needs that are available in a segment of the society are studied

carefully. The market study is done based on a lot of assumptions. Assumptions are the

crucial factors in the development or inception of a product's development. Unrealistic

assumptions can cause a nosedive in the entire venture. Though assumptions are

abstract, there should be a move to develop tangible assumptions to come up with a

successful product.

Research and Development Once the Market Research is carried out, the

customer's need is given to the Research & Development division (R&D) to conceptualize

a cost-effective system that could potentially solve the customer's needs in a manner

that is better than the one adopted by the competitors at present. Once the conceptual

system is developed and tested in a hypothetical environment, the development team

takes control of it. The development team adopts one of the software development

methodologies that is given below, develops the proposed system, and gives it to thecustomer.

The Sales & Marketing division starts selling the software to the available

customers and simultaneously works to develop a niche segment that could potentially

buy the software. In addition, the division also passes the feedback from the customers

to the developers and the R&D division to make possible value additions to the product.

While developing a software, the company outsources the non-core activities to

other companies who specialize in those activities. This accelerates the software

development process largely. Some companies work on tie-ups to bring out a highly

matured product in a short period.

Popular Software Development Models The following are some basic popular

models that are adopted by many software development firms

1. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model

2. Prototyping Model

3. Rapid Application Development Model

4. Component Assembly Model

A. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model This is also known as

Classic Life Cycle Model (or) Linear Sequential Model (or) Waterfall Method. This model

has the following activities.

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1. System/Information Engineering and Modeling As software is always of

a large system (or business), work begins by establishing the requirements for all

system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software.

This system view is essential when the software must interface with other elements such

as hardware, people and other resources. System is the basic and very criticalrequirement for the existence of software in any entity. So if the system is not in place,

the system should be engineered and put in place. In some cases, to extract the

maximum output, the system should be re-engineered and spruced up. Once the ideal

system is engineered or tuned, the development team studies the software requirement

for the system.

2. Software Requirement Analysis This process is also known as

feasibility study. In this phase, the development team visits the customer and studies

their system. They investigate the need for possible software automation in the given

system. By the end of the feasibility study, the team furnishes a document that holds the

different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It also includes the

personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, target dates etc.... The requirement

gathering process is intensified and focussed specially on software. To understand the

nature of the program(s) to be built, the system engineer or "Analyst" must understand

the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior,

performance and interfacing. The essential purpose of this phase is to find the need and

to define the problem that needs to be solved.

3. System Analysis and Design In this phase, the software

development process, the software's overall structure and its nuances are defined. In

terms of the client/server technology, the number of tiers needed for the packagearchitecture, the database design, the data structure design etc... are all defined in this

phase. A software development model is thus created. Analysis and Design are very

crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in the design phase could be very

expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development. Much care is taken

during this phase. The logical system of the product is developed in this phase.

4. Code Generation The design must be translated into a machine-readable

form. The code generation step performs this task. If the design is performed in a

detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished without much complication.

Programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers etc... are used to generate

the code. Different high level programming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java are usedfor coding. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is

chosen.

B. Prototyping Model This is a cyclic version of the linear model. In this model,

once the requirement analysis is done and the design for a prototype is made, the

development process gets started. Once the prototype is created, it is given to the

customer for evaluation. The customer tests the package and gives his/her feed back to

the developer who refines the product according to the customer's exact expectation.

After a finite number of iterations, the final software package is given to the customer.

In this methodology, the software is evolved as a result of periodic shuttling of

information between the customer and developer. This is the most popular development

model in the contemporary IT industry. Most of the successful software products have

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been developed using this model - as it is very difficult (even for a whiz kid!) to

comprehend all the requirements of a customer in one shot. There are many variations

of this model skewed with respect to the project management styles of the companies.

New versions of a software product evolve as a result of prototyping.

Back to top.

C. Rapid Application Development (RAD) ModelThe RAD modelis a linear

sequential software development process that emphasizes an extremely short

development cycle. The RAD model is a "high speed" adaptation of the linear sequential

model in which rapid development is achieved by using a component-based construction

approach. Used primarily for information systems applications, the RAD approach

encompasses the following phases:

1. Business modeling The information flow among business functions is

modeled in a way that answers the following questions:

What information drives the business process?

What information is generated?

Who generates it?

Where does the information go?

Who processes it?

2. Data modeling The information flow defined as part of the business

modeling phase is refined into a set of data objects that are needed to support

the business. The characteristic (called attributes) of each object is identified and

the relationships between these objects are defined.

3. Process modeling The data objects defined in the data-modeling phase

are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a

business function. Processing the descriptions are created for adding, modifying,

deleting, or retrieving a data object.

4. Application generation The RAD model assumes the use of the RAD

tools like VB, VC++, Delphi etc... rather than creating software using

conventional third generation programming languages. The RAD model works to

reuse existing program components (when possible) or create reusable

components (when necessary). In all cases, automated tools are used to facilitate

construction of the software.

5. Testing and turnover Since the RAD process emphasizes reuse,

many of the program components have already been tested. This minimizes the

testing and development time.

Back to top

D. Component Assembly Model Object technologies provide the technical

framework for a component-based process model for software engineering. The object

oriented paradigm emphasizes the creation of classes that encapsulate both data and

the algorithm that are used to manipulate the data. If properly designed and

implemented, object oriented classes are reusable across different applications and

computer based system architectures. Component Assembly Model leads to software

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reusability. The integration/assembly of the already existing software components

accelerates the development process. Nowadays many component libraries are available

on the Internet. If the right components are chosen, the integration aspect is made

much simpler.

Q.3:- a. Explain the role of systems analyst in SDLC. Explain with a scenario.b. Draw a data flow diagram for an hospital management system.

Ans:- SDLC System development cycle stages are sometimes known

as system study. System

concepts which are important in developing business information systems expedite

problem solving and improves the quality of decisionmaking. The system analyst has

to do a lot in this connection. They are confronted with the challenging task of

creating new systems an planning major changes in the organization.

The system analyst gives a system development project, meaning and direction.

The typical breakdown of an information systems life cycle includes a feasibility

study, requirements, collection and analysis, design, prototyping, implementation,

validation, testing and

operation. It may be represented in the form of a block diagram as shown below:

1. Feasibility study It is concerned with determining the cost effectivenes

s of variousalternatives in the designs of the information system and the priorities among

the various system components.

2. Requirements, collection and analysis It is concerned

with understanding the mission of the information systems, that is, the

application areas of the system within the enterprise and

the problems that the system should solve.

3. Design It is concerned with the specification of the information

systems structure. There are two types of design, database design and

application design. The database design is the design of the database design andthe application design is the design of the application programs.

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4. Prototyping A prototype is a simplified implementation that is produced i

n order

to verify in practice that the previous phases of the design were well conducted.

5. Implementation It is concerned with the programming of the finaloperational version of the information system. Implementation alternatives are

carefully verifies and compared.

6. Validation and testing It is the process of assuring that each

phase of the development process is of acceptable quality and is an accurate

transformation from the previous phase.

Data Flow Diagram Data flow diagrams represent the logical flow of data within

the system. DFD do not explain how the

processes convert the input data into output. They do not

explain how the processing takes place. DFD uses few symbols like circles and rectangles

connected by arrows to represent data flows. DFD can easily illustrate relationships

among data, flows, external entities an stores. DFD can also be drawn in

increasing levels of detail, starting with a summary high level view and

proceeding more detailed lower level views.

Q.4:- What are the features contributing to success and failures of MISmodels?

Ans:- Factors Contributing to Success of MIS The following features

contributing a lot for the success of MIS and are listed below:-

1. The MIS is integrated into the managerial functions. It sets clear objectives to

ensure that the MIS focuses on the major issues of the business. Also adequate

development resources are provided and the human and organisational barriers to

progress are removed.

2. An appropriate information processing technology required to meet the data

processing and analysis needs of the users of the MIS is selected.

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6. Lack of training and appreciation that the users of the information and the

generators of the data are different, and they have to play an important responsible role

in the MIS.

7. The MIS does not meet certain critical and key factors of its users such as a

response to the query on the database, an inability to get the processing done in aparticular manner, lack of user-friendly system and the dependence on the system

development personnel.

8. A belief that the computerised MIS can solve all the management problems of

planning and control of the business.

9. Lack of administrative discipline in following the standardised systems and

procedures, wrong coding and deviating from the system specifications result in

incomplete and incorrect information.

11. The MIS does not give perfect information to all the users in the organisation. Any

attempt towards such a goal will be unsuccessful because every user has a human

ingenuity, bias, certain assumptions not known to the designer. The MIS cannot make up

these by providing perfect information.

Q.5:- What are the limitations of ERP systems? How do ERP packages

help in overcoming theses limitations?

Ans:- Enterprise Resource Planning Manufacturing management systems have

evolved in stages over the few decades from a simple

means of calculating materials

requirements to the automation of an entire enterprise. Around 1980, over

frequent changes

in sales forecasts, entailing continual readjustments in production, as well as the

unsuitability

of the parameters fixed by the system, led MRP (Material Requirement Planning) to

evolve into a new concept : Manufacturing Resource Planning (or MRP2) and

finally the generic concept Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

The initials ERP originated as an extension of MRP (material requirements

planning then manufacturing resource planning). ERP systems now attempt to

cover all basic functions of an enterprise, regardless of the organization's business or

charter. Nonmanufacturing businesses, nonprofit organizations

and governments now all utilize ERP systems. To be considered an ERP system, a

software package must provide the function of at least two

systems. For example, a software package that provides both payroll and

accounting functions could technically be considered an ERP software package.

However, the term is typically reserved for larger, more broadly based application

s. The introduction of an ERP system to replace two or more independent applications

eliminates the need for external interfaces previously required between systems,

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and provides additional benefits that range from

standardization and lower maintenance to easier and/or greater reporting capabilities.

Some organizations -typically those with sufficient inhouse IT skills to integrate

multiple software products - choose to implement only portions of an ERP system and

develop an external interface to other ERP or standalone systems for their otherapplication needs. For example, one may choose to use the HRMS from one

vendor, and the financials systems from another, and perform the integration

between the systems themselves.

Ideally, ERP delivers a single database that contains all data for the software mod

ules, which would include:

Enterprise Resource Planning is a term originally derived from manufacturing

resource planning that followed material requirements planning . MRP evolved into

ERP when "routings" became a major part of the software architecture and a

company's capacity planning activity also became a part of the standard software

activity. ERP systems typically handle the manufacturing, logistics, distribution,

inventory, shipping, invoicing, and accounting for a company.

Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP software can aid in the control of many

business activities, like sales, marketing, delivery, billing, production, inventory

management, quality management, and human resource management.

ERP systems saw a large boost in sales in the 1990s as companies faced the Y2K

problem in their legacy systems. Many companies took this opportunity to replace their

legacy information systems

with ERP systems. This rapid growth in sales was followed by aslump in 1999, at which time most

companies had already implemented their Y2K solution.

ERPs are crossfunctional and enterprise wide. All functional departments

that are involved in operations or production are integrated in one system. In

addition to manufacturing, warehousing, logistics, and information technology, this

would include accounting, human resources, marketing, and strategic management.

The Ideal ERP System

An ideal ERP system is when a single database is utilized and contains all datafor various software modules. These software modules can include:

1. Manufacturing: Some of the functions include; engineering, capacity,

workflow management, quality control, bills of material, manufacturing process, etc.

2. Financials: Accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed assets, general

ledger and cash management, etc.

3. Human Resources: Benefits, training, payroll, time and attendance, etc

4. Supply Chain Management: Inventory, supply chain planning, supplier

scheduling, claim processing, order entry, purchasing, etc.

5. Projects: Costing, billing, activity management, time and expense, etc.

6. Customer Relationship Management: sales and marketing, service,

commissions, customer

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contact, calls center support, etc.

7. Data Warehouse: Usually this is a module that can be accessed by an organizati

ons customers, suppliers and employees.

Limitations of ERP Success depends on the skill and experience of the workforc

e, includingtraining about how to make the system work correctly. Many companies cut costs by

cutting training budgets. Privately owned small enterprises are often

undercapitalized, meaning their ERP system is often operated by personnel with

inadequate education in ERP in general, such as APICS foundations, and in

the particular ERP vendor package being used.

1. Personnel turnover; companies can employ new managers lacking

education in the company's ERP system, proposing changes in business practices

that are out of synchronization with the best utilization of the company's selected ERP.

2. Customization of the ERP software is limited. Some customization may involve

changing of the ERP software structure which is usually not allowed.

3. Reengineering of business processes to fit the "industry standard" prescribed

by the ERP system may lead to a loss of competitive advantage.

4. ERP systems can be very expensive to install often ranging from 30,000

US Dollars to 500,000,000 US Dollars for multinational companies.

5. ERP vendors can charge sums of money for annual license renewal that is unrelat

ed to the size of the company using the ERP or its profitability.

6. Technical support personnel often give replies to callers that are inappropriate for

the caller's corporate structure. Computer security concerns arise, for example

when telling a non-

programmer how to change a database on the fly, at a company that requires an audit

trail of changes so as to meet some regulatory standards.

7. ERPs are often seen as too rigid and too difficult to adapt to the specific

workflow and business process of some companies

this is cited as one of the main causes of their failure.

8. Systems can be difficult to use.

9. Systems are too restrictive and do not allow much flexibility in implementation an

d usage.

10. The system can suffer from the "weakest link" problem an inefficiency in one

department or at one of the partners may affect other participants.

11. Many of the integrated links need high accuracy in other applications to work

effectively. A company can achieve minimum standards, then over time "dirty

data" will reduce the reliability of some applications.

12. Once a system is established, switching costs are very high for any one

of the partners (reducing flexibility and strategic control at the corporate level).

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13. The blurring of company boundaries can cause problems in accountability,

lines of responsibility, and employee morale.

14. Resistance in sharing sensitive internal information between departments

can reduce the effectiveness of the software.

15. Some large organizations may have multiple departments with separate,

independent resources, missions, chainsofcommand, etc, and consolidation into a single

enterprise may yield limited benefits.

16. There are frequent compatibility problems with the various legacy systems of the

partners.

17. The system may be overengineered relative to the actual needs of the customer.

Before ERP systems, each department in an organization would most likely have t

heir own computer

system, data and database. Unfortunately, many of these systems would not be able

to communicate with one another or need to store or rewrite data to make it

possible for cross computer system communication. For instance, the financials of a

company

were on a separate computer system than the HR system, making it more intensive and

complicated to process certain functions. Once an ERP system is in place, usually all

aspects

of an organization can work in harmony instead of every single system needing to be

compatible witheach other. For large organizations, increased productivity and less types of

software are a result.

Q.6:- Explain the relationship between artificial intelligence and neural

networks with

the help of a scenario.

Ans:- Artificial Intelligence is the science and technology based on various functions to

develop a system that can think and work like a human being. It can reason,

analyze, learn, conclude and

solve problems. The systems which use this type of intelligence are known as artificialintelligent systems and their intelligence is referred to as artificial intelligence.

It was said that the computer dont have common sense. Here in AI, the main idea

is to make the computer think like human beings, so that it can be then said that

computers also have common sense. More precisely the aim is to

obtain a knowledge based computer system that will help managers to take quick decisio

ns in business.

Artificial Intelligence can be classified into various branches like Natural Language

Processing (NLP), Speech Recognition, Automated Programming, Machine Learning,

Pattern Recognition and Probabilistic Networks. Most of the software developed for AI

have been through Prolog, C++, Java and LISP. These programming languages

provide facility of creating various functions of business activity, extension of a

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function, handling dynamic situations in business, providing uniformity

in application etc.

A neuron is a micro cell which is connected to thousands of other micro cells in th

e brain and all the other parts of the human body containing nerves. It is a system

which tries to learn from the database and the managerthen decides what the right answer is. The entire neural network is realized in

the form of software. The software renders the computer as a problem solver. The

neural networks goes on building strong database for problem solving depending

upon the decisions taken by the manager in the form of response confirmation

given to the system by the manager. Neural networks can be used in various

business applications like forecasting, stock analysis, market analysis etc.

Advantages of Neural NetworksNeural networks are used to forecast some complex

data patterns. When designed properly, they can be used as experts for a

particular project. They have the ability to adjust to the changing environment and

thus are very flexible. For example, it can forecast net asset values of mutual funds.

Artificial intelligence is a field of science and technology based on

disciplines such as

computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics, mathematics and engineering. The

goal of AI is to develop computers that can simulate the ability to think, see,

hear, walk, talk and feel. In other words, simulation of computer functions

normally associated with human intelligence, such as

reasoning, learning and problem solving. AI can be grouped under three major

areas: cognitive science, robotics and natural

interfaces. Cognitive science focuses on researching on how the human brain works andhow humans think and learn. Applications in the cognitive science area of AI include the

development of expert systems and other knowledgebased systems that add a

knowledge base and some reasoning capability to information systems. Also

included are adaptive learning systems that can modify their

behavior based on information they acquire as they operate. Chess-

playing systems are some examples of such systems.

Fussy logic systems can process data that are incomplete or ambiguous. Thus, th

ey can solve semi

structured problems with incomplete knowledge by developing approximate inferences

and answers, as humans do.

Neural network software can learn by processing sample problems and

their solutions. As

neural nets start to recognize patterns, they can begin to program themselves to solve

such problems on their own. Neural networks are computing systems modeled after

the human brains mesh like network of interconnected processing elements, called

neurons. The human brain is estimated to have over 100 billion neuron brain cells.

The neural networks are lot simpler in architecture. Like the brain,

the interconnected processors in a neural network operate in parallel and interact dynam

ically with each other.

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This enables the network to operate and learn from the data it processes, similar

to the human brain. That is, it learns to recognize patterns and relationships in

the data. The more data examples

it receives as input, the better it can learn to duplicate the results of the examples

it processes. Thus, the neural networks will change the strengths of the

interconnections between the processing elements in response to changing patternsin the data it receives and results that occur.

For example, neural network can be trained to learn which credit characteristics r

esult in good or bad loans. The neural network would continue to be trained until

it demonstrated a high degree

of accuracy in correctly duplicating the results of recent cases. At

that point it would be trained enough to begin making credit evaluations of its own.

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ASSIGNMENTS - MBA II SEMESTER

MB0031

SET 2

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Q.1:- Explain the different business models that work together in an E-

enterprise system. Give example for each.

Ans:- Managing an E-business & Challenges before an E-business -Due to Internet

capabilities and web technology, traditional business organization definition has

undergone a change where scope of the enterprise now includes other company

locations, business partners, customers and vendors. It has no geographic boundaries as

it can extend its operations where Internet works. All this is possible due to Internet and

web moving traditional paper driven organization to information driven Internet enabled

E-business enterprise. E-business enterprise is open twenty-four hours, and being

independent, managers, vendors, customers transact business any time from anywhere.

Internet capabilities have given E-business enterprise a cutting edge capability

advantage to increase the business value. It has opened new channels of business as

buying and selling can be done on Internet. It enables to reach new markets across the

world anywhere due to communication capabilities. It has empowered customers and

vendors / suppliers through secured access to information to act, wherever necessary.

The cost of business operations has come down significantly due to the elimination of

paper-driven processes, faster communication and effective collaborative working. The

effect of these radical changes is the reduction in administrative and managementoverheads, reduction in inventory, faster delivery of goods and services to the

customers.

In E-business enterprise traditional people organization based on 'Command

Control' principle is absent. It is replaced by people organization that is empowered by

information and knowledge to perform their role. They are supported by information

systems, application packages, and decision-support systems. It is no longer functional,

product, and project or matrix organization of people but E-organization where people

work in network environment as a team or work group in virtual mode. E-business

enterprise is more process-driven, Technology-enabled and uses its own information and

knowledge to perform. It is lean in number, flat in structure, broad in scope and alearning organization. In E-business enterprise, most of the things are electronic, use

digital technologies and work on databases, knowledge bases, directories and document

repositories. The business processes are conducted through enterprise software like ERP,

SCM, and CRM supported by data warehouse, decision support, and knowledge

management systems. Today most of the business organizations are using Internet

technology, network, and wireless technology for improving the business performance

measured in terms of cost, efficiency, competitiveness and profitability. They are using

E-business, Ecommerce solutions to reach faraway locations to deliver product and

services. The enterprise solutions like ERP, SCM, and CRM run on Internet (Internet /

Extranet) & Wide Area Network (WAN). The business processes across the organization

and outside run on E-technology platform using digital technology. Hence today's

business firm is also called E-enterprise or Digital firm.

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The paradigm shift to E-enterprise has brought four transformations, namely:

1. Domestic business to global business.

2. Industrial manufacturing economy to knowledge-based service economy.

3. Enterprise Resource Management to Enterprise Network Management.4. Manual document driven business process to paperless, automated,

Electronically transacted business process.

These transformations have made conventional organization design obsolete.

In E-enterprise, business is conducted electronically. Buyers and sellers through

Internet drive the market and Internet-based web systems. Buying and selling is

possible on Internet. Books, CDs, computer, white goods and many such goods are

bought and sold on Internet. The new channel of business is well-known as Ecommerce.

On the same lines, banking, insurance, healthcare are being managed through Internet

E-banking, E-billing, E-audit, & use of Credit cards, Smart card, ATM, E-money are the

examples of the Ecommerce application. The digital firm, which uses Internet and web

technology and uses E-business and Ecommerce solutions, is a reality and is going to

increase in number.

MIS for E-business is different compared to conventional MS design of an

organization. The role of MIS in E-business organization is to deal with changes in global

market and enterprises. MIS produces more knowledge-based products. Knowledge

management system is formally recognized as a part of MIS. It is effectively used for

strategic planning for survival and growth, increase in profit and productivity and so on.

To achieve the said benefits of E-business organization, it is necessary to redesign theorganization to realize the benefits of digital firm. The organization structure should be

lean and flat. Get rid of rigid established infrastructure such as branch office or zonal

office. Allow people to work from anywhere. Automate processes after reengineering the

process to cut down process cycle time. Make use of groupware technology on Internet

platform for faster response processing. Another challenge is to convert domestic

process design to work for international process, where integration of multinational

information systems using different communication standards, country-specific

accounting practices, and laws of security are to be adhered strictly. Internet and

networking technology has thrown another challenge to enlarge the scope of

organization where customers and vendors become part of the organization. This

technology offers a solution to communicate, coordinate, and collaborate withcustomers, vendors and business partners. This is just not a technical change in

business operations but a cultural change in the mindset of managers and workers to

look beyond the conventional organization. It means changing the organization

behaviour to take competitive advantage of the E-business technology.

The last but not the least important is the challenge to organize and implement

information architecture and information technology platforms, considering multiple

locations and multiple information needs arising due to global operations of the business

into a comprehensive MIS. E-COMMERCE is a second big application next to ERP. It is

essential deals with buying and selling of goods. With the advent of intent and web

technology, E-Commerce today covers an entire commercial scope online including

design and developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing, and paying for goods.

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Some E-Commerce application add order tracking as a feature for customer to know the

delivery status of the order.

E-Collaboration helps work effectively on applications like calendaring and

scheduling tasks, event, project management, workflow application, work group

application. E-collaboration system components are internet, Intranet, Extranet and LAN,WAN networks for communication through GroupWare tools, browser.

Let us illustrate the model using an event in the business such as receipt of

material for a job to be processed on the shop floor. In this event there is a transaction

receipt of material, which needs to be processed, and then a workgroup will use this

information of material receipt. Each member of this workgroup has a different goal.

Q.2:- What are the different emerging fields in MIS? Explain with an

application of your own for each.

Ans:- A Strategic Information System (SIS) is a system to manage information and

assist in strategic decision making. A strategic information system has been defined as,

"The information system to support or change enterprise's strategy."

A SIS is a type of Information System that is aligned with business strategy and

structure. The alignment increases the capability to respond faster to environmental

changes and thus creates a competitive advantage. An early example was the favourable

position afforded American and United Airlines by their reservation systems, Sabre and

Apollo. For many years these two systems ensured that the two carriers' flights

appeared on the first screens observed by travel agents, thus increasing their bookings

relative to competitors. A major source of controversy surrounding SIS is theirsustainability.

SISs are different from other comparable systems as:

1. they change the way the firm competes.

2. they have an external (outward looking) focus.

3. they are associated with higher project risk.

4. they are innovative (and not easily copied).

It is mainly concerned with providing and organization and its members an

assistance to perform the routine tasks efficiently and effectively. One of the major issuebefore any organization is the challenge of meeting its goals and objectives. Strategic IS

enable such organization in realizing their goals. Strategic Information System (SIS) is a

support to the existing system and helps in achieving a competitive advantage over the

organizations competitors in terms of its objectives. This unit deals with the critical

aspects of the strategic information system. This units indicates the theoretical concepts

and the way in which the same are realized in practice. The flow of the unit is in such a

way that it starts

with the development of contemporary theory about strategic uses of corporations'

internal information systems leading to systems which transcend the boundaries of

particular organizations. The process whereby strategic information systems are created

or identified is then examined. A number of weaknesses in the existing body of theory

are identified, and suggestions made as to directions in which knowledge is or may be

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progressing. A strategic information system is concerned with systems which contribute

significantly to the achievement of an organization's overall objectives. The body of

knowledge is of recent origin and highly dynamic, and the area has an aura of

excitement about it. The emergence of the key ideas, the process whereby strategic

information systems come into being is assessed, areas of weakness are identified, and

directions of current and future development suggested.

Information system is regarded as a tool to provide various services to different

management functions. The tools have been developing year by year and the application

of the tool has become more and more diverse. In management it is now a very power

means to manage and control various activities and decision making process. The

original idea of automating mechanical processes got quickly succeeded by the

rationalization and integration of systems. In both of these forms, IS was regarded

primarily as an operational support tool, and secondarily as a service to management.

Subsequent to the development, it was during the last few years that an additional

potential was discovered. It was found that, in some cases, information technology (IT)

had been critical to the implementation of an organization's strategy. An organizations

strategy supported by information system fulfilling its business objectives came to be

known as Strategic Information System. The strategic information system consists of

functions that involved gathering, maintenance and analysis of data concerning internal

resources, and intelligence about competitors, suppliers, customers, government and

other relevant organizations.

Q.3:- How is MIS used for decision making in the organization?

Ans.:- Todays managers depend on information systems for decision making. The

managers have handful of data around them but manually they cannot process the data

accurately and with in the short period of time available to them due to heavy

competition in modern world. Therefore mangers depend on information systems.

The concept of MIS

Management Management has been defined in a variety of ways, but for

our purposes it comprises the process or activities what managers do in the operation of

their organization: Plan, Organize, Initiate and Control operations.

Information Data are facts and figures that are not currently being used in a

decision processes and usually take the form of historical records that are recorded and

filed without immediate intent to retrieve for decision making.

Information consists of data that have been retrieved, processed or otherwise

used for information or inference purposes, argument, or as a basis for forecasting or

decision making.

System can be described simply as a set of elements joined together for a

common objective. A subsystem is is part of a larger system with which we are

concerned. All systems are part of larger systems.

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The objective of an MIS (Management Information System) is to provide

information for decision making on planning, initiating, organizing, and controlling the

operations of the subsystems of the form and to provide a synergetic organization in the

process.

Decision Support System: It is sometimes described as the next evolutionary step

after Management Information Systems (MIS) . MIS support decision making in both

structured and unstructured problem environments.. It supports decision making at all

levels of the organization .IS (Information Systems) are intended to be woven into the

fabric of the organizations , not standing alone. IS support all aspects of the decision

making process.MIS are made of people, computers, procedures, databases, interactive

query facilities and so on. They are intended to be evolutionary/adaptive and easy for

people to use.

Methods of Decision Making MIS is a technique for making programmed

decisions. If we include the computer and management science as integral parts or tools

of computer based information systems, the prospects for a revolution in programmed

decision making are very real. Just as a manufacturing process is becoming more and

more automated so is the automation of programmed decisions increasing to support

this production and other information needs throughout the organization.

Q.4:-Below is the list of data from a sample project

Activity

Most likely

duration (Days)

Immediate

Predecessors to

activity

A 4 E,B

B 7 A,E

C 5 ---

D 11 C

E 9 ---

a. Draw the PERT network for the above data. Also draw the critical path

for the network.

b. Given the optimistic time estimate as 3, the most likely time estimate as 12

and the pessimistic time estimate as 21, calculate the activity time estimate.

Ans:- (a) The critical path is that path which takes the longest time for start to end.

The critical path for the above mentioned network is as follows:-

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A

0

3

4

52

C

DB

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(b) to the optimistic time estimate = 3

tm the most likely time estimate = 12

tp the pessimistic time estimate = 21

te the activity time estimate = to + 4tm +tp6

- ,- = 3 + 4(12) + 21

6

-,- = 12

Q.5:- Explain the difference between Intranet and Extranet

Ans:- Information Systems have grown powerful year after year. The role of the

traditional MIS has been obscured by newer software applications. Various

applications known collectively as enterprise resource planning (ERP) software

has taken a dominant position among large business applications. These packages,

which typically come in functional modules such as an accounting module,

a human resources module, and a manufacturing supply chain module, serve

many of the functions that a traditional MIS would, and they tend to be more

flexible, integrated, and user-friendly than legacy MIS. While early implementations

of ERP suites were largely cross functional databases with minimal high-level

management tools, later upgrades have added decision support and

data manipulation tools to facilitate a wide range of analyses.

In future, MIS is likely to be verbal and qualitative in nature. It will depend upon

the strength of the organizations Information Systems. Most of the enterprises are growi

ng and their systems also have to grow. The ever growing demands of the systems will f

orce out the old conventional systems by newer systems. The next decade is going to wit

ness several fundamental and qualitative changes in the practice of management of

commercial enterprises and other types of organizations. These changes would be

necessitated by better rates of economic growth, intensification of

competition, diversified and rapid technological developments, continuing fluidity in

economicpolitical environments, and sociopolitical changes involving the values and

attitudes of people working in organizations at all levels.

To support these demands and meet newer challenges inthe business, organizations will have to resort to various technologies. This unit

is based on such possible technologies which

will enable the enterprises to support their MIS.

Extranet An extranet is a private network that uses the Internet protocols and the

public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or

operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An

extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside

the company. An extranet requires security and privacy.

A new buzzword that refers to an intranet that is partially accessible to authorized

outsiders. Whereas an intranet resides behind a firewall and is accessible only to people

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who are members of the same company or organization, an extranet provides various

levels of accessibility to outsiders. You can access an extranet only if you have a valid

username and password, and your identity determines which parts of the extranet you

can view.

An extranet is somewhat very similar to an intranet. Extranets are designedspecifically to give external, limited access to certain files of your computer systems to:

1. Certain large or privileged customers.

2. Selected industry partners.

3. Suppliers and subcontractors... etc.

Therefore, a carefully designed extranet can bring additional business to your

company. Intranets and extranets all have three things in common:

1. They both use secured Internet access to the outside world.

2. Both can drastically save your company or organization a lot of

ney.

3. Both need a user ID & password to control access to the whole

tem.

The professional development team at My Web Services has the expertise and the

right tools to design the right intranet or extranet that will meet your exact needs, both

for today and the future.

Intranet An internal use, private network inside an organisation that uses the same

kind of software which would also be found on the Internet. Inter-connected networkwithin one organization that uses Web technologies for the sharing of information

internally, not world wide. Such information might include organization policies and

procedures, announcements, or information about new products.

An intranet is a restricted-access network that works like the Web, but isn't on it.

Usually owned and managed by a company, an intranet enables a company to share its

resources with its employees without confidential information being made available to

everyone with Internet access. A network based on TCP/IP protocols (an internet)

belonging to an organization, usually a corporation, accessible only by the organization's

members, employees, or others with authorization. An intranet's Web sites look and act

just like any other Web sites, but the firewall surrounding an intranet fends offunauthorized access. Like the Internet itself, intranets are used to share information.

An intranet is an information portal designed specifically for the internal

communications of small, medium or large businesses, enterprises, governments,

industries or financial institutions of any size or complexity. Intranets can be custom-

designed to fit the exact needs of businesses no matter where they are situated. Users

of intranets consists mainly of:

1. Members of the executive team.

2. Accounting and order billing.

3. Managers and directors.

4. Sales people and support staff.

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5. Customer service, help desk, etc.

Q.6:- Explain the control issues in management information systems.

Ans:- A management control systems (MCS) is a system which gathers and uses

information to evaluate the performance of different organizational resources likehuman, physical, financial and also the organization as a whole considering the

organizational strategies. Finally, MCS influences the behavior of organizational

resources to implement organizational strategies. MCS might be formal or informal. The

term management control was given of its current connotations by Robert N. Anthony

(Otley, 1994).

According to Maciariello et al. (1994), management control is concerned with

coordination, resource allocation, motivation, and performance measurement. The

practice of management control and the design of management control systems draws

upon a number of academic disciplines. Management control involves extensive

measurement and it is therefore related to and requires contributions from accounting

especially management accounting. Second, it involves resource allocation decisions and

is therefore related to and requires contribution from economics especially managerial

economics. Third, it involves communication, and motivation which means it is related to

and must draw contributions from social psychology especially organizational behavior

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Management control systems use many techniques such as

1. Balanced scorecard The balanced scorecard (BSC) is a strategic

performance management tool - a semi-standard structured report supported by provendesign methods and automation tools that can be used by managers to keep track of the

execution of activities by staff within their control and monitor the consequences arising

from these actions.

2. Total quality management (TQM) Total Quality Management (or

TQM) is a management concept coined by W. Edwards Deming. The basis of TQM is to

reduce the errors produced during the manufacturing or service process, increase

customer satisfaction, streamline supply chain management, aim for modernization of

equipment and ensure workers have the highest level of training. One of the principal

aims of TQM is to limit errors to 1 per 1 million units produced. Total Quality

Management is often associated with the development, deployment, and maintenance of

organizational systems that are required for various business processes.

3. Kaizen (Continuous Improvement) Kaizen (Japanese for

"improvement" or "change for the better") refers to a philosophy or practices that focus

upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, supporting

business processes, and management. It has been applied in healthcare, government,

banking, and many other industries.

4. Activity-based costing Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing model that

identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity resource to allproducts and services according to the actual consumption by each: it assigns more

indirect costs (overhead) into direct costs. In this way an organization can precisely

estimate the cost of its individual products and services for the purposes of identifying

and eliminating those which are unprofitable and lowering the prices of those which are

overpriced.

5. Target costing Target costing is a pricing method used by firms. It is

defined as "a cost management tool for reducing the overall cost of a product over its

entire life-cycle with the help of production, engineering, research and design". A target

cost is the maximum amount of cost that can be incurred on a product and with it the

firm can still earn the required profit margin from that product at a particular sellingprice.

6. Benchmarking and Benchtrending Benchmarking is the process of

comparing one's business processes and performance metrics to industry bests and/or

best practices from other industries. Dimensions typically measured are quality, time,

and cost. Improvements from learning mean doing things better, faster, and cheaper.

JIT: JIT may refer to:-

(a) Various meanings ofJust In Time.

(b) Just-in-time compilation - a technique for improving the

performance ofvirtual machines in computing.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_scorecardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_quality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity-based_costinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_costinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_marginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmarkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_In_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_scorecardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_quality_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Edwards_Deminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity-based_costinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_costshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_costinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_marginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmarkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_In_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing


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(c) Just-in-time (business) - a businessinventory strategy.

7. Budgeting A budget (from old French bougette, purse) is generally a list of all

planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving and spending. [1] A budget is an

important concept in microeconomics, which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade-

offs between two or more goods. In other terms, a budget is an organizational planstated in monetary terms.

8. Capital budgeting Capital budgeting (or investment appraisal) is the planning

process used to determine whether a firm's long term investments such as new

machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research

development projects are worth pursuing. It is budget for major capital, or investment,

expenditures.

9. Program management techniques, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgeting#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_budgetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgeting#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_budgetinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)

MB0031 Assingment Set1 Set2

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Transcript of MB0031 Assingment Set1 Set2