Maximizing Spectrum Resources for Public Protection and

Maximizing Spectrum Resources for Public

Protection and Disaster Relief

ETSI Workshop on Reconfigurable Radio Systems

12 December 2012

Fred Frantz

Director,

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)

Communications Center of Excellence

1

Caveats

• Presentation based on work funded by the

U.S. Department of Justice (National

Institute of Justice Award # 2010-IJ-CX-

Communications TechnologyCenter of Excellence

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2

Institute of Justice Award # 2010-IJ-CX-

K023)

• Opinions are my own and do not represent

positions of the U.S. Department of Justice

or Engility Corporation

Outline

• National Institute of Justice and NLECTC

background

• Public safety communications challenges


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• Public safety communications challenges

• Emerging technologies

Mission

• Research, development and

evaluation agency of the U.S.

Department of Justice

– Provides objective and

independent knowledge and

tools to reduce crime and


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tools to reduce crime and

promote justice

– Focus is on the state and local

level

• 95% of first responders are state

& local, 5% are federal

• State & local are responsible for

almost all incident command

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“Customers”

• Federal, state, local and tribal criminal justice agencies

– Nearly 20,000 law enforcement agencies

• Nearly 4,700 sheriff’s departments

• Nearly 850,000 sworn officers

– 63 state corrections agencies


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– 63 state corrections agencies

• Nearly 3,000 jails

• Over 1,000 prisons

• 430,000 corrections officers

– Over 400 crime laboratories

– Courts, probation & parole, etc.

– Public safety community at-large

• Policymakers, researchers, the American public

NIJ Support to

Public Safety Communications

• NIJ actively working on Public Safety

Communications

– President’s Wireless Initiative

– Wireless Spectrum Research & Development


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– Wireless Spectrum Research & Development

– Dynamic Spectrum Access Coordination Group

• NIJ Communications Technology Portfolio

• Competitively awarded Communications

Technology Center of Excellence

Public Safety

Communications Challenges [1/2]

• Wireless communications depends on spectrum: spectrum is

a scarce commodity, and allocations dedicated to public safety

are fragmented

• Transition/convergence of voice systems, including Land

Mobile Radio, and broadband systems, including Long Term


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Mobile Radio, and broadband systems, including Long Term

Evolution (LTE)

– Two significantly different technologies/markets/standards/etc. today

• System complexity

• Public safetys expectations and understanding of

communications capabilities and technology is based on

limited and anecdotal information

Public Safety

Communications Challenges [2/2]

• Public safety has diverse requirements and a fragmented market

– Governance

• Traditionally long life cycles for systems and technology refresh


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refresh

– Keeping pace with commercial developments is difficult

– Adversaries’ technology evolves faster than public safety’s

• Market structure

• Funding

• Coverage

• Standards

The Spectrum Challenge

• Exponential growth in

demand for mobile

data

• Across all uses


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• Across all uses

(commercial, PPDR,

defense)

• For PPDR, new data

sources and

applications being

identified almost daily

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Federal Communications Commission

"Mobile Broadband: The Benefits of Additional Spectrum" October

2010

Why is it hard?

Fragmented Spectrum


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� Commercial Services in wireless broadband spectrum are used by public safety

� 1 Unlicensed Part 15 bands

� TV White Space bands

� Datacasting via Commercial Digital Television (DTV) bands

� 2 NIJ AID Assault Intervention Device: NTIA Authorization, limited

geographically

� 3 FCC DA12-138 granted to ReconRobotics, limited production on 06Feb2012

� 4 FCC DA 11-1870 granted to AKELA, Inc. on 09Nov2011

� 5 HR3630 final Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012

� 6 T-band limited geographically, and to be abandoned by 2021, per H.R. 2360

section # 6103 (Jobs Act)

� 7 4.9GHz PS allocation topic; via FCC Fourth R&O and Fifth FNPRM in WP

Docket 07-100, PS Docket 06-229, and WT Docket 06-15

Major U.S. Event 2012

• Congress passed PL 112-96 (Middle Class Tax

Act) in February 2012

– Allocated 10 MHz for exclusive public safety use

for a nationwide broadband data network,


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for a nationwide broadband data network,

coupled with an additional 10 MHz previously

allocated

– Defined a governance structure to buildout and

operate network

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Do we have

enough spectrum for public safety?

• National Public Safety Telecommunications Council (NPSTC) conducted detailed study1

– Additional spectrum needed for VHF narrowband channels

– Additional spectrum needed for interoperability channels

– 20 MHz broadband data (allocated in February 2012) adequate for daily operations and medium-sized events but not all large-scale


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daily operations and medium-sized events but not all large-scale incidents

• Does not account for additional volume of broadband data that is likely to be transmitted to field units as a result of the Next-Generation 9-1-1 project.

– “Next generation public safety broadband systems should be designed to automatically assess the available network options and automatically create the needed and approved communications paths.”

– “Public safety will have to manage quality of service and priorities within its demands for large-scale incidents.”

1Public Safety Communications Assessment 2012-2022--Technology, Operations, &

Spectrum Roadmap

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Current activity

in public safety spectrum allocations

• T-Band (470-512 MHz): PL1 12-96 requires

public safety agencies to vacate (voice)

• 4.9 GHz: FCC has opened proceedings

including asking whether dedicated public


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including asking whether dedicated public

safety spectrum should be opened for non-

public safety use (data)

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Approaches to

meeting the PPDR requirement

• Need to better understand how broadband

data access impacts agency operations

• Need to develop technologies that allow more

effective use of spectrum resources


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effective use of spectrum resources

– Resource management within a public safety

network

– Access to spectrum outside a public safety

network

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Brookline (MA) Broadband Data Access Operational Evaluation

Can a wireless broadband network operating using dedicated 4.9 GHz

spectrum bring value to the Brookline, MA Police Department?

Understand how broadband data

access impacts agency operations


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APPROACH:

•Initial study of technology implementation and business model

•Analysis of organizational performance data before and after implementation

RELEVANCE:

• Identify quantitative impact on agency operations of broadband wireless data

access—lessons learned for FirstNet

•Identify characteristics of business model

Brookline is Unique

• Advantages

– Diversity of operations

– Sustainability


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• Challenges

– Generalizability of businessmodel?

– Political culture

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Research Qestions

• RQ1: How was the broadband network established and implemented?

• RQ2: How were the primary applications and regional data sharing network established and implemented into the network?


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implemented into the network?

• RQ3: What is the perceived usefulness of the applications supported by the network to job tasks and responsibilities?

• RQ4: Does the network enhance police operations and safety? Does the network have any impact on quantitative police metrics relevant to operations?

Technology concepts

• Resource management within a network

– Cognitive radio

– Dynamic prioritization leveraging LTE capabilities

– Role-based reconfiguration


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– Role-based reconfiguration

– Interface with non-first responders

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Technology concepts

• Accessing additional spectrum

– Commercial wireless

– WiFi (offload)

– TV White Space


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– TV White Space

– DTV Datacasting

– Channel aggregation

• Complex, real-time decision making relies on

reconfigurable and cognitive radios

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TV White Space

• Unassigned TV Channels – they are unoccupied channels in a given area.

• Many freed as a result of the Digital TV Transition (e.g., in US, UK)

• Channels vary widely by market – few in largest metros, more in small towns/rural areas

• Useable on an unlicensed basis for broadband applications (e.g., WiFi and as wireless

backhaul), narrowband M2M, etc. Both Fixed and Portable.

• Much lower frequency than current WiFi (below 700 MHz)


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• Much lower frequency than current WiFi (below 700 MHz)

• Signals cover far larger areas than WiFi and penetrate or bend around obstacles (trees, hills,

deeper indoors) relative to higher frequencies

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54

88

174

216

470

698

512

614

608

37

Lower VHF Upper VHF UHF

Public Safety

Wireless Mics

RA

Fixed TVWS DevicesPortable/Personal

TVWS Devices

76

72

TV ch2-4 TV ch 7-13 TV ch 21-365-6

TV ch 14-20TV ch 38-51

Calabrese, M., “TV White Spaces: A Geolocation Database Platform to Govern Shared Use Spectrum,” ISART, July, 2012.

DTV Datacasting [1/2]

• Base data rate is ~19.39Mbps, allocated to TV data streams plus other

data streams

• The base video data stream requirement is based on the broadcast

signal type and quality

• Residual bandwidth allocated through multiplexing of timeslots (time


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• Residual bandwidth allocated through multiplexing of timeslots (time

division multiplexing)

• Overhead data added to facilitate reconstruction of the signals in the

receiver, mitigate errors in data stream

• Services within signal/data stream are broadcast though an embedded

broadcast service guide

• Services can be directed to specific receivers, and ignored by all other

receivers

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DTV Datacasting [2/2]

• All data is transmitted in an IP protocol format.

• TCP/IP requires a return channel for acknowledgement packets and for

flow control, cannot be used.

• Datacasting data is “pushed” in bursts without flow control, so heavy

(double layers) of forward error control are used to ensure data


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(double layers) of forward error control are used to ensure data

integrity.

– Bandwidth overhead tax due to the broadcast nature of the signal.

• Public Safety datacasting will, through software residing in both the

signal source, and the end user device

– Embed the data

– Advertize it via the service guide

– Multiplex/de-multiplex the data

– Perform error recovery

– Make the data available to applications suitable for end-user needs

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DTV Datacasting Architecture


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Channel Bonding

• Currently working with technology developed under NIJ competitive award to Stevens Institute of Technology– Channel bonding of data paths via alternate (& non-contiguous)

RF paths to improve throughput (surge capacity)

– Find alternative spectrum to maintain an active link if a current link degrades or access is pre-empted


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link degrades or access is pre-empted

– Facilitate robust communications between nodes by exploiting multi-network diversity

– Facilitate added security via splitting of data packets between diverse RF paths on separate wireless networks

– ANY IP path can be included, to include commercial services, Wi-Fi, 4.9GHz and, eventually LTE via the 700MHz public safety nationwide broadband wireless data network

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http://www.ece.stevens-tech.edu/~mouli/spidercomm.pdf

Channel Bonding Conceptual Architecture


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(Chair funded by NIJ under competitively awarded cooperative agreement)

Workshops

Industry-Public

Safety Symposium

on SDR Technology

(San Jose, CA)

Workshop on

Public Safety

Communications

(Mainz, Germany)

Public Safety

Requirements for

SDR

(SDR ‘04—

Scottsdale, AZ)

Workshop on SDR

for Public Safety

(SDR ‘06—

Orlando, FL)

Workshop on

SDR/Cognitive Radio

for Public Safety

(SDR ‘Washington,

DC)

Wireless Innovation Forum

Public Safety Special Interest Group


NLECTC

ReportsSDR Technology

for Public Safety

Cognitive

Use Cases

Volume 1

SDR Tech-

nologies for the

700 MHz

Public/Private

Partnership

Utilization of

SDR Technol-

ogy for the 700

MHz Public/

Private

Partnership

Public

Safety

Radio

System

Cost

Model

Cognitive

Use Cases

Volume 2

Cognitive

Radio

Technology

Survey

• Identify key benefits / issues of use of SDR in public safety

• How cognitive radio technology can benefit public safety

• SDR/CR technology that support shared public/private networks

• Analyze cost-benefit tradeoffs

• Roadmap inputs

Long-Term Vision [1/2]

• Ubiquitous managed interoperability– Multiband radios

• LMR

• LTE

– Broadband (LTE) and LMR convergence


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– Broadband (LTE) and LMR convergence

• Spectrum utilization optimization and dynamic spectrum access– Leverage available spectrum resources (WiFi, TVWS,

datacasting)

• Performance and coverage improvement– Cognitive radio applications

– Mesh network extensions

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Long-Term Vision [2/2]

• Communications resource management

– Dynamic prioritization

• Communicate configuration information


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• Support incident command

– Role-based radio configuration

• Rollback and default

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Contacts

Fred Frantz, Director

Communications Technology Center of Excellence

+1 (315) 336-0640 // [email protected]

Dr. Nancy Merritt

Senior Policy Advisor, National Institute of Justice


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Senior Policy Advisor, National Institute of Justice

+1 (202) 305-8748 // [email protected]

Joe Heaps

Policy Advisor, Communications and RF Spectrum Issues

Office of Science & Technology

National Institute of Justice

+1 (202) 305-1554 // [email protected]

Maximizing Spectrum Resources for Public Protection and

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