May 2 , 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones IV Announcements: - Final is NOT CUMULATIVE*
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Transcript of May 2 , 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones IV Announcements: - Final is NOT CUMULATIVE*
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May 2, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones IV
Announcements:- Final is NOT CUMULATIVE*- In lecture review session (Wed. May 7)- TA led review session (10am – 12pm, Wed. May 14, 151 Everett Lab
1. Pre-lecture quiz2. Review of stress responses3. Hormone-mediated physiological tradeoffs4. Interactions between the HPA and HPG axes5. Sex hormones
* I will ask about recurrent themes (e.g. tradeoffs, negative feedback, etc.)
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Stress response
Operates via two interrelated systems:
• SAM (Sympathetic-adrenomedullary) (Short Term Response)
• HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical) (Chronic Response).
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SAM, adrenals, and epinephrine
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Summary of the “fight or flight” response
1.) Increases in HR, BP, O2 consumption, blood glucose and fatty acid concentrations.
2.) Redirection of blood flow from the skin and digestive system toward heart, brain, and muscles.
3.) Relaxation pulmonary smooth muscle to dilate bronchi and increase O2 uptake.
Take home messages:
1.) Short term stress responses are EXTREMELY beneficial over the short term.
2.) Prolonged stress responses can be harmful.
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HPA axis and glucocorticoids
• Adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoid hormones (GC).
• Cortisol is most important human (GC), involved in regulating metabolism, immune response, and general homeostasis.
• Elevated cortisol leads to:– Short term metabolism of fat stores into
glucose– Increased hunger– Suppression of immune response;– Cardiovascular changes (e.g. increases in
BP)
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Hormone-mediated TradeoffsInteractions between stress, reproduction and immune function
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Hormone-mediated Tradeoffs:Interactions between stress, reproduction and immune function
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Testosterone treated Control
Territory size Larger Smaller
Singing frequency Higher Lower
# of aggressive interactions Higher Lower
Number of matings Higher Lower
Number of offspring Higher Lower
Offspring quality Lower Higher
Survival Lower Higher
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Hormone-mediated Tradeoffs:Interactions between stress, reproduction and immune function
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Montane Urban
Breeding season Shorter Longer
Aggressiveness Higher Lower
Male parental investment Higher Lower
Testosterone Higher Lower
Cortisol Higher Lower
Stress response Higher Lower
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Hormone-mediated TradeoffsInteractions between stress, reproduction and immune function
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HPG axis
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Gonads
• Male testes produce sperm cells• Female ovaries produce ova• Fertilization
– Sperm cell + ovum = zygote
• Sex chromosomes– Humans: XX = female, XY = male– Birds: ZW = female, ZZ = male– Many vertebrates lack sex chromosomes entirely
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Sex Hormones – Released by Gonads
• Androgens - e.g., testosterone (“male” hormones) • Estrogens - e.g., estradiol (“female” hormones) • Adult testes release more androgens and ovaries more
estrogens • Progestins – also present in both sexes
– progesterone prepares uterus and breasts for pregnancy• Adrenal cortex – also releases sex steroids
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HPG axis & Reproductive System
Males
Also known as Leydig cells
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Steps for spermatogenesis
1. GnRH released at hypothalamus -----> + section of FSH & LH at anterior pit.
2. a. FSH stimulates sertoli cells which stimulate spermatogenesis b. LH simulates Leydig cells which secrete testosterone
Testosterone stimulates sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis
3. a. testosterone has negative effects on GnRH b. testosterone has negative effects on LH & FSH c. Sertoli cells release inhibin which has negative effects on LH & FSH
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HPG axis & Reproductive System
Males Females
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Figure 48-12
FolliclecellsOocytes
1. Formation of primaryoocytes within follicles
5. Degeneration ofcorpus luteum
3. Maturation offollicle
Secondary oocyteto oviduct
4. Ovulation
2. Follicle growth
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Figure 48-13-2
Ovulation
Pituitaryhormonecycle
Ovariancycle
Follicle growth
FOLLICULAR PHASE
Corpus luteum degeneration
LUTEAL PHASE
FSH
LH
Ho
rmo
ne
leve
ls
Days0 7 14 21 28
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Figure 48-14
OvulationFollicle growth
FOLLICULAR PHASE
Corpus luteum degeneration
LUTEAL PHASE
Estradiol
Progesterone
Ovarian hormones andpituitary hormones exertfeedback on each other
Negative feedbackon LH
Positive feedbackon LH
Negative feedbackon LH,FSH
Follicles andcorpus luteumsecretehormones