MAZAR,_Eilat]_The_Phoenicians_in_Achziv_The_SOUTHERN CEMETERY [2003].pdf

A large Phoenician settlement existed throughout the Iron Age and the Persian period at Tel Achziv. The tel is situated on the northern coast of Israel, 15krn north of Acre and 25km south of Tyre, in southern Phoenicia. This rnonograph deals with the southern cernetery of Achziv, which in Arabic is called Minet E-Zib (the port of Achziv), and also known by the narne Buqbaq (Figs. 1-2; Photos 1-7).2

The southern cernetery is on a sandstone (kurkar) ridge and covered by sand dunes. It is near the seashore, half a kilorneter south of Tel Achziv, on the southern side of the Sha'al River. The presently silted- up mouth of the river served as an entrance for ships into their safe harbor along the eastern side of the Tel (Raban 1984). Although this cernetery spreads over many dunams, its exact size is uncertain. On the west the cernetery is bordered by the sea and on the north by the Sha'al River. Its southern and eastern lirnits are unknown.

Irnanuel Ben-Dor conducted the fxst archaeological excavation at the southern cernetery in 1941, on behalf of the British Mandatory Govemrnent's Department of Antiquities. The excavation began when it becarne known that villagers frorn the area were looting the site (Prausnitz 1993). A report on the excavations conducted by E. Ben Dor at the southern and eastern cerneteries of Achziv in the years 1941-1944 has been published very recently (see end of Introduction).

Moshe Prausnitz continued excavations at the site on behalf of the Israel Llepartrnent of Antiquities in the years 1958, 1960 and 1980 (see: Prausnitz 1959, 1960a, 1960b, 1962. 1969, 1970, 1982). Frorn 1963 to 1964 he also conducted srnall-scale excavations on the tel on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and the Oriental Institute of the University of Rome (Prausnitz 1963, 1965).

Frorn 1988 to 1 9 0 , excavations continued in the southern cernetery of Achziv on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem by the author.3

1 I would especially like to thank Prof. Maria Eugenia Aubet for enabling this publication and for her encouragement and friendship.

2 All dates are Before the Cornmon Era. @CE) unless stated otherwise.

Fig. 1. Achziv on the northern coast of Israel

3 The excavations were funded by Mr. Jerome L. Joss of California, by the National Geographic Society, and by Mr. Leon Levy. Prof. Patricia Smith from the Hadassah School for Dental Medicine of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem conducted the anthropological research. The archaeologists were: Tarnar Shabi, Jonathan Nadelman, Shlomit Atzmon, Shoshana Israeli, and Ditza Shrnuel. Margalit Hayosh and Sylvia Zis were registrars. Woif Shiiecher, David Silverman, Neomi Gal and Sylvia Owen acted as photographers. The architect was Wolf Shiiecher. The Israeli Army Engineering Corps and the residents of Nahanyah supplied tremendous help, especially Eitan Moller, Roni Briller and Cobi Voif. Further collaborators: Ruth Rivak and Ora Mazar (pottery restoration); Shifra Izenshtein, Margaret Ichelberg and Dalit Weinblat- Krauss (drawing of pottery and finds); Eilat Mazar (photography of finds); Wolf Shiiecher and David Milson (final plans); Yiftah Shalev, Noam Adler and Orit Peleg (assisted in the final preparations of the report). Yiftah Shalev also prepared the final plates. David Milson edited the final rnanuaipt I would hke to thank all of them for their ddigence.

GunnarTypewritten TextMazar, Eilat2003The Phoenicians in Achziv: The Southern Cemetery: Jerome L. Joss Expedition: Final Report of the Excavations 1988-1990. Cuadernos de Arqueologia Mediterranea 7. Barcelona: Carrera Edici, Publicaciones del Laboratorio de Arqueologa, Universidad Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona.

GunnarTypewritten Text

GunnarTypewritten Text

CUADERNOS DE ARQLTOLOGA MEDITERRKEA / VOL. 7

The excavations revealed built tombs, rock-cut shaft tombs, round graves, pit graves, burials in pottery vessels and cremation burials. In spite of evidence of looting there was a large amount of evidence to be gained from the tombs concerning their architecture, burial goods, and burial cult.

In this monograph each tomb from the author's excavations will be discussed individually, in light of the following four categories:

1. Surroundings of the tomb: topographic location and its relation to other tombs, possible cult activity and finds.

2. Tomb-plan: architectural characteristics. 3. Excavationproces: stratigraphy, location of the

finds relative to each other, special elements such as stone-circles, etc.

4. Finds: figurines, jewelry, weapons, working tools, seals, amulets, etc.

This monograph is divided into five chapters. The first four chapters dea1 with different types of tombs and burials. The first chapter concerns built tombs, which appear as both cist tombs and chamber tombs. In chapter two shaft tombs are divided into five sub-types. Chapter three deals with three types of graves, which are smaller than tombs and usually for individuals. Cremation burials are discussed in chapter four. All tombs excavated by the author are numbered according to the excavation areas (for example, T.A. 1 = Tomb no. 1 in area A).

The report on Ben Dor's excavations by M. Dayagi-Mendels (The Akhziv Cemeteries, The Ben Dor Excavations, 1941-1944. Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) Reports, No. 15. Jerusalem, 2002) also includes an appendix by F. M. Cross on the stellae, and an appendix by O. Keel on the scarabs of Achziv.

Upon first glance at the volume, it is clear that the author did not pay sufficient heed to the extensive accounts left by the excavator. Such inadequate research leads to conclusions that are simply wrong, and which affect the entire understanding of the Phoeni- cian family tombs. A more thorough review of the volume will be published in the near future, and will clanfy its erroneous sections for the benefit of research on the subiect.

The complete excavation report by Ben-Dor served as a basis for my doctorate work, which was completed in 1 9 7 . Accordingly it is possible for me to iden* the claims in Dayagi-Mendels' volume that have no foun- datiora in these excavation reports. For example, upon careful examination of Ben-Dor's report on the eastern cemetery (ZR). no trace is found of the Cypriot import

White Painted Barrel juglet, dated to the 1Oth c. BCE. This fact is important in forming a general picture of rhe typological and chronological development of the family tombs in the Iron Age Achziv cemeteries, a picture indicating that the eastern cemetery went into use only at rhe end of the 10" c. - beginning of the 9th c. BCE, when the northern cemetery at Achziv was converted for use exclusively as a cremation burial site. Surprisingly, the White ~a in t ed Barrel juglet appears in Dayagi-Mendels' publication (under type CP9) as an artifact from tomb XVII in the eastern cemetery (ZR), even though, as mentioned above, Ben-Dor's report does not include such a vessel as coming from anywhere in the eastern cemetery. Rather, the vessel is reported by Ben-Dor as coming from tomb XVII in the southern cemetery (Z); it does not appear in Da- yagi-Mendels' description of that tomb. It can be assumed that a confusion of the names of the eastern and southern cemeteries led to this mistake, which has caused a major disruption in the proper dating of the tombs' typology. Furthermore, the pottery from tomb XVII of the southern cemetery (Z) at Achziv, including the appearance of the White Painted Barrel juglet there, was published by Culican in 1982 (W. Culican, The Repertoire of Phoenician Pottery. In H.G. Nie- meyer (ed), Phoniizier Im Western, Mainz am Rhein, 1982:45-82) but the article is not mentioned at all by Dayagi-Mendels in this context, even though it appears in the bibliography and was known to the author.

The same type of White Painted Barrel juglet appears in Dayagi-Mendels in tomb X of the southern cemetery (Z). Tomb X is a developed type of tomb that includes beds, and dates at the very earliest to the end of the 9fh C., but is characteristic of the 8fh - 7th C. BCE. The existence of this kind of juglet in a tomb with such beds necessitates an unreasonably early date for this kind of tomb, undermining the family tomb ty- pologies which until now have been integrated well into the full chronology of the Iron Age. Indeed, in the excavator's report the juglet does not appear in Tomb X of the southern cemetery (Z), rather in tomb m, as number 37. An incorrect marking on the artifact itself records it as coming from tomb X, as number 37, but such a mistake would certainly have been detected upon a careful study of the excavation report, given the fact that this kind of juglet pre-dates by 100 years the use of shaft tombs with beds.

Therefore, the publication of Dayagi-Mendels should be used with caution until a more detailed criticism, which precisely outlines rhe errors of rhe volume, is published.

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Fig. 2. Excavation areas A and C in the southern cemetery

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGA MEDITERRNEA / VOL. 7

Photo 1. Members of the expedition in 1988: Standing from left to right: Sohshana Israeli, volunteer, Pau1 Davis, Muki Zehavi, Amram, Yonatan Nadelman, Eilat Mazar, Wolf Schliecher, Ditza Shumuel, volunteer. Sitting: Sylvia Owen and Tamar Shabi.

Photo 2. Members of the expedition in 1989: Back row from left: Wolf Schliecher, Sylvia Zis (with Nadia Zis-Schliecher), Nir Zinger. Front row from left: Tamar Shabi, Yonatan Nadelman, Eilat Mazar. Sitting: Shlornit Atzmon.

hot to 3. Members of the expedition in 1990: Back row: Guy Cohen, Maydva Mazar-Kovalyo (on ladder), Wolf Schliecher, Yoni Rand, David Silverman. Smadar Atzmon, Adi Ziv, Margalit Hayosh Middle row Eilat Mazar Tamar Shabi, Sylvia Krapiwko. Sitting: Volunteer, Shlomit Atzmon.


Photos 4-5. Tel Achziv and the outlet of Sha'al river, looking north (4); the city of Naharia 1 km, from the site, looking south ( 5 )

Photos 6-7. Aerial photograph of the southern cemetery in 1956, the outlet of Sha'al river and the southern edge of Tel Achziv, looking north (6); The southern cemetery, looking northeast (7)

Chapter I

TYPE I: BUILT TOMBS of ashlar stones. ~ l l are oriented east west with entrances in the eastern wall.

In area C on the northwestern side of the southern In the vicinity of the chamber tombs three child cemetery, four built tombs were found (Fig. 3 and burials inside pottery vessels were found. It seems Photo 8). These are divided into three distinct types. that these burials relate to the tombs themselves, and Only one or two examples were found of each type. therefore, they are included within the tombs' These are a cist tomb built of rough stones, a chamber descriptions. tomb built of rough stones and chamber tombs built

0 ACHZlV SOUfH Area C

General Plsn -- -

-i- 1- -r + A 'A

I I? I n i 11 I 20 I 11 I tl i z t

Fig. 3. Area C - Built tombs (Types I. A-C)

Photo 8. Area C - Built tombs (Types 1.A.-C). looking west.

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CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOC

TYPE LA. CIST TOMBS BUILT OF ROUGH STONES

In 1963 Prausnitz discovered three cist tombs built of rough stones on the eastern slope of the tel (Prausnitz 1963: 338, 1993: 32, 1997: 19-23; Giveon 1988: 28). In 1989, another cist tomb was found (T.C.3) in the southern cemetery. The tombs on the tel are oriented north south. They were constructed by first digging a pit into the ground after which walls were built inside this pit. The tombs are rectangular in shape: their length varies from 2.00 to 2.2% and their width varies from 0.95 to 1.20m. The floors of the tombs were composed of a thin layer of pebbles4

One of these tombs, tomb 1029, was named "the warrior tomb" on account of the objects found. Two skeletons were uncovered, lying face-up near each other. A double head ax, spear head, an iron sickle knife, large pilgrim flasks and a meta1 bowl were found near one. Near the other, probably a woman, a fibula, pilgrim flasks and beads were found (Prausnitz 1963: 338; 1997: 19-23). In tomb 1009 six scarabs confirm the date of this tomb to the tenth century (Brandl 1997: 50-53, nos. 88-90, 92-94).j No cist tombs built of ashlar stones were found at Achziv.

1. Tomb Type I.A. Tomb T.C.3 (Figs. 4-5; Photos 9-l5l6

width of the walls is 60cm. During the excavation, only the outer face of the eastern wall was partially exposed to determine how the tomb was constructed: a narrow foundation trench was dug for the walls. After the walls were built, small- to medium-size stones bound by a dark-brown oily earth was used as a fill in the foundation trench. The long walls of the tomb are built of large, partly worked rough stones with smaller stones between them as a fill. The floor of the tomb was made of a layer of shells and small pebbles. The tomb was covered on its western side by a single chalkstone (0.38 x 1.30 x 0.45m) laid on the long walls. The cover stone and the top of the walls are at surface level. A layer of small- and medium-size stones was found on the east side of the cover stone at the level of the top of the long walls.

In the center of the tomb a skeleton of an adult male was found in situ, lying on its back. Near the southern wall, a pile of bones comprising two adults (a male and a female) and a ten-year-old child was found. Their long bones (legs and arms) were found together at the eastern side of the pile. A jug, two small pilgrim-flasks decorated by concentric circles in black, an ivory conical-shaped staff-head, a small ivory inlay plaque, a hematite weight (?), an unworked crystal stone (2.5 x 3.0 cm) and a silver button-pin with flax stuck to it were also found in the pile.

This tomb is located 10m southwest of tomb T.C.2 (described below). No other tombs were found between them (Smith et. al. 1993: Figs. 5, 12). The tomb was built underground, on the sandstone bedrock. Unlike the three tombs Prausnitz found on the eastern slope of the tel, this tomb is oriented east west. Its interior measures: 2.15 x 0.95 x 0.90m. The

4 Prausnitz inaccurately refers to these tombs as "constructed of large, well-hewn slabs" (Prausnitz 1963338) and not as rough stone (Type 1.A). In another publication he wrote that their stones were "worked as needed" (Prausnitz 1997:19). In a photograph published in 1997, two stones of tomb 1029 can be seen in situ (Prausnitz 1997: Fig. 2). These stones indicate a building style similar to the cist tomb from the southern cemetery.

5 In 1963, Prausnitz dated the tombs on the tel to the tenth century (1963:338). Yet, six years later, he dated the same tombs to the second half of the eleventh century (1969:85-91). In light of the finds from tomb 979 (= T.C.l), Prausnitz gave another date, in the first half of the eleventh century (1997:22-23).

a - a

Fig. 4. T.C.3 (Type I.A.) - Plan and section

THE P H O E S I C I k I S IN ACHZTV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 9-15. Tomb T.C.3 (Type I.A.) - Cist tomb built of rough stones (9-13); L. 306 - a pile of bones and burial gifts found in the tomb (14); L. 306 - silver buttoned-pin with remains of flax (15)

17

Fig 5 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 3 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Jug 1580 306 Brownish-orange clay, small black grits, black

and red concentric circles on body 2 Pilgrim flask 1572 306 Light brown clay, many small grits, black paint on

body 3 Pilgrim flask 1582 306 Brownish-orange clay, creme slip, black paint on

body 4 Pilgrim flask 1591/2 306 Light brown clay 5 Button- pin 1397 306 Silver with flax remains 15 6 Staff Head 1598/2 306 Ivory 7 Inlay plaque 1598/1 306 Ivory 8 Weight (?) 1600 306 Hematite

0

Fig. 5. T.C.3 - L. 306 - nos. 1-8

TYPE IB. CHAMBER TOMBS BUiLT OF ROUGH !!XONES

This type of tomb is a variation of the previous type I.A. Only one tomb of this type was found so far. The difference between type 1.A and 1.B lies with the increased size, and a new feature. namely, an additional built small dromos. We have foarnd no parallels for this tomb.

1. Tomb Type I.B. Tomb T.C.4 (Figs. 6-18; Photos 16-44)'

A single chamber tomb was discovered 6m northwest of T.C.2 and 7m southwest of T.C.l (Smith et. al. 1993: Figs 5,101. Nearby the tomb, two pottery vessels each containing a child burial were found. One of these was in a bowl, discovered upside down, 1.5m northwest of T.C.4 (L.619). Inside this bowl were skeleton bones and a skull of an infant. The second was found inside a 6Ocm-high jar (L.112). The jar was discovered in very poor condition, standing upright, situated 1.5m southeast of T.C.4. Inside the jar were leg-bones of a child.

The unfinished burial chamber was built of rough stones. Its foundation penetrates into a Late Bronze Age stratum and reaches even deeper to a stratum of meager remains from the Middle Bronze Arre. The foundation trench for the tomb

skeleton was the only original burial in the tomb. The other bones, from secondary burials, were laid at one time, filling the tomb up to one meter. The bones were laid in the tomb in no apparent order, except for a few groups of two to three skulls.

On floor level in the dromos a jug was found. In the chamber, pottery vessels were discovered mixed together with the bones. Most vessels were complete but broken, although some were intact. The most common types were bowls with simple rims, bichrome jugs and trefoil rim jugs, and severa1 large and small pilgrim flasks. In one bowl two small pilgrim flasks and a skull were found on the floor. Severa1 large pieces of two jars, dipper juglets, black on red juglets, Cypriot white-painted juglets, a broken clay model of a boat (?) and an oi1 lamp were also found. In iron, the finds included: two sickles; a pick with a wooden handle, and a fibula. In stone, two hematite weights (?), another weight (?), a conical hematite seal (?) and a black stone scaraboid seal were discovered. In ivory the finds included: a staff-head in the shape of a pomegranate and another in a conical shape, a Bes head, and a broken staff. In addition, a badly preserved scarab (see Brandl no.1 in this volume), different beads, and severa1 attractive pebbles and shells were found in the tomb.

w i s filled with dark, oily earth. The tomb chamber is rectangular (2.85 x 1.70m) with a floor 35cm lower than the entrance threshold. Its walls were built only from one course of narrow, rough stones (1.0 x 0.30m) with small fieldstone providing a fill between them. There is a small dromos in front of the eastern entrance to 7.9 the tomb. The dromos is rectangular (1.15 x 0.85m), and is located above ground level. It is composed of a single, low course of narrow, rough stones 25cm wide. a

Remains of approximately fifty individuals, including men, women and children, as well as burial gifts were found in the tomb (Smith et. al. 1993: Fig. 10). AU burials but one are secondary burials. The single articulated skeleton was found on the floor level lying on its back along the a - a southem wall. Its feet pointed towards the east and in its right hand was a bowl. This

. .

7 Loci 107, 112, 410, 610, 619. Fig. 6. T.C.4 (Type I.B.) - plan and section

19

Photos 16-21. T.C.4 (Type 1.B). Chamber tomb built of rough stones (16-18): L. 610 - dozen of secondary burials and burial gifts piled aii over the tomb (19-21)

20


Photos 22-25. T . c . 4 - The only burial found in situ, laying on its back along the southern wall, looking west (22-23); L. 112 - a jar with remains of child burial (24); L. 619 - a bowl with rernains of child burial (25)

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Fig 7 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 4 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No 1 Bowl 3305 619 Brown clay 2 5 2 Bowl 577 108 Brown clay, small grits 3 Bowl 6996 108 Brownish-orange clay, black core, many small grits 4 Bead 586 108 Copper alloy 5 Earring 608 108 Copper alloy 6 Bowl 539/1 107 Brownish-orange clay 7 Jug 575 107 Light brown clay, small black grits, black and red

horizontal lines on the shoulder 8 Sickle 626 107 Iron 39 9 Bowl 2086 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 26 10 Bowl 3846/4 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 11 Bowl 3172 610 Light brown clay, small white grits 27 12 Bowl 3227 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 13 Bowl 6969 610 Light brown clay, black and red paint 28 14 Bowl 6985 610 Light brown clay 15 Bowl 3164 610 Light brown clay 16 Bowl 2238/2 410 Brownish-orange clay, grits 17 Bowl 2057 610 Brownish-orange clay, small white grits 18 Bowl 6961 610 Light brown clay 19 Bowl 2111 610 Light brown clay, black paint on interior 20 Bowl 6956 610 Light brown clay 21 Bowl 2125 610 Light brown clay, red slip on the interior 22 Bowl 3193 610 Brownish-orange clay, red slip on interior and

on upper part of exterior 23 Bowl 3156 610 Brown clay, red slip 24 Bowl 2238/1 410 Brown clay, small grits

Fig. 7. T.C.4 - L. 619 - no. 1; L. 112 - nos 2-5; L. 107 - nos. 6-8; L . 610 and L. 410 - nos. 9-24

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGA MEDITERRXEA / VOL. 7

Fig 8 - Pottery from T.C. 4

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Jar 3140 610 Light brown clay 2 Jar 3246 610 Orange clay 3 Jug 21 18 610 Light brown clay, red and black paint on body 29 4 Jug 3175 610 Orange clay, burnish, red and black paint on

body and handles 30 5 .Jug 3158 610 Light brown clay, black and red paint on neck 6 Jug 3174 610 Light brown clay, black and red paint on neck 31 7 Jug 6955 610 Brownish-orange clay, black paint on neck 3 2

Fig. 8. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410


Xo. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No 1 Jug 3157 610 Light brown ela);, red slip 34 2 Jug 3 Jug 4 Jug 5 Jug 6 Jug 7 Jug 8 Jug 9 Jug 10 Jug 11 Jug

~ i g h t brown clay. red slip 35 Light brown clay, red slip 37 Light brown clay, red slip 3 6 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 38 Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay, many small black grits Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay

8

Fig. 9. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410



No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Juglet 695 1 610 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits 2 Juglet 3139 610 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits 3 Juglet 2040 610 Brownish-orange clay 4 Juglet 6946 610 Brownish-orange clay 5 Juglet 6974 610 Orange clay, white grits 6 BOR Juglet 3206 610 Orange clay, burnish, black horizontal lines

and concentric circles on rim and body 7 BOR Juglet 6950 610 Orange clay, burnish, small black grits, black

paint on rim, neck, handles and body 8 Juglet 2212 410 Brownish-orange clay, gray slip 9 Juglet 2191 410 Brownish-orange clay 10 BOR Juglet 3159 610 Brownish-red clay, black paint on body 11 Juglet 3208 610 Orange clay 12 Juglet 6930 610 Orange clay, burnish, black paint on body and handles -

CUADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~ MEDITERRUEA / VOL. 7 29

Fig. 10. T.C. 4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOG~A MEDITERRNEA / VOL. 7


NO. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2190 410 Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck,

body and handle 2 Cypriote W.P. juglet 2189/2 410 Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck,

body and handles 3 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2072 610 Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on rim,

neck, body and handles 4 Cypriot W.P. juglet 3248 610 Light brown clay, black paint on neck, body and

handles 5 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2186 410 Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck,

body and handles 6 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2185 410 Brownish-orange clay, white slip, black paint on neck

and body 7 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2184 410 Light brown clay, black paint on body 8 Cypriot W.P. juglet 3220 610 Light brown clay, white slip. black paint on neck,

body and handle

CUADERYOS DE ARQuEOLOG~A MEDITERR~TA V O L 7 31

Fig. 11. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2197 410 Light bromm clay, white slip, black paint on neck,

body and handle 2 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2079 610 Brownish-orange clay, white slip, black paint on rim,

neck, body and handles 3 Cypriot W.P. juglet 2123 610 Light brown clay, black paint on neck, body and

handles 4 Cypriot W.P juglet 3127 610 Light brom~n clay, black paint on neck and body 5 Cypriot juglet 2207 410 Bromin clay, red slip, black paint on rim and body 6 Pilgrim Flask 6943 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits, red slip 7 Pi1 rim Flask 2102 4

CVADEIm-OS DE ARQUEOLOGA ~~EDITERRNEA ,I VOL. 7 33

6

Fig. 12. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CCADERVOS D E ARQL-EOLOG~A MEDITERRIWEA / VOL

Fig 13 - Potten from T.C. 4

No. Type Reg. Xo. Locus Description 1 Pilarim Flask 3297 610 Light brown clav 2 pilirim Flask 3247 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 3 Pilgrim Flask 2189 410 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 4 Pilgrim Flask 2099 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 5 Pilgrim Flask 2109 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 6 Pilgrim Flask 3141 410 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits 7 Pi1 rim Flask 3205 4

Fig. 13. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CLilDERNOS DE ARQYEOLOGA ~IEDITERRXEA / VOL


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Pilgrim Flask 2119 610 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits 2 Pilgrim Flask 3243 610 Light brown clay 3 Pilgrim Flask 3158 610 Brownish-orange clay 4 Pilgrim Flask 3858 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 5 Pilgrim Flask 3200 610 Brown clay, black core 6 Pilgrim Flask 6976 610 Brownish-orange clay 7 Pilgrim Flask 6968 610 Light brown clay, black paint on body 8 Pilgrim Flask 6964 610 Light brown clay, black paint on body 9 ~ i l - rim Flask 2209 9

Fig. 14. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CUADERUOS DE ARQLTEOLOG~A ~IEDITERRNEA ' VOL 7

Fig 1 5 - Pottery from T.C. 4

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Pilgrim Flask 210019 610 Light brown clay, black paint on body 2 Pilgrim Flask 6452 610 Light Brown clay, black paint on body 3 Pilgrim Flask 6963 610 Light b roa~n clay, black paint on body 4 Pilgrim Flask 6960 610 Brownish-orange clay, black core, black paint on body 5 Pilgrim Flask 3171 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits, black and red paint on bod~r 6 Pilgrim Flask 6954 610 Light brown clay, black paint on body 7 Pilgrim Flask 6929 610 Light brown clay, black paint on body 8 Pilgrim Flask 2087 610 Light brown clay, black paint on body

Fig. 15. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CCADERiiOS DE ARQUEOLOGIA MEDITERRNEA , VOL


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Pilgrin~ Flask 6974 610 Orange clay, black paint on rim, body and handles 2 Pilgrim Flask 6957 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits, black paint on rim and body 3 Pilgrim Flask 6975 610 Light brown clay, black paint on body and handles 4 Pilgrim Flask 6953 610 Brominish-orange clay, black and red paint on body 5 Pilgrim Flask 6958 610 Broa~nish-orange clay, black and red paint on body 6 Pilgrim Flask 6927 610 Brownish-orange clay, small grits, black paint on body 7 Pilgrim Flask 6959 610 Brommish-orange clay, black paint on body 8 Pilgrim Flask 6973 610 Brownish-orange clay, black paint on body 9 Pilgrim Flask 3237 610 Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint on rim, neck and body

Fig. 16. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CUADERKOS D E ARQUEOLOGA M E D I T E R ~ E A i VOL. 7

Fig 17 - Objects from T.C. 4

o Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo Xo.

1 Pick 3137 610 Iron blade and wood handle 41 2 Sickle 3242 610 Iron 40 3 To01 6928 610 Iron plug and ivory body 4 Fibula 3185 610 Iron

Fig. 17. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGA M E D I T E R ~ Y E A 1 VOL 7

Fig 18 - Objects from T.C. 4

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo N o . 1 Oi1 lamp 6997 610 Light brown clay 2 Boat Model (?) 3129 610 Yellowish-brown clay 3 Ring 6937 610 Gold 4 Bes head 2126 410 Ivory 4 2 j Staff head 6998 610 Ivory 6 Staff head 6512 610 Ivory, shape of pomegranate 44 7 Seal 6920/1 610 Black stone 43 8 Scarab 3222 610 Brandl fig. 1 9 Seal(?) 3116 610 Hematite 10 Staff 6906/1 610 Ivory 11 Bead 6920/9 610 Gray stone 12 Bead 6920/j 610 Black stone 13 Bead 6551 610 White stone 14 Bead 6920/7 610 W'hite stone 15 Bead 6920/2 610 White stone 16 Bead 6935 610 White stone 17 Bead 2121 610 Copper alloy 18 Weight (?) 7005/7 610 White stone 19 Weight (?) 3215/3 610 Hematite 20 Weight (?) 3226 610 Hematite 21 Bead 6920/3 610 Shell

Fig. 18. T.C.4 - L. 610 and L. 410

46 CLADER\OS DF A R Q U E O L O G ~ MEDITERK?~~T.~ VOL 7

Photos 34-38. T.C.q - L. 610 - trefoil jugs

Photos 26-33. T.C.4 - L. 610 - bowls, jugs, numerous pilgrim flasks and a lamp

CUADERATOS DE ARQUEOLOGIA MEDITERFNEA / VOL. 7

phmos 39-44. T.C.4 - L. 610 - two iron sickies (39-40); an iron pick (41): an ivory Bes head (42); a black stone scaraboid seal (43): an ivory staff head in a shape of a pomegranate (44)

48

THE PHOENICIAKS IN ACHZN. THE SOUTHERK CEMETERY

TYPE LC. CHAMBER TOMBS BUILT OF ASHLAR STONES

The two ashlar chamber tombs are the only tombs of this type among dozens of shaft tombs cut in the sandstone bedrock (see below) discovered at Achziv. These tombs are fifteen meters from each other in the northwestern part of the cemetery, and are nearly identical in size and features.

1. Tomb Type I.C. Tomb T.C.2 (Figs. 19-26; Photos 45-78)8

This tomb was discovered 15m to the south of tomb T.C.l (Srnith et. al. 1993: Fig. 5) . Three meters southeast of the tomb's entrance two jars were found (L.402). The jars were lying on their side, one on top of the other, rim above base. The upper jar was found broken and inside it an infant burial. In the lower jar, found intact! was another infant burial. Near the south side of the tomb's roof, a small hearth and a bowl were found (L.203). Near the base of the seal stone of the tomb was a large part of a broken jar (L.207).

The tomb is rectangular (2.70 x 1.67 x 1.83m). Its walls are built in five courses and are slightly slanted inward (Mazar 1993: 34-36). The stones are cut from blocks of sandstone (c. 4 j x c. 8 jcm), and are precisely joined without cement. From the eastern outer wall of the tomb, two walls (75 x 5 jcm) at the entrance were built, creating a degenerated small dromos. The entrance to the tomb is rectangular (62 x 57cm). From the threshold, one step descends 7jcm to floor level. The floor of the torr:b is composed of dark brown oily earth and sandstone. The ceiling is built of four partly worked sandstone slabs (1.75 x 0.75m each). These slabs were laid width-wise on the walls of the tomb. The length of the cover slabs just fit the width of the tomb. In some places between the ceiling slabs and the top of the walls, small stones were used as a fill. In the center of the second ceiling slab, at approximately the center, a hole a7as cut through the stone (13cm diameter). The hole was found blocked by a fitted smooth river-rock.

Three phases of burials were discovered in the tomb. The first phase comprises two articulated burials and a pile of secondary burials. The articulated burials were found along the northern wall on their backs with heads to the west. Three rough-cut stones of medium size bounded the burials from the south. Near their feet a complete juglet was found. These are

8 Loci 203, 207. 212, 215. 402.

the latest burials of this phase. The secondary burials were found along the western wall piled 50cm high. At the pile's southeast edge four rough stones (15 x 20cm) were placed together (see Photo 59). Severa1 colorful pebbles and hematite weights (?) were found at the base of the northernmost stone. South of the stones, a complete standing jar was discovered. Between this jar and the southern wall of the tomb three skulls were found together. A concentration of skulls and burial gifts were uncovered to the northwest of the stones. These include: a jug; a juglet; and three small pilgrim flasks. At the southwestern corner of the tomb, in a lower level, another burial concentration was found. In it there were a juglet and five small pilgrim flasks set on top of a clay mask of a bullhead (Smith et, al. 1993: Fig. 8; cf. discussion below). Pieces of a medium-sized bowl found scattered in different parts of the burial pile attests to its disorder. On a male skull found in this pile, a fatal wound was observed, made by a sharp weapon (Smith et. al. 1993: 62, Fig. 15).

The second phase of the tomb is a rectangular pit (1.4 x 0.58 x 0.35m), found under the floor by the entrance to the tomb (Smith et. al. 1993: Fig. 13). In this pit (locus 215) long bones (legs and arms) were laid and above them nine skulls, one near the other. Between these bones a complete small pilgrim flask was found among other fragments of pilgrim flasks decorated with concentric circles in black paint and fragments of Cypriote white-painted juglets. Also, a worked pebble, a very small worked stone, hematite weight (?), broken ivory round inlay plaque and an astrogal bone of a goat were in this pit.

In the third phase, burials were laid along the western wall of the tomb, above the first phase burials. These burials too were laid one on top of the other, with their heads toward the south. These bones were found bonded together, most likely as a result of their interment at the same time. In this group there are at least ten adults and four children. No gifts can be attributed to this group, except for two copper alloy earrings and a bracelet that were worn at the time of burial. In light of the relatively small amount of burial gifts related to the first burial phase, it may be assumed that the people who brought in the burials of the third phase also robbed the burial gifts belonging to the first phase.

Not including the burials of the second-phase pit (which were brought from elsearhere into the tomb), forty burials were found in the tomb that include ten men and eight women, and fourteen children. The oldest woman and man were approximately 50 years old. The youngest child was

CCADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~ MEDITERR~XEA I VOL ' -7

Section C-C

Section B-B

Section D - D

Fig. 19. T.C.2 (Type I.C.) - plan and sections


approximately nine months old. The sex and age of the others were not identifiable.

In the second phase of burial, the bones uncovered were femurs, humerus and skulls. Spinal column and rib bones were not found. This is a common feature of secondary burials, since small bones were typically not taken but left behind in the original burial location.

The most common type of pottery vessels found in the tomb is the small pilgrim flask in various sizes. Of these, most were intact or complete. In addition to the other finds mentioned above, bowls with simple rims, an intact jar: a trefoil jug, black on red juglets and a Cypriote white-painted juglet also were found. Other burial gifts are: a hematite weight (?), copper alloy earrings, rings, two stone plaques, an ivory staff head in the shape of a pomegranate, an ivory inlay plaque, two amulets, and four staff heads in conical shape, beads, shells and two scarabs dated to the seventh century (Brandl 1997: 64-65, nos. 129-130; see also Brandl figs. 2-3 in this volume).

The location of the bullhead mask at the very bottom of the pile probably indicates its relatively early date. A similar mask was bought on the antique market in 1940, and most likely originated from the southern cemetery. The masks are votive, (averaging 13cm in height), and have three holes to tie the mask. Both masks show the face of a young bull with partly chopped horns and small round clay eyes. In style they are similar to the horse rider figurines found in Achziv tomb T.A.68 (see below, Discussion of Figurines). Masks of bullheads were found in seventh- to sixth-century tombs from Cyprus (Karageorghis 1987: 32, Pl. XXX: 147-148, Monloup 1984: 99-103, Pl. 22: 412-429). These small, votive bullhead-masks probably symbolize the god Ba'al just as the large authentic bull-skulls worn in the temple cult ceremonies (Karageorghis 1971: 261-263, 1987: 32; Monloup 1984: 99-100).

CUADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~ ~~EDITERRNEA / VOL. 7

photos 45-49. T.C.2 (Type 1.C) - Chamber tomb of asMar stones. L. 203 - a small hearth with a bowl found near roos of rhe tomb (4 5 ) : L. 207 - a broken jar found near rhe sealed entrance of the tomb (46); L. 402 . jars, each contain a infant-bunal, found near the tomb one on top of rhe other (47-48): view of T C 2 toward rhe north .hoWing [he soilthwest sections (49 )


Photos 50-58. T.C.2 - Chamber tomb built of ashlar stones

53

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLO(

photos 59-65. T . c . ~ - L. 212 - Burials and burial gifts in the tomb (59-63): L. 215 - secondaq burials found under the floor of the tomb (64-65)

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Fig 20 a - Objects from T.C. 2 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Jar 2230 402 Brownish-orange clay, black core, grits 47 2 Jar 211j 402 Brown clay 47

Fig. 20 a. T.C.2 - L. 402 - nos. 1-2

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGIA ~ I E D I T E R R ~ Y E A , VOL -

Fig 20 b - Objects from T.C. 2

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 3 Bowl 1032/'1 207 Brommish-orange clay 4 Bowl 104411 207 Bromrnish-orange clay 5 Bowl 1032/3 207 Light hrown clay 6 Jar 1031 207 Light bromin clay 7 Bomrl 4026/1 203 Brom-nish-orange clay, small grits 8 Bowl 1006i1 203 Light bromrn clay 9 Jar 1008/1 203 Brownish-orange clay, white grits 10 Bowl 1173 212 Light brown clay 11 Bowl 1342 212 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 12 Bowl 1375 212 Light brown clay, grits 13 Boa71 11981'4 212 Brownish-orange clay, small grits 14 Bowl 1103i2 212 Brownish-orange clay, small white grits 15 nowl 1178/1 212 Light bromin clay 16 r3oa.l 111911 212 Brown clay 17 Jug 1304 212 Light brown clay, red slip 67 18 Jar 1084 212 Brown clay, nlhite grits 59, 68

Fig. 20 b. T.C.2 - L. 207 - nos. 3-6; L, 203 - nos. 7-9; L. 212 - nos. 10-18


No. Type Reg. Xo. Locus Description 1 BOR juglet 1198 212 Orange clay, burnish, black paint on neck, body and hand-

les 2 BOR juglet 1414 212 Brownish-orange clay, burnish, black paint on rim, neck and

body 3 BOR juglet 1351 212 Orange clay, burnish, black horizontal lines and concentric

circles on rim, neck, handles and body 4 BOR juglet 1357 212 Orange clay, burnish, black horizontal lines and concentric

circles on rim, neck, handles and body 5 Juglet 1390 212 Light brown clay, burnish, black paint on body 6 Juglet 11931'6 212 Light brown clay, burnish, black paint on body 7 Cypriote W.P Juglet 1178 212 Light brown clay, creme slip, black paint on neck, body and

handles 8 Juglet 1307 212 L.ight brown clay, white grits, red paint on bodj-

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGA MEDITERR~sEA / VOL 7 59

Fig. 21. T.C.2 - L. 212

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGA M E D I T E R R ~ X E A , VOL. 7


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Pilgrim flask 1306 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits 2 Pilgrim flask 1337 212 Brown clay, many small grits 3 Pilgrim flask 1156/1 212 Brownish-orange clay 72 4 Pilgrim flask 1429 212 Brown clay, many small grits 73 5 Pilgrim flask 1365 212 Brownish clay, niany small grits 6 Pilgrim flask 1343 212 Brown clay, many small grits 7 Pilgrim flask 1365 212 Brownish-orange clay 8 Pilgrim flask 1318 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits,

black paint on body 70 7 Pilgrim flask 1307 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black

and red paint on body

CU.4DERKOS DE ARQUEOLOG~A MEDITERRSEA / VOL. 7 61

Fig. 22. T.C.2 - L. 212

C U A D E N O S DE ARQUEOLOGA MEDITERR~~EA / VOL. 7


No. Type Reg. So . Locus Description Photo No. 1 Pilgrim flask 1305 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black

paint on body 2 Pilgrim flask 1408 212 Brown clay, small grits, black paint on body 3 Pilgrim flask 1381 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black

paint on body 4 Pilgrim flask 1379 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black

paint on body 5 Pilgrim flask 1208 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black

paint on body 6 Pilgrim flask 1352 212 Light brown clay, small grits, black paint on body 7 Pilgrim flask 1330 212 Brownish-orange clay, many small grits, black

paint on body

Fig 24 - Objects from T.C. 2 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Bullhead mask 1415 212 Light brown clay 74-77

Bracelet Bracelet Bracelet Bracelet Ring Ring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Earring Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead Bead

copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Silver Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy Copper alloy White stone White stone White stone White stone White stone Translucent purple stone White stone White stone White stone

29 Bead 1464/2 212 White stone

Fig. 24. T.C.2 - L. 212


Fig 25 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 2

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Plaque 1341 212 White stone 2 Plaque 1392 212 White stone 3 Weight(?) 1427/1 212 Hematite 4 Amulet 1368 212 Faience 5 Staff head 1404 212 Ivory 6 Staff head 1450 212 Ivory 7 Staff head 1465/1 212 Ivory 8 Staff head 1092/2 212 Ivory 9 Staff head 1443 212 Ivory 10 Amulet 1371/2 212 Ivory 11 Amulet 1371/1 212 Ivory 12 Staff 1402 212 Ivory 13 Inlay plaque 1296 212 Ivory 14 Inlay plaque 1419 212 Ivory 15 Inlay plaque 1477 212 Ivory 16 Inlay plaque 1462 212 Ivory 17 Inlay plaque 1399 212 Ivory 18 Inlay plaque 1446 212 Ivory 19 Scarab 1428 212 Steatite Brandl fig. 3 20 Scarab 1400 212 Steatite Brandl fig. 2 21 Pilgrim flask 4030/1 215 Light brown clay 78 22 Pilgrim flask 4030/6 215 Light brown clay, black paint on body and

handle 78 23 Pilgrim flask 4030/3 215 Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint 78 24 Pilgrim flask 4030/5 215 Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint

on body and handle 78 25 Pilgrim flask 4030/11 215 Light brown clay, black paint on body and

handle 78

CUADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~ MEDITERRNEA / VOL. 7

Fig 26 - Pottery and objects from T.C. 2 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 W.P juglet 4030/12 215 Light brown clay, black paint on body 78 2 W.P juglet 4030/4 21 5 Brownish-orange clay, black paint on neck

and body 78 3 W.P juglet 4030/2 215 Light brown clay, black paint on neck and body 78 4 W.P juglet 4030/9 215 Light brown clay, black paint on body 78 5 W.P juglet 4030/10 215 Brownish-orange clay, black paint on neck

and body 78 6 W.P juglet 4030/7 215 Light brown clay, black paint on neck 78 7 W.P juglet 4030/8 215 Light brown clay, black paint on neck 78 8 Inlay plaque 4029 215 Ivory 9 Pebble 4030/14 215 Gray and white stone 10 Weight (?) 4030/15 215 Hematite 11 Worked Stone 4030/13 21 5 White stone 12 Astrogal 1436/1 215 Goat bone

Fig. 26. T.C.2 - L.215

Photos 66-73. T.C.2 - Pottery from L. 212

THE PHOENICLANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 74-78. T.C.2 - a bull head clay mask from L. 212 (74-77); pottery from L. 215 (78)

2. Tomb 'Qpe I.C. Tomb T.C.1 (Fig. 27; photos 79-85)9

This tomb is located 15m north of T.C.2. It is similar in style and dimensions to T.C.2. The ceiling of the tomb was built with three covering slabs. The middle stone slab, that probably had a hole cut through it, was found broken and missing the place where the hole should have been. Around the tomb a surrounding wall was built, 50cm in height and 40cm wide, of small and medium stones in an oily-earth fill. In front of the entrance to the tomb a semi-circular dromos was built, (1.3m diameter). Its wall was 6Ocm wide and 50cm high.

According to Prausnitz, there were four burial phases in the tomb. The tomb was built at the end of the eleventh century at the latest (Smith et, al. 1990: Fig. 2, Prausnitz 1997: 23-27). A pit (Prausnitz 1997: 24, fig. 4) cut the earliest phase. This feature parallels the pit in tomb T.C.2. (L.215).

In the last phase, in the northeast corner of the tomb, three large jars with wide openings were laid inside another pit. The jars contained human bones as well as few goat or sheep bones among burial gifts (Prausnitz 1982: Pl. 2: c; Smith et. al. 1990: Fig. 2, Pls. XII-XIV). In one jar remains of skeletons of two male adults and teeth of a four-year-old child were found. In the other jar an unidentifiable human bone and a

skull of a male adult were found together with bones of an adolescent. In the third jar a complete skeleton of a two-year-old child was found, together with bones of an adult. Very few burned bones of adults were found in different parts of the tomb (Smith et. al. 1990: 62, 141-142).1 Scattered inside the tomb were sheep or goat bones, and one burned fish bone (Smith et. al. 1990: 141-142, 145).11

Brandl published the glyptic finds from the tomb.12 The finds can be divided into three groups. One scarab related to the pre-tomb phase is dated to the MBIIc period (1650-1550) (Brandl 1997: 58, no. 110). Another scarab found in the pit is dated from the eleventh to the tenth century (ibid no. 111). Three conical stamps related to the second burial phase, one of green jasper and two of black hematite, are dated by Brandl to the ninth and to the eighth centuries (ibid no. 112-114). A yellowish steatite seal in a shape of a lion dates from the second half of the ninth century (ibid no. 115). Also found in this phase were five scarabs: three are dated to the ninth century; one from the ninth to the eighth century (ibid nos. 116-119); and one from the seventh century (ibid. no. 127). This last scarab gives a significant late date for the second burial phase. Its findspot should cast doubt on its attribution to this phase. From the third burial phase eight scarabs were discovered, all dating to the seventh century (ibid nos. 120-126, 128).

10 Since no cremated burials were found inside the tomb, the very few burnt bones found should be attributed to crernated burials laid outside the tomb, similar to locus 500 near tomb T . ~ . 6 8 (see below).

9 ~ h i s tomb was excavated by Prausnitz in 1980 (tomb 11 These bones probably originated in the burial feasts 979). NO excavation report has been published. In a personal taking place n e a r b ~ the tomb, and also given to the dead. co-unication, Prausnitz mentioned that he found lead weights for a fishing net in this tomb. 12 In Keel's corpus of scarabs. Keel, 1997,

THE PHOENICiANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Section A - A Section 0-0

Fig. 27. T.C.l (Type I.C.) - plan and sections

Photos 79-85. T.C.l (Type I.C.) - Chamber tomb built of ashlar stones

74


DISCUSSION Cist tombs and chamber tombs buiit of rough stones

The closest parallels to cist tombs (Type I.A.) found on Tel Achziv and in the southern cemetery are at Tel Far'ah (S) and at Zeror. In cemetery 200 at Tel Far'ah (S) thirty-two cist tombs built of rough stones were found. The finds from the tombs suggest that the Philistines built these eleventh- to tenth-century tombs. Cremation burials in jars that were found near these tombs date to a short time later and seem to signify a Phoenician presence at the site (Petrie 1930: 11-12, Pls. XXXIXA: 2-5, LI, LXVII; Culican 1973: 95-98). In 1965 and 1966, three cist tombs were discovered at Zeror, 5km southeast of Caesarea. These too date from the eleventh to the tenth century and were probably built by the Sikils, another group of the Sea People (Ohata 1970: 7374, Pls. XIII, LI-LIV; Kochavi 1993: 1524-1526). Although there is only one tomb of this type in the southern cemetery and three others at Tel Achziv, it is likely that they were also built by one of the groups of Sea People, perhaps by the Sherden.

If a group of the Sea People built the cist tomb T.C.3 (Type LA), then it may be assumed that chamber tomb T.C.4 (Type I.B), was also built by the same group. The large size of T.C.4 might indicate that it was meant for a large number of burials.

Merely two tombs in the rough-stone building style (T.C.3 and T.C.4) rnight indicate that the presence of the Sea People in Achziv ended towards the end of the eleventh or the beginning of the tenth century.

Although no cist tombs built of ashlar stones have yet been found in Achziv, it is interesting to compare cist tombs of rough stones (Type I.A.) to cist tombs built of finely worked ashlars. A cist tomb built of ashlar stones was found in 1962 in Khaldeh, 2km south of Beirut. It is rectangular and measures: 2.35 x 0.95m. The excavator dated the tomb from the end of the ninth to the eighth century (Saidah 1966: 64-72,901. Another ashlar cist tomb was found at Ugarit in 1934. This tomb is also rectangular with similar dimensions (2.21 x 0.8jm). The excavator assumed that the stones for this tomb were taken from the ruins of an arched tomb nearby and that the tomb is a small imitation of burial rooms with arched ceilings dating to the Late Bronze Age from Ugarit. He dated the tomb to 700- 400 (Schaeffer 1935: 148-154, pls. XXIX: 2, -1: 2). The tombs in Khaldeh and Ugarit show that relatively rare ashlar cist tombs existed in Phoenicia during the Iron Age.

The ashlar cist tomb in the Punic diaspora appears to be the most common type from the seventh century onwards. In Carthage tens of ashlar cist tombs were found. These measure from 1.90 to 2.00m in length, O.6Om in width, and are built at the bottom of deep shafts (Benichou-Safar 1982: 102-105, 348,351- 352, 373). In Jardin (southern Spain) dozens of cist tombs were discovered in 1974. These are similar to the Carthage tombs and date from the sixth to fifth centuries (Maass-Lindeman & Schubart 1975: 179-186, Pls. 9-18). Furthermore, dozens of cist tombs were found in 1965 at Ain Dalhia, (northern Morocco), dating from the seventh to the fifth century (Ponsich 1967). In Cadiz, cist tombs were found with two or three tombs, one next to another. Severa1 of the tombs have a hole in the roof, perhaps for offering drinks to the dead. These were dated to the sixth century (Moreno et. al. 1990: 35-37, Figs. 16,18).

Chamber tombs buiit of as& stones

Parallels to the chamber tombs built of ashlar stones (Type 1.C) at Achziv were found at Ugarit, in northern Phoenicia. These fourteenth- to thirteenth- century tombs are similar in size, building style of ashlar stones, and holes in the ceilings for offering drinks to the dead (Schaeffer 1939: Figs. 78-79, 91). The major difference to these tombs at Ugarit is the slanting walls, which allow smaller cover-slabs to be used. Also at Ugarit, the long rectangular dromoi have steps, unlike the small degenerated dromoi at Achziv. Developed features at Ugarit are the holes in the ceilings and deep pits below them where large jugs were placed. At Achziv, these holes a re also degenerated.

At Enkomi, on the southern coast of Cyprus, burial chambers built of ashlar stones resemble those at Achziv in their dimensions and building technique (Courtois & Lagarce 1986: 24-26, Pls. VI-XI; Westholm 1941: 42-43, Tombs 1, 11, 12, 48, 66). Here too, the walls slant slightly inwards. The ceiling slabs are large and laid widthwise on top of the walls. There are also small dromoi. In one of the tombs a hole was cut in the ceiling (Courtios 1986: fig. 4 pls. WII: 4, XI: 1). The excavator dates the tombs at Enkomi from the fourteenth to the thirteenth centuries (ibid. 24-26). This type of burial chamber continues at other sites in Cyprus throughout the Iron Age (Westholm 1941). By the end of the Iron Age these tombs were more elaborate and complex. For example, the royal tombs in Tamassos have elaborate Phoenician architectural characteristics (Ohnefalsh-Richter 1895; Westholm 1941: 36-39). A more general resemblance to the

Achziv tombs can be found in the simplest tombs of the eighth- to seventh-century royal cemetery at Salamis. The long dromos and wide facade of the chamber tombs at Salamis are the major differences to Achziv (Karageorghis 1969: 23-99).

At Carthage, many types of chamber tombs were found. The most similar to the chamber tombs of Achziv are those characterized by Benichou-Safar as type X2, dated from the seventh to sixth century (Benichou-Safar 1982: 62-63: 355, 373). These tombs are rectangular (c. 2.57 x c. 1.77 x c. 1.65m) and built from precisely laid ashlar stones. One or two niches appear in the wall opposite the entrance. The fagades of these tombs are elaborate, often built to a height of over two meters above the tomb entrance and decorated by a gable (Benichou-Safar 1982: 144, 160- 161). According to Benichou-Safar, the architectural development of these tombs belongs to the cist-tomb type (Type 1.A) rather than to the chamber tomb type (Type 1.C) (1982: 363-370). Similar gable decoration has not been found at Achziv.

At Utica, one tomb is strikingly similar to the Achziv tombs and differs markedly from the built tombs of nearby Carthage. The tomb is rectangular (3.5 x 3.0 x 2.lm). A srnall dromos was found destroyed in the tomb-front. The tomb ceiling is flat and built of large stone slabs. This tomb dates to the seventh century (Cintas 1954: 117, 123-125, Benichou-Safar 1982: 360-361, 370).

Chamber tombs built of ashlar stones exist in other sites in the Phoenician diaspora with a variety of building characteristics. Of special interest are the seventh-century tombs with gable ceilings at Trayamar in southern Spain (Niemeyer & Schubart 1975).

Another is the sixth- to fifth-century tomb at Mogogha in northem Morocco, which has a cut-gable ceiling and many niches in the chamber (Ponsich 1967: 26-30).

The two chamber tombs built of ashlar stones at Achziv indicate an identical architectural concept, which shows skilled craftsmanship. The tombs most similar to these tenth-century Achziv tombs are the Late Bronze Age tombs (fourteenth to thirteenth century) from Ugarit and Enkomi. So far, no tombs with similar features have been discovered dating to the twelfth or eleventh centuries.

The holes in their ceilings are a particularly interesting common element. These holes point to a belief in the after-life, and the ritual of offering drinks to the dead. This cult is described in Ugaritic texts as well as in other contemporary texts from the ancient Near East (Astour 1980: 227; Pope 1981: 159-179, Pitard 1978: 71-72). Offering drinks to the dead, (called menaqu in Babylonian texts), was supposed to pacify the dead's spirit. Otherwise, their spirit was believed to become mean and destructive (Bayliss 1973: 116). In Mesopotamian texts there is a special name for this hole in the ceiling, arutu (Pope 1981: 161). In Ugaritic texts the parallel is gngn.'3

Owing to the similarities in Achziv between the chamber tombs built of ashlar stones (Type 1.C) and the shaft tombs cut in the sandstone (Type 11, see below), it is highly likely that the ashlar tombs were the proto-type for the rock-cut tombs. The earliest are those using the "vertical quarrying technique", which allows rectangular building stones to be removed for use elsewhere. In later shaft tombs, this technique disappears.

13 In Ugaritic mythological texts relating to ~a ' a l , De Moor translated gngn as a "drinking pipe," see: De Moor 1987:28, 132.

Chapter I1

TYPE 11: SHAFT TOMBS

The shaft tombs that are all cut in the bedrock are the dominant type of tombs in the excavated northern section of the southern cemetery at Achziv (Figs. 28-29; Photo 86). These shaft tombs are sub-divided into five types, on account of their plans, type of ceiling, building technique and interior divisions. The order of their presentation is based on the development of these features. The five types are: shaft tombs with built ceilings, unfinished shaft tombs with built ceilings, transitional shaft tombs with built ceilings, simple shaft tombs, and shaft tombs with burial beds.

Two quarrying techniques are used for the shaft tombs. One technique is accomplished from above and requires the chamber's ceiling to be open to the sky. With this technique, which is called the "vertical quarrying technique", rectangular stone blocks could be quarried from inside the chamber as well as from the shaft. For these tombs stone slabs were used to cover the open ceiling. In the excavations, some cover slabs were discovered in situ. The other technique is accomplished from the side and does not require the chamber's ceiling to be open. This technique results solely in stone chips, as building refuse.

Photo 86. Area A - Shaft tombs (Types 11. A-E) and graves cut in the sandstone (Type 111)

78


Type 1I.A. Shaft tombs with built ceilings

There are six tombs falling into this type. None had remains of cultic activity preserved nearby. In all the tombs of this type the "vertical quarrying technique" was solely used. All the tombs are cut into bedrock with their walls slightly slanted inwards. They all have ground level open ceilings. All their covering slabs are missing. All tombs were found robbed.

1. Tomb 'Qpe 1I.A. Tomb T.A.64 (Fig. 30; Photos 87-89)14

Prausnitz excavated the tomb in 1960 (Prausnitz 1960a, 1962, 1993: 34-35). The tomb was re-measured and mapped in 1988. Quarrying chips still can be seen around the entrance. Both the shaft and burial chamber are rectangular (1.25 x 0.90 x 1.00m for the shaft and 2.82 x 2.25 x 1.55m for the chamber). The entrance was

at the bottom center of the northwestern wall of the shaft. It measures 55 x 45 and 37cm in depth. The threshold is 55cm above the floor of the burial chamber.

According to Prausnitz, on the chamber floor many burials with burial gifts were laid. He recognized two burial phases. The first burial phase he dated from the ninth to the eighth century and the second phase to the second half of the sixth century, when the tomb was reused. In the secondary phase more burials were added, while previous burials were moved aside into a pile. Pottery vessels and jewellery were found among the burial gifts. A clay mask of a woman (Prausnitz 1962: 405, Pl. XLIVb) and three scarabs were also found. The scarabs are dated by Keel to the XiX-XX dynasties (Keel 1997: 22, Nos. 7-91. Giveon dated two of these scarabs to the end of dynasty XIX - beginning of dynasty XXII (ca. 1200-900) (Giveon 1988: 26-27).

D - D

Fig.

o 1 2 rn

30. T.A. 64 (Type 11. A) - pian and sections

F - F

CUADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~ MEDITERRNEA / VOL. 7

88 89

Photos 87-89. T.A. 64 (Type 1I.A) - Shaft tomb with built ceiling


2. Tomb v p e 1I.A. Tomb T.A.76 of the shaft's western wall a rectangular narrow (Figs. 31-32: Photos 90-91)15 entrance was cut (80 x 43 x 28cm). The nearest ceiling

slab of the burial chamber probably served as a lintel. The tomb's plan consists of a rectangular entrance The opening was blocked by a seal-stone that was shaft (1.25 x 0.92 x 0.75m) and a rectangular burial unearthed in the shaft. The threshold is 10 cm above chamber (3.00 x 1.90 x 1.72m). At the bottom center the floor of the chamber.

Fig. 31. T.A. 76 - plan and sections

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGA MEDIERRNEA / VOL. 7

Fig 32 - Objects from T.A. 76

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Inlay plaque 5743 904 Ivory 2 Inlay plaque 5749/1 904 Ivory 3 Ring 5736 904 Copper alloy 4 Staff head 573 5 904 Ivory 5 Staff head 5737 904 Ivory 6 Bead 5731 904 Faience 7 Bead 5710 904 Carnelian 8 Bead 5709 904 Copper alloy 9 Staff 5749/2 904 Ivory

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZN. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 90-91. T.A. 76 (Type 11. A) - Shaft tomb with built ceiling

Fig. 32. T.A. 76 - L. 904

3. Tomb %pe 1I.A. Tomb T.A.77 (62 x 23 x 22cm). The seal-stone was found in situ (Figs. 33-34; Photos 92-93)16 and was supported by a triangular stone. Here too, the

nearest ceiling slab of the chamber probably served The plan consists of rectangular entrance shaft (1.05 as a lintel. The threshold is 82crn above the floor of x 0.95 x 0.65m) and a rectangular burial charnber (2.52 the charnber. In the sand that was filling the entrance x 1.85 x 1.48rn). At the bottorn center of the shaft's shaft, near the shaft ridge, a cornplete oi1 larnp was northern wall a rectangular narrow entrance was cut found.

16 Locus 905.

Fig. 33. T.A. 77 (Types 11. A) - Pian and sections



85

Fig 34 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 77

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Oi1 lamp 6908 905 Brown clay 2 Staff head 5956 905 Ivory 3 Staff head 5949 905 Bone 4 Bead 5947 905 Bone 5 Bead 5946/1 905 Agate 6 Bead 5946/2 905 Stone 7 Bead 5916 905 Stone 8 Bead 5950 905 Carnelian 9 Bead 5923 905 Carnelian 10 Bead 5917 905 Crystal 11 Bead 5938 905 Carnelian 12 Earring 5953 905 Silver 13 Amulet 5957 905 Carnelian 14 Bead 5948 905 Glass 15 Weight (?) 5929 905 Hematite

Fig. 34. T.A. 77 - L. 90j

THE PHOENICIANS IhT ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

4. Tomb -pe 1I.A. Tomb T.A.78 and near it was found a triangular supporting stone. (Figs. 35-36; Photos 94)'' The threshold is 62cm abave the floor of the chamber.

While sifting the sand filling the burial chamber two The plan consists of a rectangular entrance shaft (1.37 shallow bowls, a few conical shape staff heads ivories, x 0.95 x 1.10m) and a rectangular burial chamber (3.10 small inlay plaques, a glass bead decorated with floral x 1.88 x 1.65m). At the bottom center of the shaft's design, a few small worked stones and copper alloy northern wall a small rectangular entrance was cut fibulae pins were found. (62 x 47 x 30cm). A square seal-stone was found in situ

A R - A R AR + AS

Fig. 35. T.A. 78 (Type 1I.A) - plan and sections

Photo 94. T.A. 7 8 (Type 1I.A) - Shaft tomb with built ceiling


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Bowl 5560/6 906 Light brown clay 2 Bowl 5506/1 906 Light brown clay 3 Staff head 5549/9 906 Ivory 4 Staff head 5549/4 906 Ivory 5 Staff head 5549/3 906 Ivory 6 Staff head 5j49/6 906 Ivory 7 Staff head 5563/3 906 Ivory 8 Staff head 5563/2 906 Ivory 9 Staff head 5563/1 906 Ivory 10 Staff head 5549/7 906 Ivory 11 Staff head 5549/2 906 Ivory 12 Staff head 556314 906 Ivory 13 Staff head 5549/8 906 Ivory 14 Staff head 5549/1 906 Ivory 15 Staff head 5j49/10 906 Ivory 16 Staff head 5549/5 906 Ivory 17 Staff head 5557 906 Ivory 18 Staff head 55571'12 906 Ivory 19 Bead 6171 906 Carnelian 20 Fibula pin 5554 906 Copper alloy 21 Fibula pin 5504 906 Copper alloy 22 Inlay plaque 5557 906 Ivory 23 Inlay plaque 5556/1 906 Ivory 24 Inlay plaque 5527 906 Ivory 25 Inlay plaque 555211 906 Ivory 26 Inlay plaque 5552/2 906 Ivory 27 Inlay plaque 5552/3 906 Ivory 28 Inlay plaque 5552/4 906 Ivory 29 Inlay plaque 5552/5 906 Ivory 30 Inlay plaque 5525/6 906 Ivory 31 Inlay plaque 5552/7 906 Ivory 32 Inlay plaque 5539/1 906 Ivory 33 Weight (?) 5535/6 906 Hematite 34 Weight (?) 5535/3 906 Hematite 35 Weight (?) 5545 906 Metal 36 Amulet 5548 906 Gray stone 37 Pebble 5541 906 White stone 38 Bead 5555 906 Glass


Fig. 36. T.A. 78 - 1. 906

5. Tomb Type 1I.A. Tomb T.A.79 chambers' floor. On the floor of the tomb were found (Figs. 37-38; Photos 95-96)18 in situ a single small and severa1 medium-size rough

stones, forming a curved line. The stones probably The plan consists of a rectangular entrance shaft marked the limits of a burial that was robbed together (1.00 x 1.12 x 1.00m) and a rectangular burial chamber with the rest of the tomb contents. During the sifting (2.00 x 2.42 x l.6Om). At the bottom center of the of the sand filling the chamber, an iron spearhead shaft's western wall a rectangular entrance was cut and a broken scarab were found (see Brandl fig. 4 in (50 x 72 x 25cm). The threshold is 6Ocm above the this volume).

A 0 - A 0 Fig. 37. T.A. 79 (Type 1I.A) - plan and sections



91


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Weight (?) 6143 908 Sandstone

spearhead Staff Staff head Staff head Staff head Staff Bead Weight (?) Weight (?) Weight (?) Scarab

Iron ivory ivory ivory ivory Ivory Black stone Hematite Hematite Hematite

Brandl fig. 4

Fig. 38. T.A. 79 - L. 908


6. Tomb 'Qpe 1I.A. Tomb T.A.80 (75 x 8 j x 32cm). The threshold is 30cm above the floor (Figs. 39-40; Photo 97)19 of the chamber. Along the back wall of the chamber

was a low bench 3jcm. Around The ceiling opening, The plan consists of a rectangular entrance shaft margins were cut to fit the covering slabs. Two scarabs (1.08 x 1.27 x 1.30m) and a rectangular burial chamber dated from the tenth to seventh century were found (2.07 x 3.62 x l.62m). At the center of the bottom of (Keel 1997: 20-21, nos. 2-3). the shaft's noRthern wall, a square entrance was cut

19 Locus 910. This tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941, and called ZXVIII.

CUADERNOS DE ARQUEOLOGA MEDIERFL~VEA / VOL. 7


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Inlay plaque 6549/1 910 Ivory

Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Inlay plaque Bead Staff Bead Bead Staff head Staff head Staff head

6549/3 910 Ivory 6549/5 910 Ivory 6549/2 910 Ivory 6539 910 Bone 6552 910 Bone 6545 910 Ivory 6550 910 Translucent brown stone 6553 910 Carnelian 6548/1 910 Ivory 6548/2 910 Ivory 6548/3 910 Ivory

Fig. 40. T.A. 80 - L. 910

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZW. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

TYPE 1I.B. UNFTNISHED SHAFT DOMBS WITH BUaT CEILINGS

1. Tomb wpe 1I.B. Tomb T.A.71 (Fig. 41; Photos 78-77)

Five Tombs were left unfinished in vabying stages of The shaft and D h e chamber tomb were cu t the quarrying process. In all the tombs 6f this type the simultAneously. The quarrying chips were left piied "vertical quarrying technique" was solely used. Only around the tomb openings (entrance shaft and one tomb had remains of burials (T.A.73). chambEr ceiling). The quarrying of the tomb and the

L

Fig. 41. T.A. 71 (Type 1I.B) - pian and sections Photos 98-99. T.A. 71 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished tomb with built ceiling

2. Tomb Type II.B. Tomb T.A.73 (Figs. 42-43; Photos 100-109)20

The tomb's plan consists of an unfinished entrance shaft and an unfinished burial chamber. The shaft is square (1.15 x 1.33 x 1.50m). The opening to the burial chamber is cut in the center of the eastern wall of the shaft (72cm wide), and its height is high as the shaft. The burial chamber is rectangular (2.50 x 2.75m). Its ceiling is totally cut open at ground level. Quarrying marks are seen all over the tomb.

In the tomb were severa1 sizes of stone blocks in different stages of quarrying, some are in an advanced stage, ready to be removed. Wide natural fissures in the bedrock are visible in the shaft and the chamber.

On the tombs' floor, near the walls, were found in situ poorly preserved bones of legs and arms. Burial gifts were found nearby, including a small stone box. The box is remarkable in its combination of six pieces. Small incisions were carved on the side of two of the pieces to show the joining point that marks the way to put it together. Other finds in the tomb were a faience scarab dated to the seventh century and a gold ring with a carnelian scarab. dated from the ninth to eighth century (Brandl 1997: 70-71, nos. 143-144; see also Brandl figs. 5-6 in this volume).

- --- - Fig. 42 . T.A. 73 (type 1I.B) - plan and sections

I I I 1 I \ # 1.77 I I , I 3.50

Q - Q

S - S R - R


photos 100-104. t . ~ . 73 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb (100-101); L. 606 - pottery found in the tomb, before and after restoration (102-104)


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Bowl 3016/2 606 Brownish-orange clay 2 Bowl 30161'1 3 Bowl 2045 4 Bowl 2027 5 Jug 2043 6 Jug 2042

Jug Scarab and Ring Box Bracelet Staff Scarab Ring Earring Bead Jewelry (?)

~rownish-orange clay, black core Brown clay Light brown clay, red slip Brownish-orange clay, small white grits 104 Light brown clay, small white grits, black and red paint on rim and neck Orange clay, small grits, black and red paint on rim and neck 103 Light brown clay, black and red paint on rim and neck Light brown clay Carnelian and gold Brandl fig. 6 Green stone 105-109 Copper alloy Ivory Faience Brandl fig. 5 Copper alloy Copper alloy Gray stone Silver

CUADERNOS DE A R Q U E O L O G ~ MEDITERRNEA / VOL. 7 93

14 15 o 2 crn -

Fig. 43. T.A. 73 - L. 606

Fig. 43. T.A. 73 - L. 606

100


3. Tomb v p e 1I.B. Tomb T.A.74 (Fig. 44; Photos 110-113)21

The quarrying of the tomb was stopped suddenly. The quarrying methods are clearly visible. The tomb was not used.

21 This tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941, and called ZIV.

u-u

Fig. 44. T.A. 74 (Type 1I.B) - plan and sections

Photos 110-113. T.A. 74 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb with built ceiling

102


4. Tomb Type ii.B. Tomb T.A.81 (Fig. 45-46; Photo 114)22

In this tomb the quarrying of the chamber was nearly finished, while the quarrying of the shaft had just begun.

Photo 114. T.A. 81 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb with built ceiling

o 1 2m

Fig. 45. T.A. 81 (Type 1I.B) - plan and section


No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description 1 Weight(?) 6305/2 909 Hematite 2 Weight (?) 6305/1 909 Hematite

Fig. 46. T.A. 81 - L. 909


5. Tomb v p e 1I.B. Tomb T.A.82 (Fig. 47; Photo 115)

As in the previous T.A.81, the quarrying was stopped, leaving the chamber in a more advanced state than the shaft. The location for the quarrying of the shaft is not aligned with the chamber.

Fig. 47. T.A. 82 (Type 1I.B) - plan

Photo 115. T.A. 82 (Type 1I.B) - Unfinished shaft tomb with built ceiling

105

TYPE 1I.C. TRANSITIONAI, S m TOMBS 1. Tomb Type ii.C. Tomb T.A.19 WITH BUILT CEILINGS (Fig. 48; Photos 116-118)2'

In this type, there are two tombs, both located near the edge of the burial graves. In the tombs, a combination of the two quarrying techniques is used: the vertical technique is used in the shafts and the side technique is used inside the burial chambers. In T.A.14, a raised bed appears, for the first time, along the walls of the tomb.

N o remains of burial activity were preserved around the tomb, except for scant remains of a low convex feature (2m in diameter) of a mixture of stones, plaster and lime that nras built around the opening of the

23 The tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941 and called ZXii . In 1958, Prausnitz re-examined the tomb (Prausnitz 1969: 87).

I - - - - - A / - -

Fig. 48. T.A. 19 (Type 1I.C.) - plan and section ( - R - -

B - B C - C

THE PHOENICLANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

western wall of the shaft, 25cm above its floor level. The opening was blocked with a heavy, precisely-cut sealing stone. Another large block of stone was found in the shaft, whose use is unclear. The opening between the shaft and the burial chamber is odd. Margins 20cm deep were cut from within the tomb chamber for a sealing-stone rather than from the shaft. Moreover, on the floor of the burial chamber, near the entrance, a rectangular depression was cut

83 x 37 x 7cm. These probably show that at first the burial chamber was meant to be a shaft and for some reason, at a certain stage of quarry, it was changed. The burial chamber is rectangular (3.20 x 2.72 x 1.80m). The walls of the chamber are slanted inward and the ceiling is arched. In the center of the ceiling a rectangular opening (1.40 x 1.15 x 0.20111) was cut from ground level.

Photos 116-118. T.A. 19 (Type 1I.C.) - Transitional shaft tomb with built ceiling

107

2. Tomb 'Qpe 1I.C. Tomb T.A.14 (Fig. 49; Photos 119-120)*'

The entrance shaft is square (1.12 x 1.05 x 1.00m). A rectangular depression (0.62 x 1.00 x 0.12m) aras cut in the floor of the shaft. A square sealing- stone was found inside the shaft, although not in situ. At the bottom of the western wall of the shaft a square opening (55 x 53 x 43 em) to the tomb was cut. The threshold is 83cm higher than the tomb's floor. The chamber is rectangular (3.36 x 2.65 x 1.55m). Along three walls (except the entrance wall) are shallow beds, l m wide and 20cm high. The walls of the room slant inward and the ceiling is arched. In the center of the ceiling there is a rectangular opening (1.06 x 1.65 x 0.30m) cut from ground level. Around the outside of the opening, margins 20cm wide and lOcm high

24 The tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941 and called 2111. In 1958 Prausnitz re-examined it and published its plan (Prausnitz 1969: Fig. 1).

Fig. 49. T.A. 14

were cut. One rectangular slab (1.22 x 1.13 x 0.25m) was used to cover this opening. A rectangular stone offering table (65 x j j x 28cm) stood at the eastern edge of this slab, between the opening of the tomb's ceiling and the opening of the shaft. On the upper surface of the offering table a rectangular depression 45 x 35 x 4cm was cut (Prausnitz 1986: Photo. 1).

Two particularly interesting finds from the tomb finds were published. One is a clay mask of the grotesque Phoenician type (Stern 1976: 117, fig. 71, and the other is a small figurine of a woman kneading dough on a low table with three legs (Prausnitz 1993: 34). A similar figurine of a woman was found broken in Tyre stratum 11, dated to the second half of the eight century (Bikai 1978: Pl. LXXXI: 1). Three similar figurines were found in Cypms, where the three-legged ceremonial tables appear in the tombs as separate clay models (Karageorghis 1987: 16, 27-28. Pl. I: 3-4). These figurines probably relate to the daily-life act of baking bread that is needed by the deceased in their life after death. Another possibility is to understand the figurines as baking sacred bread for the gods.

2m

i1 C ) - plan and secuon


Photos 119-120. T.A. 14 (Type 1I.C.) - Transitional shaft tomb with built ceiling

109

TYPE 1I.D. SIMPLE SHAFT TOMBS

Only one tomb fits in this type. The entire tomb was cut into the bedrock. In the tomb, a combination of the two quarry techniques is used: the vertical technique is used in the shaft and the side technique is used inside the burial chamber. This combination rerninds us of transitional Type 1I.C. No burial remains were found.

a - a

1. Tomb Type 1I.D. Tomb T.A.75 (Fig. 50; Photos 121-12?~)~'

No remains of activity were preserved around the tomb. The shaft measures: 1.18 x 1.12 x 1.27m. Two steps were cut at the northern wall of the shaft with the vertical quarrying technique. In the southern wall is a square opening to the tomb (63 x 62cm). The sealing stone was found lying in the shaft. The burial chamber is rectangular (2.80 x 2.28 x 1.6Om). The ceiling is flat. The walls of the chamber slant inwards and the corners are rounded. The floor is flat without beds. One step, 18cm high, is cut nearby the threshold 1 jcm above the chamber's floor level.

25 The tomb was excavated by Ben-Dor in 1941 and called ZV.

2 m

Fig. 50. T.A. 75 (Type 1I.D.) - pian and section

1

Photos 121-123. T.A. 75

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHER? CEMETERY

(Type 1I.D.) - Simple shaft tomb


TYPE 1I.E SHAFT TOMBS WTH BURIAL BEDS

In this type, the entire tomb was cut into the bedrock. There are four examples of this type. Tombs T.A.68, T.A.69, and T.A.70 are cut along a natural fissure in the bedrock (Mazar 1990: 104-109). T.A.72 was cut nearby. All were robbed in antiquity (Photos 124-1251.

photos 124125. Area A - three shaft tombs with burial (TYP~ 1I.E) cut along a fissure in the bedrock

112


1. Tomb m e 1I.E. Tomb T . ~ . 6 8 (Figs. 51-j8; Photos 126-135)'~

The shaft measures 1.13 x 0.87m and is 1.34m high. Five steps were crudely cut in the northeast corner. A deep, narrow fissure in the bedrock passes through the shaft in a north-south direction. The opening of the burial chamber was cut in the bottom of the western wall of the shaft. The square opening (60 x 58cm) has margins around it (width 17cm at the top and 12cm on the sides). The burial chamber is rectangular (1.85 x 2.90 x 1.60111). The walls of the chamber are slightly slanted inwards. The ceiling is flat, 6Ocm beneath the surface. Three steps descend to the chambers' floor. Beds 70cm wide and 38cm high are cut along three of the chambers' walls (except the entrance wall).

Thirteen burials of women, men and children of various ages were found in the tomb. On the beds, remains of gifts and bones were found. On the floor, near the entrance, a burial without a skull was found in situ. The skeleton was lying on its stomach and

26 Locus 507. A concentration of six pottery vessels, some of which contain cremated bones of human adults were found j meters north of the entrance shaft of the tomb (Locus j00, see chapter IV).

- - - - __

/ - - - - - I

bis feet touched the lower steps. Under its mid-section were two medium-sized rough stones. Similar stones were found on the beds. On top of and around the single burial, bones and severa1 finds were uncovered, that probably fel1 from the beds during the robbery of the tomb. The burial on the floor was of an adult male. Analysis of the bones indicates that thls individual probably had tuberculosis (Srnith et a1.1993:62, Fig.16).

Among other finds, three horsemen figurines and a figurine of a women drummer were uncovered. On the shoulder of one of the horsemen was a round shield, while the second figurine didn't have a shield. From the third figurine only the head was found (see discussion below). Also found in the tomb were an unidentified broken figurine, bowls with shelf rim, trefoil rim jugs, mushroom rim jugs, eleven iron spear heads (some still had their plugs with remains of wood and binding ropes), a cosmetic plate, ivory conical staff-heads and inlay plaques, beads, copper alloy earrings and bracelets, an electrum earring, a faience Horus amulet, an iron fibula, a gold setting for a bead, an amber decorated amulet, many attractive pebbles and seven scarabs. Three of the scarabs date from the ninth to eighth centuries and the rest date to the seventh century. A rectangular bifacial seal with fish decoration from the seventh century was also found (Brandl 1997: 66-69, nos. 132-139; see also Brandl fig. 7-15 in this volume).

Fig. 51. T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.) - plan and section

CUADEmOS DE ARQUEOLOGA MEDITERRNEA / VOL. 7

Photos 126-129. T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb with burial beds

114

THE PHOENICIANS IN ACHZN. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

Photos 130-132. T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb with burial beds

Fig 52 - Pottery from T.A. 68

No. Type Reg. Xo. Locus Description Photo No.

Bowl 27141'6 507 Bowl 17141'10 507

Bowl 17141'28 507 Bowl 1714/8 507 Bowl 1714/26 507 Bowl 2691/2 507 Bowl 2714/4 507 Bowl 2714/1 507 Bowl 2681 507

Bowl 2862 507 Bowl 17141'24 507 Bowl 1714/20 507 Bowl 2691/6 507 Bowl 2692 507

Bowl 1714/12 507 Bowl 2680 5 07

Jug 2715 507 Jug 2689 507 Jug 2716 507 JUS 2684 507 Juglet 2691/9 507 Pilgrim flask 2685 5 07

Light brown clay Light brown clay, black core, many small black grits Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay Brownish-orange clay, black core Brownish-orange clay, black and red paint on the interior Brownish-orange clay Brown clay, small grits Brownish-orange clay Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip on interior and upper part of exterior Brownish-orange clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip on interior and upper part of exterior Light brown clay, red paint on rim Light brown clay, red and black paint on rim and neck. Brownish-orange clay, red slip Orange clay, red slip, black paint on rim Brownish-orange clay, red slip, black paint on neck Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light brown clay, red slip Light orange clay, many small grits Brownish-orange clay, manv small grits

Fig. 52. T.A. 68 - L.507

Fig 53-54 - Object from T.A. 68

No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo Xo. 1 Figurine 2678 507 Light brown clay, black and red paint 135

Fig~. 53-54. T.A. 68 - L. 507

Fig 55 - Object from T.A. 68 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Figurine 2622/2 507 Brownish-orange clay, red paint on shield

and horse's front 134

Fig. 55 T.A. 68 - L. 507

Fig 56 - Object from T.A. 68 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Figurine 2622/1 507 Brownish-orange clay, red paint on horse's front 134

Fig. 56. T.A. 68 - L. 507

Fig 57 - Objects from T.A. 68 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No.

1 Figurine 2688 507 Brownish-orange clay. red paint 133 2 Bracelet 2567/2 507 Copper alloy 3 Bracelet 2567/3 507 Copper alloy 4 Bracelet 2567/1 507 Copper alloy 5 Fibula 2577 507 Iron 6 Earring 2574/1 507 Copper alloy 7 Earring 2574/2 507 Copper alloy 8 Earring 2580 507 Electrum 9 Earring 2570/1 507 Copper alloy 10 Earring 2570/2 507 Copper alloy 11 Earring 2570/3 507 Copper alloy 12 Earring 2570/4 507 Copper alloy 13 Earring 2570/5 507 Copper alloy 14 Earring 2570/6 507 Copper alloy 15 Earring 2570/7 507 Copper alloy 16 Earring 2570/8 507 Copper alloy 17 Earring 2570/9 507 Copper alloy 18 Earring 2570/10 507 Copper alloy 19 Earring 2570/11 507 Copper alloy 20 Earring 2570/12 507 Copper alloy 21 Earring 2570/13 507 Copper alloy 22 Earring 2570/14 507 Copper alloy 23 Cosmetic plate 2674/1 507 Ivory 24 Inlay tablet 2674 507 Bone 25 Inlay tablet 2723/1 507 Bone 26 Inlay tablet 2723/2 507 Bone 27 Inlay tablet 2723/4 507 Bone 28 Inlay tablet 2675 507 Bone 29 Inlay tablet 2578 507 Ivory 30 Inlay tablet 2572 507 Ivory 31 Inlay tablet 2673/1 507 Ivory 32 Inlay tablet 2676 507 Ivory 33 Staff head 2582/3 507 Ivory 34 Staff head 2582/1 507 Ivory 35 Staff head 2582/2 507 Ivory 36 Staff head 2582/4 507 Ivory 37 Staff 2676/13 507 Ivory

CL.4DERVOS DE AKQUEOLOG~A MEDITERRSEA / VOL. 7 121

Fig. 57. T.A. 68 - L. 507

Fig 58 - Objects from T.A. 68 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No.

1 Figurine 2686 507 Light brown clay, red stripes 2 Amulet 2581/1 507 Amber 3 Amulet 2588 507 Faience 4 Setting for a

bead Gold 2696 5 07 5 Bead 2581/2 507 Faience 6 Weight 2560 507 Metal 7 Spearhead 2569/1 507 Iron 8 Spearhead 2569/2 507 Iron 9 Spearhead 2569/4 507 Iron 10 Spearhead 25691'5 507 Iron 11 Spearhead 2569/6 507 Iron 12 Spearhead 2569/3 507 Iron 13 Seal 2562 507 Steatite 14 Scarab 2571 507 Yellow composition 15 Scarab 2668 507 Steatite 16 Scarab 2584 507 Steatite 17 Scarab 2616 507 Steatite 18 Scarab 2667 507 Faience 19 Scarab 2586 507 Steatite 20 Scarab 2579 507 Steatite 21 Scarab 2693 507 Faience 22 Bead 2627/1 507 Faience 23 Bead 2627/2 507 Faience 24 Bead 2627/3 507 Faience 25 Bead 2627/4 507 Crystal 26 Bead 2627/5 507 Crystal 27 Bead 2627/6 507 Crystal 28 Bead 2627/7 507 Faience 29 Bead 2627/8 507 Faience 30 Bead 2627/9 507 Faience 31 Bead 26271'10 507 Faience 32 Bead 2627/11 507 Faience 33 Bead 2627/12 507 Faience 34 Bead 2627/13 507 Faience

Brandl fig. 7 Brandl fig. 8 Brandl fig. 11 Brandl fig. 10 Brandl fig. 13 Brandl fig. 14 Brandl fig. 12 Brandl fig. 9 Brandl fig. 15

Fig. 58. T.A. 68 - L. 507

photos 133-135. T.A. 68 (Type 1I.E.). L. 507 - finds from the tomb (133); two horsemen figurines (134); a figurine of a drurnrner woman (135).

124

T H E P H O E N I C L N S IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY


2. Tomb Type 1I.E. Tomb T.A.69 (Figs. 59-60; Photos 136-138)2'

The shaft is square (1.05 x 1.80m) in its top part, and is narrower towards its base. Its height is 1.77m and it is cut by the fissure. The entrance to the burial chamber was cut at the bottom of the southwestern wall of the shaft. The entrance is rectangular (60 x 75cm). No seal stone was found. The burial chamber is square (2.60 x 2.75m) and its height is 1.43m. The walls are slightly slanted inwards. The flat ceiling is cut 75cm beneath the surface. The floor of the burial

chamber is quarried 32cm beneath the threshold. There are two raised beds, 15cm high, along the northwestern and the southwestern walls. One is 67cm wide and the other 75cm wide. At the center of the southeastern wall, near the entrance, is a small niche, probably for a lamp.

Arnong the remains found in the tomb are beads, gold and silver earrings, an iron knife, and five scarabs that are dated from the ninth to eighth centuries (Brandl 1997: 68, nos. 140-142; see also Brandl figs. 16-20 in this volume). One of the scarabs (no. 2589) is attached to a gold ring.

27 Locus 508.

Fig. 59. T.A. 69 (Type 1I.E.) - pian and sections

THE PHOENICIAiiS IN ACHZIV. THE SOUTHERN CEMETERY

niche for a Iamp I

Photos 136-138. T.A. 69 (Type 1I.E.) - Shaft tomb wlth burial beds

127

Fig 60 - Pottery and objects from T.A. 69 No. Type Reg. No. Locus Description Photo No. 1 Bowl 2011/6 508 Light brown clay, red slip 2 Jar 2611/3 508 Light brown clay, red slip, black paint

on rim and neck 3 Jar 2594/3-4 508 Orange clay, black core, white grits 4 Jar 3594/1 508 Light brown clay 5 Jar 2594/2 508 Brownish-orange clay, small black grits 6 Bead 2695/8 508 Crystal 7 Bead 2695'11 508 Agate 8 Bead 2695/7 508 Red jasper 9 Bead 2695/13 508 Carnelian 10 Bead 2695/10 508 Crystal 11 Bead 269 5/9 508 Carnelian 12 Bead 2531 508 Turquoise 13 Bead 2698 508 Carnelian 14 Bead 2531/1 508 Faience 15 Bead 2531/2 508 Faience 16 Bead 2697/1 508 Silver 17 Bead 2697/2 508 Silver 18 Bead 2531/4 508 Turquoise 19 Bead 2531/

MAZAR,_Eilat]_The_Phoenicians_in_Achziv_The_SOUTHERN CEMETERY [2003].pdf

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