Max Arthur Macauliffe_From Templeglantine to the Golden Temple_full

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· Evangelicals and 'Catholics

in Nineteenth-Century Ireland

Junes H.,Murphy

EDITOR

. '

£:\

oPOUR COUP:.. TS PRiESS



From T i mpl lantin to th Golden Templ :

religion mplre nd Max Arthur Ma auliff

TA H, F y

r ligi n 10 C loni: I iruation ,

u h c ntexr. It

in n0 rei. ted a ti itics: the

rod i n r. nd III '111 i-

f the new' den . f

blc.



Sot;wty. p ktu .re fo 'q l1 cly P llt] t: i n ];,8l,~).1tile n e w "En .g li sh · n :a .do. ll s w O ' u W d carc~~y

be cloces ,of t~,e or.igim!l smek ]oiu'tJ['8idjJ.~t:! "nlO~lstroiijJ:S,fantily'. ~Wh at th e

Society advo -alied, as against liM borizontal 'f!:gtnent ofplebeiau Br~tishsocj-

,ety,·'IlW,'S.a \1'Clrti.C1!JI. eross-sectice, ldeally including :r,e pre .s en nll:]\! T s o f ~U d<l!isi!;\

The m·igina] function ormis:s iona ie:s was to service ' 1 i 1 - ) I I : ' colony. t hat : is , th e

settlers, J , O , l i U i I E1IiQ~ 'Cairnes 'stat'ed th~J! :I d ] , e '!I],t-;lnd object· ,o f du: ,govet:nme'll~ of

'ngl-,J'l. h :l in s early period ,of eclenization or 'p] nlti!tiQI]l1 [149,3-.11 776]\~ [:0

·'en:flJlI:i~·~utldr'QE:l~.it}'· of rehgion at hom~) .B'lli~.a vari ety of .religi()'n~, \...as

ex ported ! to th e- Q oW oni· s, such ; ' ISpUlribni-smll. to N~,v F,Jn,[91.and.Quakerism to

Pennsylvania, and. Rontlln Ca,tholidslI1 U), Marylafld,I.vhile in Virg~nia ~!:Jd

Co:!![ lO,Unii. ~b .e C hurch . e f E !!lg}and " ' ' \ ! ' i I . S 1~.u~:lbl i~hed.b y ]a\'-'II',Th.e l i ',e] igi,o'Ll$ bel ief

p W V i ! J il j_ ~ ! l in a c olO lD ) r ' ! iN3- ' i. refit: te d ~11. l1S Jcguibc ive Issembl]y an d l~ t nbQwe . in

i 't~, ~a.v!'i'5.4Howeve:r '" 3lcc6lm i W l ; g to Hem1ian M~'l':i 'V,aJe,"Wi t h lrn] lty of [eJ~g;i.'olll '! i

belief 31mbon· ' le . sUlch qee snons need not b de·harted·'b uc 'in th e p.reseru condi-

~j.o:nof the Brki'!ih co.lfll.munity th.ey II,l'ecome ofmo.:ic p:re!l~in:g and pn,ctic::lil

interest.'S In I t h e btt,e"f pa.rt of tbe' r u n e l . 1 e ' ( l ' n t ! ; ' I i Ol!!utury" with ~lCi' predicted dum-

inarlon of th e doctrine of [roe tliil.de and th e , jJiP:parendy irreve-,ts-ible : 1 " 1 cvemem

to....' 3 .f Id lsco~o n i~! ie l f 'g ;o ,vemm imit ., l' ihe :eco nom ic and p o o t . i C : : : ' 3 ! I bonds wh i'l;h hild

" I ,l In i rb led ' t he ,em p ire h ad " .•1 ' :1 .th e view o f m a : L ' D r ) ' , te bereiPl~ced " ¥ . cule uml bond! .In ~ h ew oK is .·ofCjf i~es. ' Inseead of ag~altpoHciC3J,. w e llallilbe agrearmoral ,tutity: b01l1nd. together 'no, l ionge:r indeed b}f imperial ]i:g~llr:1!e:nitS suppH d &om

~ l Ie Co loni al O f ff ii oe ,bu t b y the s tro: lJ g :e r I I : l i I : J f i { _ l B ,of bl: i Jod~· I .ml]j~ge , and. re'lig;icn. '~

Acco:rding (, M ,~ rw ide .lid Qtho:~.,dlle imperial a,nd ' .o[omi ,~ .goY-crmt1 l ." l I l ts :.10,

h : :! !d l3 i O L ! 1 i :y OfpltOllllOdl:l:g t i h . e -civiliution' of.na:ti,ve t d t i , t ; ' s i~ t h e colloldes. ] - l e

claimed t h a t : in history "noiaseanee C . i i J n b e snow n of th ere -h .l.i i 'i ld ngo f , 1J;Vil~S

by any ,O ' th e [.i n£l.l1ence I t h m ' ! ' [hat o:f'reli,gi!Jn.~~Thi: viewwas @ i , t' ~ u : : r a l i ly a .re~'Ded

by the ,w~oll1l2:er5;the only d1-batc centred on whether ,the rmti~s lnHllJa be

cirviliz.ed,be 'O ~ beililg ChriS'ri3Ili~ed. or vice '1e~. T I ~ e s pe ctre of cO:lllVer.. - ioll i l l

~ b e o tb e r' d i l l e c l 1 i O ' I l ' \ws,rn.r1Ifly. ifever . b roached il~these eexts,

lnllr1Jl3in, el1lthuinsts fo r ' ( > I i $.~1'aiffi 'ofietl negleceed t. app.ly ' their docttitilt:

't'otihe :rdati.onsh~p b etw een reJ ig jou : a u d it!.e s t ; . l ' t 1 ; ' . I . I ~ i s s m u . ' c t l t 1 - H : : $ , d i L f f i , c u l ' t to dis -

' t in g u i s lh b e > r " y " .f t W i ilapritudpIed l~b nil d i, ~te, r c h u r c b eS'l:abli~l11ent and a CiI] -

(ul~ted PQgnl.atruslliI f € l a . w - f l l l . l .o:f its p 0 5 $ i b : h : consequences, S~ate s u p p o r t fo:r

c.hurch.!l:s. m!llgin;g&om, full ~tt.lblis1ullJi"l1t to, . . .. .id of v riOIll_ k i . l l d l . ' l ' , di d not 0 f : iCC 'S -

J QilJme. . i iI! IJobn£lIli :at Cairllcs,'ColO.rl!il ' itiOfl lit rolcmial. ,co,vemmmt,' il~"'bmB -: lan "mJT~d l ~ g : Fo I! l! - Jl (cds)I,Jo~h!m Emo '~ C a irn es , C o . l ' k - C l ~ { J ilrol'kS. 6- "ob ClQfl;dol'i and N ~ ,.v York:

R\il ' IJ:tikdgt:,l ! :oo..t.~,.i i J • • . Adiai,:;,,j' CisarJi;r.. 0 1 : 1 9 \ ,~ ,3;tn I:xtn:ml.'lly grnc;::!bl re ~[)r ' M a i ]! JI re e ~ 'i O ' C ~ Ill I I1 C 1 1 r

fur t J : 1 J i ! ! ~Hi!lidllti'I~,ghdj) she ' ll<lsgil1ell mc w.h lh d1i c~'lf': :; Ibid., 'l '1.! •ql!ll -ring'SJnLld

i " i l i w , I . d 5 . bi~ho]l of N,orwid'l. ,] C : J i l rnes," l,J~mlization ;m,d ~(I~~~ ~:all!ioVelr~.'I~~i;!'i:U:',p' rIJ , ,

Ibid., pp I, ~~!\). ~ Helr'llI~ 11Mcr·h.rJl] ·.lLlfi'I.I\i'~WI c; t , .}~r~i: t~t ip , '1wid p,j'ol!il!s, tfl'iirJi'f4!t} I J l j i l l ' l rh ~

UJj i r~ iq r! O;~fi.l fIlill ut19'" 1,,;'0, <lrul ,I~ ,I (Lgf!~IQn: n gm an ,. ~ n:ei! ', 'olIlgtl~1!n.an d H.ob'rv..

fli ! l6 I ) s 'P 'o 5~9. 6, ;jilirlle~. 'C!<l~()l l l i l ..1lt i ,C)u:<inc!col(!llI~ll'l ~\~rnuIHnt'. p. " .~ . "Mcd'.'1'Ih;"

Clilltl.ri.I 'I\,m m ' l 1 l # mJ,~ ' J ! : ' 1 0 , p. -V-I·



R efix i " empire a"J Max tthur 1a 1 I 1 1 1 i J } e

arily 11a' th me consequ m ce at 'hom'

th . d i . tab lis h rn or of (h e

in th colonies .

reli ion in the colonie . ' 1 1

erning Ir land 3C Or ing r

Ireland. In B r it ai n. N '" m an

crver : 1 '



Ma x A rd l'U J ]'"M ~ auli :fre is 3, m!f~neunk';.l:own. inthe "rest. It d oes not arppt!:Jt

in ' the' Oictj'cJI'IIIlqo f If~tiOJ~al biolmpfry and, d 1 G U , g b he d~erl in E ng li:!fld. he is IDO~

j ;t : i. e :l 1 lt iO l 'l e d. i n WII t~ 'IIllr W J : I )f l ? In h :~ 1999 'souece book. ' , r , l t S $ e . n ; l . r n ~ ~ of! 'I~r i k ' , r;d~i()"J.:! in : i !l!1i t tb .ologyof \IVr:~tirl1lgsan S . r u k h i ~ m by western 'w r~ ter-s& om th e e i:gh -

teemh to till e tweliltiedl. cenblllri:e$,. Qlut loftw,e~l'ty e ss ay s, th e e di .to r. DJf$~,dtn

SillIgh. ,repr~nted ~Q' :fe\¥C't tbillml ~reJJ. by Ma~3iIl; i l i iJh:.l l l.A , c . . 'O ! I 1 J t e m . p o [ ' 3 ! l 'Y ~UlthQr~

ilit}~w'H. McLeod, speab, with surprise '(If,the ,0pa,ucity of scho~arilystndie5 ot

M ~c.a.uliHf/~'contar~b udtmm]~ '· th oug h h e "MaS ,3,pro:rnrinell1t ife:t<mncr ofui.netecnth-

Ibetrtury S.~khism'lInd 'hlf :prodlliJ,ced th e classic i l i : i t 3 : f : ' l J d a t i o l ! l of the Gf'r,u G i ' m . u l l

' saf,Jih, th e holy 'b ook of '[ h e S ikh s., T hh trJinSi~aliQiIl'iilla$ cont ": ~ r1~d . i n ' \",rll,~n

McLeod des(l:"~hed ~ M a . c 3 . 'U I ~ " f f e '; s , ' " faf I1.0iJ:5and endl l1 : r ingworik ' . ' 1 1 H : S U d , ! rd•.

1:i tm: r r " S g~ililiJ,s~crod l ~ t I ' ; i n g . s ~,td Qflr/~l>i 'S" pIlbHs:hed~n ~j . VOliLl'1l1CS in [ ' ! J o g by , , - h e

Cl ar en don P re s s, O : xw :r d" am iruuui ng 1,:0al,mo~t ':'.,00 'P~ge5. '9 Aprpnreud}f i ' thil

: r H : ' l i t : it ' g . om . . : our ofp t-i n:r. H arb a l I 1 s Si:n;gh, e n e ·ofithe : f~r !!cbolats who haw writ-ten. 0:0 .M a,C '~ i ld j1fe .de~ ( :r ibed :hinl as . I n Y O l l U g Eng [ i s h l : S k ] d"l i tm1all 'wll0~C: itr.ans-

:Iation WitS the resl.dJl:,,ora: ' s!u~ l: ai ned , (! li ndI I lLo : i1uIDe:nta I iaoour oflove.i

'a '"ort: .

recognri l~d e-xc'eUence and d i ! g m l . i : t y ' whic.h , a:¥e;r drle yea:rs" had been " : 1 . b eaeen in

'the' Sikh I l i i~~r;wywcrr]d. ' Aooorom,g: il!U S\ln~, M acauli.ffe:S trnllWa:tio,I'II of th e S iH

,:tttiptl1res 3:0d. ' h r u s l iv e s , o f '! fa,e 'Gt:l:ru'S still t:entii.ined'lilJ:1SU.fpilSsed':

F o![ as ~ Qm g3·, r :b iere i s f lInyoue 'wnting 00 explore ,tli..&.Ith throtJ,gh t h , t : ,

medium of the Ellgl.Uih bn:l:gua.,ge"l . 1 . i 1 l O C A - th u r M a c;;li 1.d jJ f~'S name w m live

[ . .. ].. H e is , ~Qd<ly renle'ulbeu:,di in . (h e P i l! ll' lj ab , i , t ' l l m u' b .a(£ e;.·tiOI] an d

reverence as ~m e K < ! l u . ' l J p , j e 'of a c 1 \ I : i J i a n who [... ] diC'Iloted hhnsd( (Q

res earc h and mearn:i :n,! 1l;E m : 'the '~ torntiolllJ . or inte.rpt:etation of SCHue a ?t'ct:

oftbe Easrer.D cuJnul2' .~o

H lS w Q :rk nude th e Sn~hre.jj,gi'()~ "more .;x.tens:ivd.y 'blO'iIr'U lld c - r e a l c e d i among

i ts votaries 3 : flreli lnteUectu3.J fefilUI;ut:.The I f l r l 1 1 b l i c a t i o n in '9 0 9 ' of '"nil' S.jfo:hrdi-

g i C l r , 1 laid die fulmdati.on ,o.fSikih lw t e F Jt u r e i i 1 E I .1 g J : i~ h : ·; 1 I I

M.a.cauUffels e[nbr.u::e lof'Indj~nidcas'w3S'l1ch that he I ;O :n.v~f~ed to th e ~i:l.;,h

r e I i g iQ n : r o d , 1 I, ; r a s,3 1, i e a d r u n g : nllf 'l rb e -r o fTa t K h LS<I .t h e weE ; t em - j I lOue l 1o~d radical

seeelon of the Sblgh Sabb~ r.efonn i1n(li"~lIllel'n, founded In Amri~u'f in W'"73·

T h c;m :g h ilL traf1s bnio:n w as undolllJbt',~dl,y um:, .~ti,a] , Q.coQ'rding 'to Mcleod. "its

~ nnt1'ence h as been prefound ..No other work ' III. ' o t'ff~;;;tjvelly i,l'Ji~trf1J,r·t~d wesr-

ern i I i l . : " < l d t : i f Sabolllt S i k h . n: t ,WJd' l i rh e p·ult d l a : t d1C' . at K h a l s a i~!I ltcrpre!i1ltuoll1 of ( lhe

Sikh faith and c > o m n n l £ l 1 it y I'l3S~eei!l1f ilnl*ty ilixed in thcw-eterrli 1!lnd'TSJlJ]tdlllg:~!

'[ 8 l : i : i I \ g i 1 (~d . ). W a fe r :u imt!,~I"i , / M M i " '" 1l9W.I i .McLc-od, '1[. R . d ii , g i o n s : 'i ' ! Y .: !W s !J l th e U I I C : ' P I : l f l ' l

(9); M~:\ i :Af't lhur M ;q,ell: l .i l i lfe ' (S~p. ' I l . ·mbel l i29. IRl1-M;)rch .I:S. 19'1]); Ot;(.;IJii91lirl ,'~i1;I!I'~:Bn'~iJN , l ._• • ll·

. 'l1~~~jl.f~,uhc ; ! \f m C ) 1 o,f~!'I,~il)JJs. 7 1 0 1 r ( 1 ' ~ 9 I ' i } ' . I P O J ( 1'" "1 _ , . zo H a r t l , , ; ! Sil1g11,.'·EI1g 1li~! tr:Jrisl:\i'iol'! :Jof!'ll~'

MUl l s :c riflm ~ - < ! J I j l.rd~n:)II!t.!U li ion 'Of:l & ~ l l l ll j a b ei\ri! i ," '1:un K.S.lkdi,lld .S. lJ~:~tc,~s)• .G ' ~ l l l \ l '

IJi\Il li sl 'O I J !f . , Ii iC N 1 r rr , " a~rl (l'J'I',rIm,lII.lrl': (l/1'llfft) iO Dr ,'lUi R o l I J " d i u l ! l ' t : ! (#I fll!' l i ;w J : r ; / l . r r , ; n 1 . I ~ / ' J i ~ ·r - ' J r h i i : !ril'IJd~

dll1i ( J I l , Ii 'n (M ew D c lh i :A l 1) 'l 'It ~1"119'70).1l.IJ,t). :n ~.bid ' . l} . I,H.. n Mcleod.·Nb("-i! i lbiT~·.



A ll commers ta tors on M aCi lul iE f~ are ml 'suken ,1lbotlt d le d ate and·X3C[ plac '

of!h is b irth , and ' none of th em is aware that tbe or iginal iJers.Qf} afhisMme ",....~ 1 J $

Micha",IM cA u~ dre ..He was bornin G~e~1I]_noI'eM .on,a;gea~Co. Limerick, on II,S ep km 'b er .1 83 8 .,He was ed l l !C3 t~d .at Gtenmore a nd T em p1 eg J 3l1 .ti ue s ch oo ls (his

father t3l1gb't. at both scnooL" , .' be 'Q![u i J l I; ) headmas ter at ~ h e latter), t Springfield

Co l le g e, E un is , Co. Clare, and in Queen. College Galway. where h e graduated

in lan.pg~ in I860. hl 186211e j oin ed th e In .ru an Ch; r~ lServin:' and w as poseed

1: 0 th e Pun jab . where h e e vc .nw ::tD y became a jud ge:. B as ed in A m.rim :r" J J ~ b!:1flu

tramdatiJlll :g tbtl GM'IlIII' inllO .Engl isb ; in 1'8 .93 h e resigned :from Id s ()fficialposi-

liollll to engagefiJn-time in t n, is g rea r eute~prise..Huwaru Lal sta:lles tha~. as ' \ ,vdi

as , tllis m~glJwn 01ms . M acall.liffe ~]u.bHshed widely over almon(oir tyyeaTS and

spoke before g :ad "edng s o fs c :hob ,r s il] India, ' I t : a l y " Fracee, and En,gialld.2l He

died in London: O:UI~5 Much I~)I3.

An 01lm110St~~luhre ly "I,lltuCllisl: pos twkuuru . t heory · f ind s i td i ff ic ti :i t to. desl

'i. i th . 1 1 . c oJ oni al.teg itne th at c an ce leln :a.te ,an ! ind i! ge no us ,,) fS:t.eJtlt ,ofbenefhl th einN!reSt of in ; own poliioaI and eCOI1Ol'llk .nnbitioo.lS, J i l l ' ! : he Cas' of th'"Sikh.. . .Aotonly w a s '5 uooltertl peech aU o'Wed .. ~ ('li,i\! 3sin tn.;1.ny cases 1 1 1 i l , n _ i f e n l y encourn.ged,.

It is uitde-[ s {(i j1! th blc tb nt ene m ig ht b e s us piciolJ s of an. imperial tt:ajectory thllit

begim. with th e dt'nigratioll1 and ends \i!rlth th e glQIif i .atJ.Ol1of the odu:r ' .Tbis ,

was a d ivi .de -and - conquer str .u;e~ a.'.killing wid'} 'kifl!~', wlMch \l\~ l inked to

the i ncorpo r< lti 'on o fS i .k h 'm i li ta ry P ':m~ s s a s g , IJ ~ ~N i 'i :mo fch Je"Ra j " In his valu-

able book . Orimtal i m m~d race :Aryanism in t h e B r ~ t, is h e " , 1 l # r . r . , T m l y B a U a - T l ty H l .; ,! S

project is to decenree the f:np.i:rc.see.ing it as :a com pieK Il!:tw ork 111w~b instead

of . spoked. wbee l , : H e ; ; 'p~i):ysdol.vo e he dOnUn aue e o.r th e c en t! 'e 'o ve r 1 ! a · pcn,ph~

e!r~es<'lIldemphasizes d ' 1 . ' i ' : ,agcn.cy of th e c olo ni s e sp~c i ;] tly .i n [h.e CQTI'Stt"tlction of

knol!;'led:ge, Arcoming to BilUi1firy:n,.:. ',[Illate (l1,ght'cctlth-cell.'tury OrienuIi: ; , [S

i·m.bu~dby c05l'no,p li~nism and con-v'inced by the unity of h um anity, found.

U : l t l i ln . y :ttlinilties b tween Hindiu and Chid~tiRn lb t;li ,t:f.' T h is ~ . ,d olJ b tJ c~ s ly true.

B ut UTe}y th e p urp ,o se Q 1 f chis h om aae 'to H il1d ui" U l is t - hc poI it ic i ll and eco-

nomic s l l b J U g 1 l ' i :i o n o f] Iin du s, T h o ug h Brub:ntynlc'S~[gcts a re Ed : \I \~ r dSa i d ~nd

an d V i S " . f 3 1 1 'd ,au, h is ow n perspeceive b basicaU'y clu1ru[ 'ansi [~ ! . lotac kn ow le d ..,_ ,

in:g tl at th e celeb rn:tion of, i t idced i !:te ' omple te M cm i tk ati on witb . • •_1 c u l t l n ' l l ; ; (a s

tn Ma ca.u li ff~ '. c as {" ) - I ,I'liot i l : lcO!mpa't ible\~. ith. indeed 'nl!ly w ~U b eone ' o r th,eh,est fflOde- of ach i ev ing , PQ l i ti c ~ l d.OnUn.'t t iOI1. As in fb • orh~''11talart of j tjdo"t;he

,o pp ,o ru ;n 'fs' o w n. ~ tre ng th a nd w~igh ! : a re used 'r;o d,~feat them.

In lang uag e th ~ t r calls it Henry M aim;"l ire i. t~m tioiPS of he trepe of th e

' 't h1 :l l! h~~EaM " \ i t : h . ir s 'darkt'lJc s', i t t > " nig ht: • bs < to rpo r' ., its' Ieep', an d i~.gc l o ' l l l b t =

lessd gmaric 'slumber' - < \. v~ion. ·oflndia a a ~eawunt nd unchanging !i det)oomnnnliGl'ted'1;o th ou anru of young men etl'tcILin· th e I 'n cli ~ n l.C iv i l Service"

P" '10. 2 i J , H,adnll LnJ,'l'hc weswnJ gJIt{'W~J.y to'iklliir.m: rhe urt: and wo~ 'ufM~x Al1hllJf

M~caul i fl~· . il~Kar.y J)li'(l ' 11 (ed.),ikl' I li flrmd Ii, rll flm' (l.o:ldon illid Ne.w'tfurk: RQlld·~tg·,

I?J!)). po p I ur-:;o, 7 . " U . J!,mtyul!'. Orit'"r!l/Ilw! r l l u : 1 m~~\ ( ; I < . 117. 25 , tb i d • • ll. p,



- Macauliffeconcluded his et>say,"How the' Sikhs became a . m ili tan t p eop le',

wi~hthese words regarding ehe Sikh Gurus;

In them the Ease shook ofl' th,e torpor of ag'e:s,and unburdened irselj ' of

the heavy weight of ultra-conservatism w'hiich has paralysed the geniu.

and intelligence of hs people'. Only ehose who know India !b y actl1a]

expe rience , ca n adlequ:ncly apprec iaee the dru t ff icw t ies ' ui h ,eGuru;~encoun'-'

c ere d i n the i r efforts, to reform and aw ak en th e s leep ing nation [[",..J [am

not without hope that when enlightened uaeions become acquaint"d

with the merits of the SH::h .re lig ion, they will not: wilUllgly let ~tperish

]]] the g re~ t ab ys s in w h ich so m<lilly creeds have been e n g n 1 : f e d i , z d

Macaulifti'e ~,~W tbe Sikhs. as India's indigenous 'English". He summed up

'some of the moral and PQlicica~merits' of the Sikh religion as follows:

it prohibit'; i c l . o l a : l i T v . hypocrisy caste exclnsiveness, the concremation ofwidows.the immurement ef'women, the U!;C' ,o f wine' and other intoxi-

canes, tobacco-smoking, infan.tkjde. slander, pilgrimages to' sacred rivers

and 'tanh of the Hindus; and it inculcates loyalty, gratitude ((Iran [a,vours

received, phjl~ultbropy.justj(e, imp:n:ti;ahty, truth, honesrg and aU th e m oral

a nd d om e sti c virtues know n to the holiest citizens 0-[ any country, *7

Cenrral to M,acluhffe"s later thinking was th e 'Vie...,,'that Sikllmsm WaJS ind'e-

pendent of Hinduism, in western terms, a 'reformation' of it, indeed, the

A .ng licanis m of th e O rient.. ~8H e w rote, however. ]]'1 I 8 :8 I that.' [o][otwi!i:nstand=

ing th e exereicns of the gu:nls. the Sikhs of dle Punjl~.bhave now cornpleeely

r elaps ed i nto idobtry, and! ~.. , ,] their worsb ip in all respects resembles that of theHindus,' But" he claimed, the Hindu couuptions of the reHgion of Nanak and.

Gobind were now 'bitterly deplored by all educated and intelligent Sikhs'. Zl) He

saw 'a wonderful analogy between the spiritual condinon of Europe and Asia'

in ~ b e middle ages :

In Europe and As i a all [earning was ]n. dllc hands of the priesthood, and

this admittedly led to serious abuses in both coerinenrs, But when things

areat their worst they often mend, During ehe veryperiod that Wy iM f e

and Lnther and Calvin in Europe were warning men of the errors (hat

had crept into Christianity" men Hke Kabir and Gura Nana.k were

denouncing priestcrnft and idclatry in India. O 1I!ndwithvery considerablesuccess. Most of the mediev aa saints wh o Jed th e crusade agains t !lupn-

261\b ..x An Jw:r Macau li :i i@> .Ho r. !! , t~ e S j kh~b e tt iH i e a mllitdlil:t prople {190S), in S i i : 1 i , ~ l (cd.)" Hi-stem

im~, pp 3Si-79; PP 3 ,7, 9 .T his pali l ! lag~ is reproduced almost word~foll"-\ll,f(lro. ii i Ma.< .....mliffco.

Sikh lefi'girm, 'Inrrodaction', i, pp hO:Jvl'i:i-Hi. 27 M~c;auliffe'.Sik~ . e J ' f g i { ) f f . 'Prefa.r:e', ip. xxiii.

: z : 8 M ax .A nh u.r M : l c. a u h f f e - ; Th e h ( } l y writ~ljg..;o f t /~:~ Si ikhs , i . D ~ S i n g h (ed,.), Wc'st;f.'Y\!,j h l ! ' l < 1 ' X I ' .p 'P

: : !~S~326: p. 2~6. 29' M acall lI i :Efe. "Sikh rdigjoll under Banda', p. 2-77.



20 ' ,3

sririon founded-seers which still survive.bur the most rmmerous [and]

:p'owe'rflll uf aUms tih.egreat Sikh sect founded b y B ab a Nanak Y '

For Macauliffe Sikhism emphasized inner individual formation before outward

rituals" strucrures, p r , o : f e (> s i c m s ·of6~!th.He quoted M i L to n . ; without naming hjm:

G o o preferred ' ! [b]efore a ll eemples the U 1 p r . i . g h I t heart an d pure')1 He ~ecbed the

,a pp ro ac ]: l. es o f th e S c ri b es who idolisedthe letter ,o f th~ law as ag ains t tts spirit.

and of the Pharisees w he seood on ceremony and outward show and whose

related belief ill 'llllfudt)' and d .e ul::m e nt' m a de them, like tih.~Hindes, "a , see r .

apart'. Macauliffe men quoted. Ghrist's statementthat '[tlhere is nothing from

'Without a m an. th ar entering b im can ddi]e him. b ut th e d li i ! lg .iwhich com e out

Qfhitn. , thoese 3:£(: ~ h e lih:it1;gS 'Wh i c h d .e ;f i~ea m~ u,[ : :By d1i~S s tatement Chr i s 'emen-

,ci!paJt:ediB risfollow ers for ev er & om th e th rald om ofcaste, and openedth e port~ &

of progress and enlightenmene to !his£ e U O l W creatures,' J2 Sikhs 'rej ected the idol-

aU:y and snperseirions of th e Hind us" . [and] t3iught; that God was one a Jlone. ''J .J

Slkhism rejected the excessive ritualism of the Hindus. on the one hand. and

their excessive penances and austerities, on the other, 'Contmry to . the practice

,. ofthe ~ndent India:" ascetics,' M : :l G l . U l if f e wrete, "the Gurus ]H~UdlJ3!t man might

;, ob tain eternal happiness v.-:lith(),utfcrs ak ing h is ordinary w O ! r l d 1 y duties:34 ' G1llfU

~; Nanak taJught that 'a nun who married, attended eo his secular avocations, an d

r ,. neglected noe at the same time the duties of hisreligion, W;!IS as surely pursuing

f.· the: nob le path as t!h e cenob ite and d le ~nchorite:,~l~

While the m'3!jor'ity of Sikhs in the ;[87m; would have :'ie'en Sikhism as

derived fro'lll H h l J i d u js . r n . , ,~ , 6 M a . ca l L l li lf f e : spoke of Hinduism <ISbeing relaredto

Sikhism. all Romat!il Catholicism was to Procestancism. Hesaw Hinduism as

'. ,",

fi.I

l

~

like the boa-ccnsmcror of the Indian forests. Wh.en a petty enemy~ppea l l "$~ :o ''lNQlr'll"y it, it winds round j t . s opponent. crushes it in ttl> foM 'l,

and finally caases il t to di :s:app~a.rin i ts c apacious interior 1[.,, ]H~nduism

has embraced Sikhism inits folds; the still comparad ..r , e l y youngrdigkm

is making a vigorous struggle for li~e,.but it s ultimate destruction and

assimilanon in the body of th e h u g 'e ;: lu d . resistless leviathan is inevitable.

Natwiehscanding the Sikh Guru's v·iitlile.t],~denunciatioa cfBrahmins,

secular S i kh s " as 'We have seen, now rarely do anything without their

ass is tance, Brahmins h e]p th em to b e born, help them to wed, help them

to die, and help their souls. after death to obtain a state of bliss ...And

]1) M ~ c a u l : if f e , Wrili~j1 1 J f . ~ l n ~Sik~j. p, : . I E7 ., 3 I I b i d . ; p o . 2 : 8 ' 9 · , ~ 1 1 , 1 1 Q i t i t l gP a r n d i ! l : c J . i l S i : , i, :1 " .1 fI , 3 2 ;

M a C i i u J l lF e , 'The S 1 l ; i l l r :e1hgkm', ]1lI S i ng h ( ed ,,) . Ht.s(~'mi'fJ'l~, pp ] 1.'{-jj;" 3 3 7, C h r i~ t ;~ statemenr

is from Mark 1 ' : 1 : 5- 13 Mac-3uiiffe, fM y wri:I·i . IIg!, p, ~9.j,. J.t. M~G~I,l!):iff~,SJkb fCll~it 'lh

'llltrodllctiOIl', t , p . b::jv: 35 M ax A r ili l! l:r NiacmiUlfe. '1'111:' Diwali . tilt A:rnd~r; th e ~~iSiol)ofdl¢

S:i 'kh~' . in $ jn g h ( ed , , ) . , ~M~ · i r l f ' ! 1_g r ,PP 22'9'"-4,6;p, 1.3 7, 3 6 N .G ..B arrie r; 'T rnm pp an d M . ' " J :C ; i A : ! I i. f f t :

W leM "em students of S i kh h i s. ro ry and D'el:iigiOlfl';)[IF . !JjJ Singh (ed),; H i $ t N i ti ~ .$ l tr u i h i s , o o o g r a p i l , } , ' p J, f ile Sik ln (New Dc l'IU :O : ri :e nt:! ] P llb [ js b e ~ and Distributors, 197~).PIP166-8j;PP 'T;! i -J i -



204 Tadll,<?Fly

B hmin, with all the define of Rom Catholic mi inar ics 111

P t t It ounrri .ha c p tially u eed d in per u ding the ikh t

on: to th ir ni h th th Queen of Hcs en, nd 0the In and

P a r e I aiah i t w uld ppear that th nl I ci lim tanc in \. hich the lion uld

lie own', ith th ila b \l when rh lamb w C UTe} I dge in the b .lly

the lion,

r rnc t

11

r IgJ

tr

ri

n

hi llc .

n un Ic r U:1Il IJ', p, _ 'J. l acurliflc. ,'ik!, rd(I/I.'/I,

u tour 'rem H indu "l~tc, 4 0 lb ul ..

I, ,Iiv,



w h o s e 'mm ia !t:i.o iIB o f tllil.e Hindrn : s c : r ip M , lr e ! ! had brnughll: honour and 1l!~(jry to

thal~re]igi()l.rni'n tfue west, MUl1er, I f ! l e v e r visited India aInd p r c e s u _ i 1 ' r u ~ ' b l y he never

acqeired the: services of uative scholars, Wb,en h~ WOol];;' W;ll~ completed,

M acau. h ti e .u ;b d ~h1t it be S!cruti; i : l I j~edb-y a C()nvl:uue,e of Sild1J sCll'iprull'<'lls~hQ]-

a r B who s ug g :es te:d Y l il ll :' iO U S ' e 'I .n e n ! C i iH I t ! iO ! E . 1 i Samdgave ~ttheir 8 e < :! ~ o f ,aPJ?I)Qv:a[,bQdl

Unguis~i ( ; ; )nd t tu::o~og' i i tCi!1.A s, w ell as t ta l] !sbdng m e GriOmth, h e decided to :

i nelu de b i~ g fa,p hj es QfdlC ~e iD lG'urli~ Q(Sildllis:lU ".na of (h 'C ' Bb:a.gats" th e Sant

poeas wh.o~~WQ!'k~ <!!~s(l';;Jppe.. r iii!~h~Cmil'Ull.h : 'i!;i\i'3~ th e first l " l 1 h r u 5 s h e d exeget-

ka :~ ,:vork 01.1 the S ikh . ~Jbripit :ull iesasrprevio!]5 e~p()s;~tio:ns had! ,come down b y

we/ ,m o f 1 1 1 Jo u t h t l l i l r o u g h ,. f 'O r i l 'J i S U D . c 'e ' .h . e r - e c l i t a r y g~J~i.~.

' 1f lf l. !] !1~pp~1lm ', itmb tiOI I h l ld bee~ l CC i li 1 tun: ls s i ol il ,e d 'b y t l . '1 le ' S ecre tt3 :ry of S t a J ~ e fo'.F

[ l 1 ; d I ~ I l , . I b : u , n liiI()t s o MalCau~: i fTe~. [ - t w s ,~~1,~~ m ~ , ~ 1 ' l 1 1 ; 'S~kJ~,religim,I' {l 'un : it~ n d ,lm n t 'a g r s t o '

r i J ' ( ' : : r . t \ ; i ' J ; e o d e a J : t ~ p ! ! l c : i : f i c r u l y widllh~s question. AC(:l)fdingm N _ G - BiI.n'~er:

Siikh.lbY'lIDty E o r i l l e ftli l ~ a . d l . b t ; e n : l 1 l . e l l 1 r t ~ o m e d . bdd'lyin . : J t t b e r ~;xy:s,b1.1tcl]je

LeCJN: reesped3 ]~y In ld .e :r~OO l i ied dl l~s WiIU~ l:lSW l;) nQ f ft ce :n t S ik h e 'X $ le ]:'] cn ce .

A ' b u l " ! ; ' I , l a ! i l l ! : Q( Bfi~is'b po,we'['~n the bnd', the Sihl:t:swOl~,ld 'COir1!6nu~to

remain f[-Ilendly a r u ] i e $ , T ih e om], cl i ! .ng~r, $ O l I i d . M,l,canlitITe,\ws tbe eresiou

o f Siklbpower d i i l I Z Y - U i ~ I i : I ~ n , a d l ' ! ' Q i u : a : t e educancnsad a de-d ine i~lIp o p u rn a ,-

t n , o n . The B I 1 1 1 t t s b eOil: ] iSeqllt lendy should ,rnkJe i .n 'J1n~d i . i1~ s teps ~ o prov~de

t ' h . r ; : · Si. 'nchs wl.th nlilOlre p3!tronilllge" ' h : n p f f i i , G i c thrIDL;lgJunn th.e l e e t u r e wns ~.

me~ge th~l[such : s ; u P P O l ' t also sh Q uld b e ,e;xte'liided w M.acill[dif:fe.~'!

T h o u g h . M a cu il l ; ~ ff e ~1f\!i,I' h is labeers as~,~nl.~ng.l 1 'I D e p o U r k : J i ll ..mrtercsts; o f t h e S i l l l i 1 :S ,

lliJJeby .no nl,e3lJ:1SSaW ~fuellil as ~riri- '.i .l~lpe:[id. I,i:lde~d,h is pulbl~clecture, 'Howthe

S ~k:~ b ec amea i~nru~~~1Jt [peopl.e"., was p l r e : d . d e d . O'¥ef h y I li a l es s ,3,:S:gure t n o i l i U , L Q : 1 l d

"). lC;itcb~I1!e:rof Khartoum .e lirul the ' irm.',l)cl;t!,~tioil1 I t oO Tille S ik /1 r eU g , ic m ;o lilt: I;ltHiIlrH~;t~

3Jtt~d OO!l! ! teof d!!e ·OlJd~: !1 I t~S~! . i'o f tl1 .~ S ik h. ruru.~~~onw th e S:mlle""~.~.He ~ta :t :ed th< 'l t

aCG{).~di: l i : l :grtO 'G uru G o·b h :ad S i i r l l ; g ] : J . d~e EII~sh wQn~dceareand b e j Q i~ .(:d b y

~be :KhnJ:sa ( im:i:ria.redS i ~ k 1 ~ . : s l ,:rule'iu th e eas tas \\i'rdlas il'l: t h e \ '~( 'S![;

The combined ar:lUles ofthc'lBnglish and the s ikhs :sbil]~[ i ) ; e 'wry power-

Rill;u long ; J : S dlCY rule wiltWl.~H'jj'~~d· ( ; l I ) u n ~ i f u . TheellIlpire oft.l~H!'i3i1'iti'ih

sha:I! l '\ i~srdy inc;i\t : .<ls>e,3:IJd d l.q d 'l!i.iU h li ~~il\ly ~y o ' b l : ; i 1 ! i n pro !lp~ :!' i( :y [ [. •. ]

Th'liHll in C'II'e'ryfuOllSf: shallhe wem.hh,.in :eveli")' h ou~cf;cHg~on.in every

house ~e3 : r. ni 1n. g, !a l~dil l eve~ ~ )Q !M ;:e~l~ppi~l!~.U

~tW:I :S , C O W l I' ti nned r '¥ b · c :auk ir .r ~ ."~uch propbecies as th es e, c om b in ed wirh th erno]lO'the']~I1Il" th . ,e ab! ! Jeuce orM.'IIpl;'j$~itign and r e : ' ! t l C < ! l i r 1 t intb e matter of t& "i:-,od,

, t :~1lla:rr~t;'r,'Trtlmpp ;'IudM;,'l~;JJ~li~·c'.p, 17~. 42. M~i::atll:i!fl~,S o ' k J ~ ~i'/wj~1iI.!'P.ref~c~·.i,.p,)1v~ii.

·tJ,lbi,t.i.~" ~'i i~"; luQtlu , ;1f ~'E'S:iom: Q ft l il i : ~~\>t t :M ; ; 'U : : l, U ~ l E I t : h! t .u ,i~~~~ll.dO(':i:ll,Io ' iwrry hlOu~r:llJlP-.pi:~!~,'.sUll);!!t iuni:d'i i l e j , ! ' ~ i 1 ' i hO'[J!il~' 11WlU1U:Il'" The re tY;}~. ~~,seems, 1110'''''''D\~~m1 it~.M : f lC l t l :l I U F e s

heuse: 'l :l~fI~l.llll!t 't l i l , L ! ' : ~ i~n~ i~ldir;J(j,!i}n~hll~:ht l."Vt"tilimrrl.e&



T n dh g F o le y

h i h h the r:JVC! t, the mo t 1 a l < nd devoted sub-

urther pa c c he . rated that

It is adrnitt d that kno ledg of th Iigi on f the people oflndia is

raturn f r th - B rit" h offic ial w h administ T i frail'S an d indi-

r th pe pi who b y em 0 mat mutual mpa-

b rodu ed. II b fore rh

ngli. h an the

h

In V r f the ngli h',41)

na l 0 1 ial I II ua c

th r, ui t-

m ai m erel

ion.the

- i i . 49

I k Y l l ' ;1 ill ";IIt'/C: 1 1 1 1 , - " " ' "

11)1)7).PI ll-4.



JifiOI1, mpin; and H -Artl, If f a a l ll if fc

airnc , in s eric article; in th e COIiOI/lI I 10 J

at • rian \ ith 'Iri h id a "about 1.nded p p rty

Iri: h 'fa t'.$O In hi review f l: me Anthonytil irne wrote of the 'rn

the 1 w

ile

h r ',h' cmon \ t r

ick .Thi is m e gen. i (tht: docrri e

rr ts \ rrc to re L c

Iltnt rive Unioni m'.Wh n h me



20 TodllR le y

rule v . lar r b e 'k ille

at

'n • tiona] mas-xford , th e I·_

\

1111.:r'.H n.

\ 'lilt uth, ..rn 4 : plc were C n

uh c. HilI), 1 1" ;'; ". 1, [ , I, I

[he. ikh r I gl n',l1)'Ill ,11 (t' I.), J Ihlm, " ' ' ' ' , I J ,P I ~·n-~":11,;!53" " : I I t ' t lu : I . J : r o sn r d o n , " '' '' 'I 'm i r y. r!lld 1 1 ( 1 ' ~ f (Pnnu:t n: Prill cton

Max Arthur Macauliffe_From Templeglantine to the Golden Temple_full

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