Mauritania’s Islamists

8/2/2019 Mauritania’s Islamists

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mauritanias-islamists 1/30

ECBBJN NI_R | EI\O@ <49<

EI^\CRIMCI–_C_JIEC_R_

Ijnx R`ursthm



Ecbbjn nist | Eiro` <49<

Eiurctimci–scsjiEcsts

ix th



© <49< Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt ahr Cmtnrmitchmij Tnion. Ijj rcf`ts rnsnrvnb.

R`n Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt bhns mht tign cmstctutchmij phsctchms hm puljco phjcoy

cssuns7 t`n vcnws rnprnsnmtnb `nrn irn t`n iut`hr–s hwm imb bh mht mnonssircjy rnnot

t`n vcnws ha t`n Nmbhwenmt, cts stiaa, hr cts trustnns.

Mh pirt ha t`cs puljcoitchm eiy ln rnprhbuonb hr trimsecttnb cm imy ahre hr ly

imy enims wct`hut pnrecsschm cm wrctcmf arhe t`n Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt. Tjnisn

bcrnot cmqucrcns th;

Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt ahr Cmtnrmitchmij Tnion

Tuljcoitchms Bnpirtenmt

9663 Eissio`usntts Ivnmun, MV

Vis`cmfthm, B.O. <44?1

Rnj. +9 <4<-20?-6144

Aix; +9 <4<-20?-9024

www.OirmnfcnNmbhwenmt.hrf

cs puljcoitchm oim ln bhwmjhibnb it mh ohst

it www.OirmnfcnNmbhwenmt.hrf/puls.

OT 9?6



Ohmtnmts

_ueeiry 9

Eiurctimcim Csjiecse–s Ecxnb Cepjcoitchms ?

Eiurctimcim Csjiecsts _nn t`n _titn is i

Qn`cojn ahr t`n Csjieczitchm ha _hocnty 2

_hocij Oìmfn imb Ahrncfm Cmunmon

_purrnb Nirjy Csjiecst Ehlcjczitchm >

Fnhphjctcoij Trnssurns hm Eiurctimci

Cmibvnrtnmtjy _trnmft`nmnb Csjiecse 6

Trhjns ha Csjiecst Jnibnrs 0

R`n Rnwisshuj Tirty; Snirs ha ^mbnrfrhumb Hrfimczcmf

Riuf`t Csjiecsts Thjctcoij _hp`cstcoitchm 94

Eiurctimci–s Csjiecsts @ivn Ojhsn

Rcns Vct` Ht`nr Iril Csjiecsts 9?

Kcìbcse Cs i \ibcoij Arcmfn Rìt

Eicmstrnie Csjiecsts Hpphsn 92

Ohmojuschm 91

Mhtns 93

Aurt`nr \nibcmf <9

Ilhut t`n Iut`hr <?

Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt ahr Cmtnrmitchmij Tnion <2



IJFN\CIEH\HOOH

_NMNFIJ

EIJC

EIJC

EI^\CRIMCI

VN_RN\M

_I@I\I RC\C_ [NEEH^\

IB\I\

RIFIMR

R\I\[I

L\IGMI

I__ILI

@HB@ NO@O@I\F^C

@HB@ NJF@I\LC

CMO@C\CBIG@JNR

MH^IBCLH^

FH\FHJ

F ^ C B

C E I GI

IRJIMRCO

HONIM

Mhuibclhu

Rco`ji

LcrEif`rncm

Rcmbhua

_eiri

Big`ji

Iusnrt[hunritn

Itir

Igkhukt

Bigir

Mhuigo`htt

\hssh

Riraiyi

Jiiyhumn

Rcbkcgbki

Gcaai

'Iyh÷m nj'Itrh÷s

Mãei

_ãjclilc

Giãbc

Ijnf

Rihubnmmc

Mitchmij oipctij

Rhwm hr vcjjifn

Trhvcmocij lhumbiry

Cmtnrmitchmijlhumbiry

Bry sijt jign

Vibc (cmtnrecttnmtrcvnr)

944 Ec4

944 Ge4

J^OCBCRS CMAH\EIRCHM BN_CFM, JJO

EI^\CRIMCI

IA\COI



9

_ueeiry

Csjiecsts ìvn lnohen im cephrtimt phjctcoij ahron cm Eiurctimci scmon ahreijCsjiecst isshocitchms rst nenrfnb cm t`n 9364s. Csjiecst iotcvcse ìs ohmtrcl-utnb th t`n hmfhcmf Csjieczitchm ha Eiurctimcim shocnty, is cs nvcbnmt arhe t`nprhjcanritchm ha ehsquns imb Csjieco isshocitchms cm t`n oipctij, Mhuigo`htt,imb njsnw`nrn. Cm t`n 9334s, phjctcoij jclnrijczitchm ijjhwnb Csjiecsts th pirtcoc-pitn cm njnotchms is cmbnpnmbnmts, imb scmon cts jnfijczitchm cm <446, Rnwisshuj,t`n strhmfnst Csjiecst pirty cm Eiurctimci thbiy, ìs lnohen i scfmcoimtecmhrcty vhcon cm t`n ohumtry–s phjctcos imb ìs lucjt tcns wct` Csjiecsts njsn-w`nrn cm t`n Iril whrjb. R`nsn ehbnritn Csjiecsts w`h pirtcocpitn cm njnotchms`hjb bcaanrnmt lnjcnas imb fhijs arhe Eiurctimci–s kcìbcst arcmfn.

Hvnrijj, Eiurctimcim Csjiecse bhns mht ourrnmtjy phsn i t`rnit th t`n ̂ mctnb_titns. R`n eicmstrnie ha t`n ehvnenmt ippnirs oheecttnb th bnehorioyimb, nvnm sh, cs umjcgnjy th tign phwnr. Csjiecst pirtcns jcgn Rnwisshuj ìvnmnvnr oipturnb i jirfn sìrn ha t`n vhtn cm njnotchms, imb ehbnritn Csjiecstjnibnrs ìvn nxpjcoctjy rnknotnb uscmf vchjnmon th tign hvnr t`n stitn. Cmbnnb,t`n ^mctnb _titns eiy nvnm mb im upscbn th t`n Csjiecsts– rcsn; EicmstrnieCsjiecst jnibnrs puljcojy ohmbnem t`n Eusjce tnrrhrcst frhup Ij-Yinbi cm t`nCsjieco Eif`rnl (IYCE), w`co` t`n Eiurctimcim fhvnrmenmt ìs lnnm ohe-litcmf scmon <44>.



?

Eiurctimcim Csjiecse–sEcxnb Cepjcoitchms

Gcbmippcmfs ha Vnstnrmnrs imb nelissy lhelcmfs ìvn eibn Eiurctimci,ijhmf wct` t`n lrhibnr _i`nj rnfchm, i shuron ha ohmonrm ahr Ienrcoim imbNurhpnim fhvnrmenmts whrrcnb ilhut t`n phtnmtcij sprnib ha trimsmitchmij tnr-rhrcst ehvnenmts cm Iarcoi. Vnstnrm phjcoyeignrs ̀ ivn bcaanrnmt pnrspnotcvns hmEiurctimci–s prhljnes. _hen lnjcnvn tìt t`n irey–s wcjjcmfmnss th ̀ umt tnrrhrcstslht` bhenstcoijjy imb cm mncf`lhrcmf Eijc eigns t`n ohumtry i strhmf pirtmnr

ahr ̂ ._.-jnb ohumtnrtnrrhrcse naahrts cm t`n rnfchm. Ht`nrs anir tìt Eiurctimci–sturlujnmt phjctcos (t`n ohumtry ìs suaanrnb twh ohups cm t`n pist bnoibn) eignct umstiljn, imb tùs anrtcjn frhumb ahr Eusjce nxtrnecst rnoructenmt.

R`n strnmft` ha Eiurctimcim Csjiecse ohmtrclutns th suo` anirs. JnfijcznbCsjiecst pirtcns irn hm t`n rcsn, imb t`ncr phpujir ippnij cs nvcbnmt cm Csjiecstjnibnrs– njnothrij vcothrcns, arnqunmt enbci ippnirimons, imb ilcjcty th hrfimczneiss imtc-Csrinj bnehmstritchms. Csjiecsts– phjctcoij ficms, ehrnhvnr, ìvn fhmnìmb cm ìmb wct` i lrhibnr Csjieczitchm ha shocnty, issnnm cm t`n sprnib ha ehsquns imb Csjieco isshocitchms cmt`n oipctij, Mhuigo`htt, imb njsnw`nrn.

Mnvnrt`njnss, Eiurctimcim Csjiecst hrfimczitchms bhmht ourrnmtjy t`rnitnm t`n ^mctnb _titns. R`n eicmstrnieCsjiecst ehvnenmt ippnirs oheecttnb th bnehorioy imbcs umjcgnjy th oipturn phwnr, w`nt`nr vchjnmtjy hr it t`nlijjht lhx. Cmbnnb, t`n Csjiecsts– rcscmf prhjn eiy nvnmìvn shen phsctcvn cepjcoitchms ahr t`n ^mctnb _titns; Eicmstrnie Csjiecstjnibnrs puljcojy ohmbnem t`n Eusjce tnrrhrcst frhup Ij-Yinbi cm t`n CsjiecoEif`rnl (IYCE), w`co` Eiurctimci–s fhvnrmenmt ìs lnnm ohelitcmf scmon<44>. Ly tigcmf pirt cm fhvnrmenmt naahrts th rnahre ecjctimts, Csjiecsts ìvn`njpnb rnbuon IYCE–s rnoructcmf phtnmtcij. Ehbnritn Csjiecsts ijsh strnmft`nmEiurctimci–s iwnb bnehorioy ly oìmmnjcmf phpujir imfnr cmth pirtcocpitchmcm eicmstrnie phjctcos.

Vis`cmfthm s`hujb ijsh ln cmtnrnstnb cm Eiurctimcim Csjiecsts ahr wìtt`ny oim rnvnij ilhut imtc-Vnstnrm snmtcenmts wct`cm im nmnrfntco imb cmu-nmtcij snfenmt ha shocnty prceircjy ohephsnb ha yhumf, nbuoitnb, urlim iotcv-csts. R`cs ohmstctunmoy, ahr cmstimon, hpphsnb Eiurctimci–s 9333 rnohfmctchm haCsrinj imb `njpnb spur t`n fhvnrmenmt–s bnocschm th lrnig tcns wct` Knrusijnecm <443. Imb ijt`huf` ct supphrts t`n hlknotcvn ha bnanitcmf IYCE, ct ìs ijsh

Ehbnritn Csjiecsts strnmft`nm

Eiurctimci–s iwnb bnehorioyly oìmmnjcmf phpujir imfnr cmth

pirtcocpitchm cm eicmstrnie phjctcos.



2 | Eiurctimci–s Csjiecsts

orctcocznb t`n fhvnrmenmt–s ioonptimon ha Vnstnrm `njp cm ohumtnrtnrrhrcse.R`n jnsshm ahr t`n ^mctnb _titns cs ojnir; Trnssurcmf t`n Eiurctimcim rnfcen th

hvnrrcbn t`cs ohmstctunmoy–s ohmonrms ohujb cmornisn imtc- Vnstnrm snmtcenmts iehmf lht` Csjiecsts imb t`n phpuji-tchm is i w`hjn.

Csjiecsts ijsh pirtcocpitn cm fjhlij rnjcfchus mntwhrgs,nxtnmbcmf t`ncr rnjnvimon lnyhmb Eiurctimci. Csjiecstsshentcens enbcitn rnjitchms lntwnnm t`n stitn imb ahr-ncfm Csjieco frhups, imb is t`n aijjhut arhe t`n <499 Iriluprcscmfs ijtnrs Mhrt` Iarcoim phjctcos, t`ny wcjj jcgnjy ahrfn

tcf`tnr lhmbs wct` Csjiecsts cm Ijfnrci, Rumcsci, imb Jclyi. Mhtcmf w`co` lhmbst`ny bh strnmft`nm wcjj `njp phjcoyeignrs umbnrstimb imb imtcocpitn lrhibnrphjctcoij oìmfns cm t`n Iril whrjb.

Eiurctimcim Csjiecsts _nn t`n _titn is iQn`cojn ahr t`n Csjieczitchm ha _hocnty

R`n Csjieco \npuljco ha Eiurctimci ̀ is jhmf whrgnb th kuffjn cts Iril cbnmtcty,Csjieco oìriotnr, imb Vnstnrm tcns. R`cs kuffjcmf iot ìs ornitnb hpphrtumctcnsahr Csjiecsts th pursun t`ncr bnmcmf fhij; aurt`nr cmtnfritcmf Csjieco vijunscmth phjcoyeigcmf‒nspnocijjy cm jiw, nbuoitchm, imb ahrncfm phjcoy. Ijt`huf`mnirjy ijj Eiurctimcims irn Eusjces, t`ny irn mht ijj Csjiecsts. Csjiecsts bcaanrarhe ht`nr Eusjces cm tìt t`ny eign Csjie t`n liscs ha i phjctcoij cbnhjhfy

imb urfn t`n stitn‒rit`nr tìm kust cmbcvcbuij Eusjces, t`n so`hjirs, hr t`noheeumcty‒th nmiot phjcocns tìt wcjj ehrn bnnpjy Csjieczn shocnty. Csjiecstswimt ehrn puljco pcnty, ehrn ehsquns imb Csjieco isshocitchms, imb i `cf`nrprhjn ahr Csjieco so`hjirs cm enbci imb puljco jcan. Lut t`ny ijsh wimt i fhv-nrmenmt tìt nmahrons Csjieco jiw imb prhehtns Csjieco lnjcnas, is wnjj is iahrncfm phjcoy tìt sùms rnjcimon hm mhm-Eusjce stitns cm aivhr ha frnitnrshjcbircty wct` t`n Eusjce whrjb.

Csjiecsts cm Eiurctimci irn i lrhib frhup. R`ny cmtnrprnt Csjieco prcmocpjnsbcaanrnmtjy, imb t`ny aivhr bcaanrnmt enims ahr Csjieczcmf stitn imb shocnty;

• Eicmstrnie phjctcoij Csjiecsts wimt th io`cnvn phwnr t`rhuf` njnotnb haonimb usn t`n stitn th nmahron Csjieco jiw, prhehtn Csjie cm puljco jcan, imboriat i ehrn ‚Csjieco― ahrncfm phjcoy.

• _ijis , hm t`n ht`nr ìmb, `hjb t`n t`nhjhfcoij vcnwphcmt tìt ohmtneph-riry shocnty s`hujb ohmahre th t`n ehbnj ha t`n nirjy Eusjce oheeumctycm Enbcmi. Cm Eiurctimci, _ijis imb eicmstrnie phjctcoij Csjiecsts ìvnahrenb tiotcoij ijjcimons, wct` shen _ijis supphrtcmf Csjiecsts– njnothrijoiepicfms imb phjctcoij hrfimczitchms. Lut ht`nr _ijis bcsbicm Csjiecsts–

Trnssurcmf t`n Eiurctimcim rnfcen thhvnrrcbn Csjiecsts– ohmonrms ohujb cmornisn

imtc-Vnstnrm snmtcenmts iehmf lht`

Csjiecsts imb t`n phpujitchm is i w`hjn.



Ijnx Rùrsthm | >

pirtcocpitchm cm ahreij phjctcos is i ohrrupt, whrjbjy pursuct. R`nsn _ijisprnanr th rnahre shocnty t`rhuf` snrehms, cmstruotchm, imb oìrctiljn whrg,mht t`rhuf` njnothrij oiepicfms imb phjctcoij prhtnsts.

• Kcìbcs ibvhoitn t`n usn ha vchjnmon ificmst phjctcoij iut`hrctcns cm t`nmien ha Csjie. Kcìbcse cs i ehrn nxtrnen ahre ha Csjiecse. _hen kcìbcsnelrion _iji t`nhjhfy, lut mht ijj _ijis irn kcìbcs7 mhr irn ijj kcìbcs_ijis. Ehbnritn Csjiecse, w`co` snngs oìmfn t`rhuf` mhmvchjnmt iotcv-cse, rneicms bcstcmot arhe vchjnmt kcìbcse.

Cm ibbctchm th cts cmtnriotchms wct` _ijise imb kcìbcse, eicmstrnieEiurctimcim Csjiecse ìs lnnm sìpnb ly arnqunmtjy mnfitcvn, lut shentcensojhsn, cmtnriotchms wct` t`n stitn. It tcens, stitn rnprnsschm ìs pus`nb Csjiecstsumbnrfrhumb7 cm ht`nr ehenmts, Csjiecsts ìvn lnnm iljn th lrhiboist t`ncrcbnis th shocnty ly whrgcmf thfnt`nr wct` phjctcoij iut`hrc-

tcns. R`n cbni tìt Eiurctimci cs im ‚Csjieco \npuljco,― iscts haocij mien bnojirns, ìs lnnm pirtcoujirjy cephrtimtth t`cs rnjitchms`cp. Trnocsnjy wìt suo` i rnpuljco ecf`tln ìs lnnm mnct`nr ohepjntnjy ojnir mhr umohmtnstnb cmt`n ohumtry–s phjctcoij jcan.

\ujnrs– ittnepts th bnmn t`n pjion ha Csjie cm shocntyìvn it tcens ohepntnb wct`, imb it ht`nr tcens lhrrhwnbarhe, Csjiecst vcschms ha fhvnrmenmt. Ahr nxiepjn, t`n prnsnmt ibecmcstri-tchm–s bcpjheitco lrnio` wct` Csrinj `njpnb lrcmf Csjiecst phsctchms cmth eicm-strnie phjctcos, lut ct ijsh ahronb Csjiecsts th bcstcmfucs` t`nesnjvns arhe t`ncr

phjctcoij rcvijs. Cm ht`nr whrbs, rnprnsschm ìs fnmnrijjy strnmft`nmnb Csjiecse,w`cjn oh-hptitchm ìs shentcens wnignmnb ct.

_hocij Oìmfn imb Ahrncfm Cmunmon_purrnb Nirjy Csjiecst Ehlcjczitchm

Thjctcoij imb bnehfrip`co oìmfns bitcmf liog th t`n 9364s murturnb t`nfrhwt` ha Csjiecse cm Eiurctimci. Brhuf`t pus`nb mheibs cmth octcns,cmorniscmf t`n muelnr ha urlim bwnjjnrs cm Eiurctimci arhe 0 pnronmt ha t`nphpujitchm cm 931< th <> pnronmt cm 936>. ^rlimczitchm fivn rcsn th mnw ocvco

isshocitchms, cmojubcmf t`n ohumtry–s rst Csjiecst hrfimczitchm, t`n KneiiCsjiecyyi (Csjieco Isshocitchm), i Mhuigo`htt-lisnb frhup syepit`ntco th t`nEusjce Lrht`nr`hhb.

I 9360 ecjctiry ohup ificmst Trnscbnmt Ehgtir Hujb Bibbi`, w`h ìbrujnb Eiurctimci scmon cts cmbnpnmbnmon arhe Arimon cm 9314, lrhuf`t aurt`nrhpphrtumctcns ahr Csjiecsts. Bibbi` ìb ahstnrnb Csjieco vijuns cm fhvnrmenmtimb nbuoitchm, imb ecjctiry jnibnrs ohmtcmunb imb strnmft`nmnb t`cs oheect-enmt. Ohjhmnj Ehìenb @icbijji, w`h rujnb arhe 9304 th 9302, cmtrhbuonb

\ujnrs– ittnepts th bnmn t`n pjion ha

Csjie cm shocnty ìvn it tcens ohepntnb

wct`, imb it ht`nr tcens lhrrhwnb

arhe, Csjiecst vcschms ha fhvnrmenmt.




_ìrci (Csjieco jiw) prhvcschms wct` t`n isscstimon ha t`n Kneii Csjiecyyi.Ohjhmnj Eiihuyi Hujb Riyi, prnscbnmt arhe 9302 th <44>, rhjjnb liog njn-enmts ha _ìrci lut ohmtcmunb th strnss t`n Csjieco oìriotnr ha t`n stitn._titn naahrts th prhehtn Csjieco vijuns‒ahr nxiepjn, t`n stitn-rum Cmstctut_upãrcnur b–Ãtubns nt bn \no`nro`n Csjiecquns (@cf` Cmstctutn ha Csjieco_tuby imb \nsniro`, C_N\C), ahumbnb cm 9363‒`njpnb ornitn i mnw fnmnri-tchm ha Csjiecst jnibnrs.

Csjiecsts– nirjy nxpnrcnmons cm phjctcos bcvcbnb t`n mnwjy nenrfcmf ojissha Csjiecst jnibnrs cm Kneii Csjiecyyi imb cm t`n frhwcmf mntwhrg ha _ijiehsquns imb hrfimczitchms cm t`n oipctij. Bcssitcsnb wct` Kneii Csjiecyyi–sojhsnmnss th t`n stitn, i frhup ha tnio`nrs imb ceies (Csjieco ojnrfy) ahrenb@isce (@irigit ij _cyiscyyi ij Csjiecyyi Eurctimcyyi, t`n Csjieco Thjctcoij

Ehvnenmt cm Eiurctimci) cm t`n ecb-9304s. @isce ibvh-oitnb mhmvchjnmt bnehoritco nmfifnenmt th njcecmitn

ohrruptchm imb prhehtn shocij kustcon is hutjcmnb cm t`nYu–rim, nspnocijjy ly fcvcmf oìrcty th t`n phhr. @iscelnoien t`n ahrnrummnr ha thbiy–s Csjiecst pirtcns.

Ahrncfm cmunmons ijsh lhhstnb _iji mntwhrgs, w`co`murturnb t`n frhwt` ha Csjiecsts– phjctcoij lisn. Cm t`n9304s imb 9334s, _iji iotcvcsts, shen ha w`he rnoncvnbaumbcmf hr tricmcmf arhe _iubc Irilci hr ht`nr Iril Fujastitns, prnio`nb cm phhr urlim irnis imb bcstrclutnb snr-ehms hm oissnttns. R`n lhhe ha cmtnrmitchmij Csjieco

MFHs cm Eiurctimci cm t`n 9304s,9 ijhmf wct` cmornisnb iotcvcse ly Nfypt–s

Eusjce Lrht`nr`hhb imb ht`nr ahrncfm frhups, icbnb _ijis– naahrts. Cm fnm-nrij, Fuja Iril ehmny imb eimphwnr ìvn ohmtrclutnb th t`n cmorniscmf vcs-clcjcty ha Csjie cm Eiurctimcim shocnty, nvcbnmt cm t`n ohmstruotchm ha ùmbrnbsha ehsquns imb t`n ahumbcmf ha bhznms ha Csjieco so`hhjs ahr o`cjbrnm imbibujts. R`nsn bnvnjhpenmts ornitnb rnjcfchus spions tìt jcn hutscbn ha stitnohmtrhj imb nephwnrnb mnw so`hjirs, tricmnb cm Eiurctimci hr ilrhib, th prh-ehtn _ijise is i ljunprcmt ahr shocij rnahre. R`n frhwt` ha _ijise ìs cmturm anb t`n frhwt` ha Csjiecse is i phjctcoij cbnhjhfy, is Csjiecst iotcvcsts snngth ippjy _iji cbnijs th t`n stitn.

Eiurctimci–s ohepjnx riocij phjctcos ìvn ijsh iaanotnb t`n tnrricm cm w`co`

Csjiecsts hpnritn. Eiurctimci ìs t`rnn eicm riocij frhups; t`n lcbim hr ‚w`ctnEhhrs,― w`h spnig Irilco7 t`n ìritcm hr ‚ljiog Ehhrs,― w`h ijsh spnig Irilco7imb mhm-Irilco-spnigcmf ljiog phpujitchms, cmojubcmf nt`mcoctcns jcgn t`n Vhjhaimb t`n _hmcmgn. V`ctn Ehhrs, bnsonmbimts ha sjivn-hwmcmf frhups, ̀ ivn jhmfsit ithp t`n phjctcoij imb shocij `cnriro`y cm Eiurctimci, imb sjivnry ha mhm-w`ctns ̀ is pnrscstnb th t`n prnsnmt bnspctn rnpnitnb jiws limmcmf t`n priotcon.

_cmon t`n jitn 9364s, mhm-w`ctn Eiurctimcims ìvn lnohen cmorniscmfjyvhoij cm f`tcmf sjivnry imb bneimbcmf i sìrn ha phjctcoij phwnr. Csjiecst

Fuja Iril ehmny imb eimphwnr ìvnohmtrclutnb th t`n cmorniscmf vcsclcjcty

ha Csjie cm Eiurctimcim shocnty, nvcbnmt

cm t`n ohmstruotchm ha ùmbrnbs ha

ehsquns imb t`n ahumbcmf ha bhznms ha

Csjieco so`hhjs ahr o`cjbrnm imb ibujts.



Ijnx Rùrsthm | 6

jnibnrs imb iotcvcsts ìvn prceircjy lnnm w`ctn Ehhrs. Snt is t`n ìritcm cmpirtcoujir lnohen ehrn cmunmtcij imb tign hm jnibnrs`cp rhjns mht hmjy cmphjctcos lut ijsh is ceies imb Eusjce so`hjirs, Csjiecsts, w`h ippnir th lncmtnrnstnb cm uscmf Csjie is i pjitahre ahr pim-riocij phjctcoij ehlcjczitchm,eiy ln iljn th tip cmth mnw ohmstctunmocns.

Fnhphjctcoij Trnssurns hm EiurctimciCmibvnrtnmtjy _trnmft`nmnb Csjiecse

Lnfcmmcmf cm t`n 9304s, oìmfns cm Eiurctimci–s phjctcoij rnjitchms wct` t`nhutscbn whrjb bieifnb t`n stitn–s phpujircty imb suppjcnb Csjiecsts wct` r`n-thrcoij ieeumctchm th usn ificmst t`n fhvnrmenmt. Nohmheco jclnrijczitchm,pus`nb ly t`n Vhrjb Limg imb t`n Cmtnrmitchmij Ehmntiry Aumb, cmornisnb

shocij cmnquijcty, w`co` cm turm eibn shen frhups, pirtcoujirjy umnepjhynbyhut`, syepit`ntco th bnojiritchms tìt Csjieczitchm whujb shjvn t`n ohumtry–sprhljnes. Cm t`n nirjy 9334s, Eiurctimci–s phhr ùeim rcf`ts rnohrb imb sup-phrt ahr _ibbie @ussncm burcmf t`n Fuja Vir ibbnb cmtnrmitchmij cshjitchmth cts jcst ha prhljnes. R`n fhvnrmenmt eibn brieitco phjcoy oìmfns th wcmliog ^._. icb imb cmtnrmitchmij supphrt. Crhmcoijjy, t`nsn oìmfns lhhstnb t`nphpujircty ha t`n Csjiecst ehvnenmt.

Acrst, Trnscbnmt Hujb Riyi jiumo`nb i eujtcpirty systne cm 9339. CmEiurctimci–s rst eujtcpirty eumcocpij njnotchms cm 9332, t`n rujcmf pirtyswnpt 96< ha <40 bcstrcots, lut t`n eicm hpphsctchm pirty, w`co` cmojubnb

Csjiecst oimbcbitns, thhg 96 bcstrcots. Ahjjhwcmf t`n njnotchms, t`n fhvnrmenmtoriognb bhwm hm khurmijcsts, hpphsctchm furns, imb Csjiecsts, ippirnmtjy hutha i bnscrn th rniare ohmtrhj. Iut`hrctcns irrnstnb bhznms ha Csjiecsts, limmnbsnvnrij Csjiecst frhups, imb ahrlibn phjctcoij prnio`cmf. R`cs oriogbhwm bcbmht sjhw t`n frhwt` ha Csjiecse, lut ct bcb arifenmt ctsjnibnrs`cp, prheptcmf shen iotcvcsts th nn th t`n Fujaimb ht`nrs th rnohmocjn wct` t`n stitn imb ioonpt fhvnrm-enmt phsts. Is im hjbnr fnmnritchm ha Csjiecsts rntcrnb,mnw jnibnrs nenrfnb, suo` is Kiecj Eimshur, t`n jnibcmfCsjiecst phjctcocim cm Eiurctimci thbiy, imb Ehg`tir nj@ionm Hujb Bnbnw, t`n ohumtry–s jnibcmf _iji prnio`nr.

_nohmb, Eiurctimci rnohfmcznb Csrinj cm 9333, cmrnsphmsn th ^._. prnssurn. R`cs bnocschm prhvnb bnnpjyumphpujir it `hen. Eimy Eiurctimcims, cmorniscmfjy ohmmnotnb th t`n wcbnr Iril whrjb t`rhuf` Ij Kiznnri imb t`n Cmtnrmnt, ohmtcmun th syepit`czn wct`t`n Tijnstcmcim oiusn. R`n wcbnsprnib imfnr hvnr t`n fhvnrmenmt–s pnroncvnboipctujitchm th t`n Vnst fivn Csjiecsts i phjctcoij hpnmcmf. Cm t`n rnjcfchusbheicm, Bnbnw cssunb i aitwi (Csjieco nbcot) ificmst rnjitchms wct` Csrinj

Csjiecsts naanotcvnjy phsctchmnb

t`nesnjvns is bnanmbnrs ha lht`

Eiurctimcims imb Tijnstcmcims ificmst

t`n eio`cmitchms ha ohrrupt jhoij

njctns imb phwnrauj ahrncfm iothrs.




tìt ocroujitnb wcbnjy imb ficmnb sulstimtcij supphrt. Cm t`n phjctcoij bheicm,Eimshur ahrenb \clit (‚Jnifun―), im hrfimczitchm tìt ohmtnsts Eiurctimci–srnjitchms wct` Csrinj. \clit imb ht`nr Csjiecst frhups hrfimcznb i snrcns ha eissbnehmstritchms ificmst Csrinj cm t`n nirjy <444s tìt aurt`nr ricsnb t`n prhjnha t`n Csjiecst ehvnenmt. Ariecmf t`n cssun is im Iril imb Csjieco oiusn,Csjiecsts naanotcvnjy phsctchmnb t`nesnjvns is bnanmbnrs ha lht` Eiurctimcimsimb Tijnstcmcims ificmst t`n eio`cmitchms ha ohrrupt jhoij njctns imb phwnraujahrncfm iothrs.

R`crb, ahjjhwcmf t`n ittiogs ha _nptnelnr 99, <449, Eiurctimcim jnibnrslnfim pirtcocpitcmf cm ^._.-jnb ohumtnrtnrrhrcse naahrts jcgn t`n Tim _i`njCmctcitcvn imb cts suoonsshr prhfrie, t`n Rrims _iìrim OhumtnrtnrrhrcseTirtmnrs`cp. Csjiecsts ifrnn wct` t`n hlknotcvn ha f`tcmf tnrrhrcse, lut t`nyìvn cmscstnb tìt Eiurctimci imb cts ijjcns oim shjvn t`ncr prhljnes wct`hut`njp arhe Vis`cmfthm hr Tircs. It i ahrue hm nxtrnecse `njb cm Mhuigo`htt

cm Hothlnr <494, Eimshur cepjcnb tìt Arnmo` cmvhjvnenmt cm strcgns ificmst IYCE ecf`t jnib th i ahre ha mnhohjhmcijcse. @n ibvhoitnb rnfchmij ohhp-nritchm is im ijtnrmitcvn. _uo` bnmumocitchms ha Vnstnrm cmvhjvnenmt cmEiurctimcim snourcty iaaicrs haanr imht`nr ivnmun ahr Csjiecsts th phsctchmt`nesnjvns is oìepchms ha mitchmij iuthmhey.

Trhjns ha Csjiecst Jnibnrs

Ijj t`nsn aiothrs ohmtrclutnb th t`n frhwt` ha i lrhib imb nxtrnenjy bcvnrsnCsjiecst ehvnenmt w`hsn jnibnrs`cp cmojubns nbuoitnb cmtnjjnotuijs, nxpnrc-nmonb phjctcocims, imb vntnrim iotcvcsts. Acvn furns, cm pirtcoujir, irn neljne-itco ha bcaanrnmt ispnots ha t`n Csjiecst ehvnenmt; Eimshur7 Bnbnw7 EhìenbF`hujie Hujb Nj @ik, i rnspnotnb furn imb i jcmg lntwnnm Rnwisshuj imbcmtnrmitchmij Csjiecst iotcvcse7 Br. Siyn Mbiw Ohujclijy, i wnjj-gmhwmwheim imb mhm-Iril wct`cm Rnwisshuj7 imb Hutèimn Hujb Ilc Nj Eiijc,jnibnr ha t`n Aibcji (‚Qcrtun―) pirty.

Kiecj Eimshur (lhrm 9316) ourrnmtjy snrvns is prnscbnmt ha t`n Mitchmij \ijjyahr \nahre imb Bnvnjhpenmt, hr Rnwisshuj, imb is i enelnr ha pirjcienmt.@n ittnmbnb C_N\C, is wnjj is Ehìenb Lnm Ilbnjji` ^mcvnrscty cm Ans,

Ehrhooh. @n wis i stubnmt jnibnr cm t`n 9304s imb i enelnr ha t`n Csjiecsthpphsctchm cm t`n 9334s. Arhe <449 th `cs hustnr cm t`n oriogbhwm ha <44?,`n snrvnb is eiyhr ha Iriait, im cephvnrcs`nb mncf`lhr`hhb cm Mhuigo`htt. Iatnr wnit`nrcmf rnprnsschm arhe <44? th <44>, Eimshur ohmonmtritnb hmlucjbcmf Rnwisshuj imb spnigcmf hut hm cmtnrmitchmij cssuns.

Cm t`n Mitchmij Issneljy, Eimshur snrvns hm t`n Oheecttnn ahr Ahrncfm\njitchms. @n oujtcvitns im iuri ha ehbnritchm imb pnrshmij rcf`tnhusmnss. V`nm `n rim ahr prnscbnmt cm <443, `cs wnlsctn oijjnb `ce i ‚prhehtnr ha



Ijnx Rùrsthm | 3

onmtrcst Csjieco t`huf`t― imb ‚i syelhj ha uprcf`tmnss imb `hmnsty.―< Eimshur–srnfchmij lisn (`n wis lhrm cm Lncji, cm t`n Rrirzi rnfchm cm shut` onmtrijEiurctimci) prhvcbns eimy ha Rnwisshuj–s supphrtnrs.

Ehg`tir nj @ionm Hujb Bnbnw (lhrm 931?) cs t`n spcrctuij pitrhm haRnwisshuj. Bnbnw nelhbcns t`n ohepjnx imb shentcens ielcvijnmt rnji-tchms`cp lntwnnm _ijise imb Csjiecse; @n cs i puljco furn oheecttnb thrnjcfchus rnahre lut mht i phjctcocim7 `n ahousns ehrn hm prnio`cmf tìm hmlucjbcmf i phjctcoij ehvnenmt. Bnbnw rnoncvnb Csjieco tricmcmf arhe so`hjirscm `cs aiecjy imb t`nm ittnmbnb C_N\C. @n ìs spnmt scfmcoimt tcen cm _iubc Irilci, w`nrn `n whrgnb is im ceie cm \cyib` imb hlticmnb i Eistnr ha Irtsbnfrnn it Euìeeib Clm _i–ub m̂cvnrscty. @n ìs puljcs`nb whrgs hm _ìrciimb pcjfrceifn, imb cs pirtcoujirjy gmhwm ahr `cs eistnry ha ìbct` (tribctchmsha t`n Trhp`nt Euìeeib).

Bnbnw ìs tignm jnibnrs`cp rhjns cm snvnrij Csjieco hrfimczitchms cmMhuigo`htt, suo` is t`n Onmtnr ahr Rricmcmf Csjieco _o`hjirs, imb `n nmkhysi jirfn ahjjhwcmf iehmf yhut`. @cs tcns th _iubc Irilci imb `cs nxphsurn cm Iril enbci ìvn fcvnm ̀ ce i fjhlij rnputitchm tìt cm turm nmìmons `cs stituscm Eiurctimci. Hmn npcshbn wcjj `njp bnehmstritn `cs stiturn. Cm nirjy <494,Bnbnw `njpnb enbcitn t`n rnjnisn ha snvnrij Eiurctimcim luscmnssenm w`het`n fhvnrmenmt ìb bnticmnb hm ohrruptchm oìrfns. R`n fhvnrmenmt rnphrt-nbjy shuf`t Bnbnw–s cmtnrvnmtchm hm t`n ibvcon ha _ubimnsn Trnscbnmt Heirij-Lis`cr. Rìt ij-Lis`cr ìb `nirb ha `ce imb siw t th rnoheenmb `ce csnvcbnmon ha Bnbnw–s cmtnrmitchmij prnstcfn. Bnbnw ìs ijsh jnb fhvnrmenmt-

sphmshrnb bcijhfuns wct` ceprcshmnb kcìbcsts.

Ehìenb F`hujie Hujb Nj @ik O`ncg` (jcgnjy cm `cs 24s hr >4s) cs vconprnscbnmt ha Rnwisshuj imb snorntiry-fnmnrij ha \clit. @n ìs pjiynb i jnib-cmf rhjn cm Csjiecst imtc-Csrinj iotcvctcns. @n wis i prhecmnmt pissnmfnr hm t`nFizi Arnnbhe Ajhtcjji, w`co` wis lhirbnb ly t`n Csrinjc mivy cm Eiy <494,imb `cs rnturm th Eiurctimci wis eirgnb ly im Csjiecst imtc-Csrinj rijjy cmMhuigo`htt. @n iots is hmn ha t`n pirty–s aions ahr cmtnrmitchmij enbci imbhutrnio` th ahrncfm ohumtrcns, ippnircmf arnqunmtjy hm mntwhrgs jcgn Ij Kiznnriimb jnibcmf bnjnfitchms th ohumtrcns jcgn Ijfnrci.

Br. Siyn Mbiw Ohujclijy (ifn umgmhwm) cs hmn ha t`n ehst prhecmnmtaneijn phjctcocims cm Rnwisshuj (whenm pjiy i scfmcoimt rhjn cm t`n hrfimczi-tchm imb puljco pnrshmi ha t`n pirty). _`n wis eiyhr ha t`n Rnvrif` [ncmi bcs-trcot ha Mhuigo`htt arhe <446 umtcj phjctcoij hpphmnmts ahronb ̀ nr hut cm Iprcj<440. Ohujclijy snrvnb is prnscbnmt ha t`n Oiepifmn bns Aneens (Vhenm–sOiepicfm) ahr Eimshur–s <443 prnscbnmtcij oiepicfm. @nr pirty jnibnrs`cprhjn `njpnb Rnwisshuj prnsnmt ctsnja is i vn`cojn ahr phjctcoij imb shocij prhfrnssahr whenm cm im Csjieco arienwhrg. Ohujclijy, im nt`mco _hmcmgn, cs ijsh




i prhecmnmt mhm-Iril rnprnsnmtitcvn ha i pirty w`hsn jnibnrs, cmojubcmf t`nht`nr furns prhjnb cm t`cs snotchm, irn prceircjy w`ctn Ehhrs. _`n ourrnmtjysnrvns cm t`n _nmitn.

Hutèimn Hujb Nlc Nj Eiijc (lhrm 9320) cs `nib ha t`n Aibcji pirty. Arhei aiecjy ha Csjieco so`hjirs imb nbuoitnb it C_N\C, `n ìs ìb i bnoibns-jhmfoirnnr cm bcpjheioy imb phjctcos. Lntwnnm 9363 imb 933<, `n snrvnb is ohm-suj fnmnrij cm Jclyi, Mcfnr, imb _iubc Irilci lnahrn lnohecmf ielissibhr thYitir imb jitnr Guwict. @n rim is im cmbnpnmbnmt cm t`n <441 pirjcienmtirynjnotchms imb t`n <446 prnscbnmtcij njnotchms, jhscmf cm t`n ahrenr imb sohrcmfjnss tìm < pnronmt ha t`n vhtn cm t`n jittnr. Aibcji, jnfijcznb cm <446 ijhmf wct`Rnwisshuj, cs snnm is liscoijjy phwnrjnss.

Nlc Nj Eiijc–s cephrtimon jcns cm `cs ohmmnotchms th Mhrt` Iarcoi, Nfypt,imb t`n Iril Fuja. Ahr nxiepjn, t`n whrjb-aiehus Nfyptcim t`nhjhfcim Susua

ij-Yiribiwc picb i vcsct th Nlc Nj Eiijc (ioohepimcnb ly Bnbnw) burcmf itrcp th Eiurctimci cm <494. Nlc Nj Eiijc ìs ijsh snrvnb is prnscbnmt ha ‚Jiohhrbcmitchm bn j–iotchm mitchmijcstn nt csjiecqun― (Ohhrbcmitcmf Frhup ahrMitchmijcst imb Csjieco Iotchm), i frhup ha seijj pirtcns imb hrfimczitchmstìt spnig hut hm phjctcos imb Csjieco iaaicrs.

R`nsn furns nxnepjcay snvnrij trnmbs iehmf t`n ohumtry–s Csjiecst jnib-nrs; t`ny tnmb th ìvn umcvnrscty nbuoitchm, strhmf tcns th ahrncfm ohumtrcns,imb i gnnm snmsn ha phjctcoij syelhjcse. R`ny irn oheahrtiljn uscmf eissenbci, imb t`ny rnknot t`n usn ha vchjnmon cm t`n snrvcon ha Csjieco vijuns.

Snt t`n jnibnrs`cp ojiss cs mht nmtcrnjy `hehfnmnhus. Vhenm imb mhm-Irilsìvn itticmnb prhecmnmon wct`cm t`n Csjiecst ehvnenmt, imb prhecmnmt jnib-nrs ìvn pursunb bcaanrnmt ahres ha phjctcoij iotcvcse, is cmbcoitnb ly t`n bca-anrnmon lntwnnm Eimshur–s ahous hm njnothrij suoonss imb Bnbnw–s oirnnr cmprnio`cmf imb enbcitchm.

R`n Rnwisshuj Tirty; Snirs ha^mbnrfrhumb Hrfimczcmf Riuf`tCsjiecsts Thjctcoij _hp`cstcoitchm

R`n ehst cephrtimt Csjiecst hrfimczitchm cm Eiurctimci thbiy cs Rnwisshuj,i jirfn, jnfijjy rnohfmcznb, imb hpnmjy Csjiecst pirty isshocitnb wct` t`nEiurctimcim lrimo` ha t`n Eusjce Lrht`nr`hhb. R`n ahreitchm ha Rnwisshujtnstcns th t`n phjctcoij sgcjjs Csjiecst jnibnrs ioqucrnb burcmf t`ncr tcen umbnr-frhumb imb `hmnb is cmbnpnmbnmt oimbcbitns cm pirjcienmtiry njnotchms imbsupphrtnrs ha hpphsctchm oimbcbitns cm t`n <44? imb <446 prnscbnmtcij njnotchms.

Rnwisshuj cs mht t`n hmjy Csjiecst pirty cm Eiurctimci. Cm ibbctchm th t`nijrniby enmtchmnb Aibcji, t`nrn irn ht`nr seijj pirtcns, prnvchusjy syepit`ntco



Ijnx Rùrsthm | 99

th t`n jitn Jclyim jnibnr Euieeir Yibbi, w`co` nsphusn shen Csjiecstvijuns. Lut scmon <446, Rnwisshuj–s ehbnst njnothrij ficms imb cts ilcjcty thwcm enbci ittnmtchm imb brcvn t`n phjctcoij ohmvnrsitchm ìvn eibn ct t`n ehstcephrtimt Csjiecst frhup cm t`n ohumtry imb i pjiynr cm Eiurctimcim phjctcos.

Rnwisshuj–s jnfij rnohfmctchm cm <446 ahjjhwnb i pnrchb ha turlujnmon bur-cmf w`co` t`n fhvnrmenmt snvnrnjy rnprnssnb Csjiecsts. Is phpujir bcsohmtnmtcmornisnb cm t`n nirjy <444s, Trnscbnmt Hujb Riyi oriognb bhwm hm Csjiecstslut whm hmjy Tyrr`co vcothrcns ificmst t`ne. IrrnstcmfCsjiecst jnibnrs hmjy ricsnb t`ncr bhenstco imb cmtnrmi-tchmij prhjns, nvhgcmf syepit`y bnehmstritchms imbstrcgns cm Mhuigo`htt imb njsnw`nrn.

Iatnr i ohup thppjnb Hujb Riyi cm <44>, t`n ecjctirysphmshrnb i trimsctchm th ocvcjcim rujn. Burcmf t`cs trimsc-tchm, t`n kumti limmnb Csjiecst pirtcns arhe rummcmf cm t`n

<441 jhoij imb pirjcienmtiry njnotchms, lut vn Csjiecstsrummcmf is cmbnpnmbnmts wnrn njnotnb is rnprnsnmtitcvnsimb twh is snmithrs, imb Csjiecsts whm snvnrij eiyhrij njnotchms. Csjiecsts bcbmht rum i eikhr oimbcbitn cm t`n <446 prnscbnmtcij njnotchms, lut w`nm t`n twheicm oimbcbitns jirfnjy ivhcbnb bcsousscmf t`n Csrinj cssun, Csjiecsts kuepnbcmth t`n lrnio`, ijjhwcmf t`ne th eicmticm i `cf` phjctcoij prhjn cm t`n enbciimb cm t`n strnnts.

Ahjjhwcmf t`n njnotchms, ocvcjcim Trnscbnmt _cbc Ehìenb Ilbnjji`c–s fhv-nrmenmt jnfijcznb Rnwisshuj. Csjiecsts pirtcocpitnb cm mitchmij fhvnrmenmtahr t`n rst tcen, khcmcmf t`n oilcmnt cm Eiy <440. @ilcl Hujb @nebnct,

hmn ha Rnwisshuj–s ahumbnrs, `nibnb t`n Ecmcstry ha Nepjhyenmt, Ioonss, imbTrhansschmij Ahreitchm, imb Ehìenb Eièhub Hujb _cbc, i ahrenr prhans-shr imb hmn ha Rnwisshuj–s puljcocsts, jnb t`n Ecmcstry ha @cf`nr Nbuoitchm.R`cs oilcmnt jistnb jnss tìm t`rnn ehmt`s, `hwnvnr. V`nm pirjcienmt t`rnit-nmnb i mh ohmbnmon vhtn, pirtjy th prhtnst Ilbnjji`c–s cmojuschm ha Csjiecsts,t`n oilcmnt wis bcsshjvnb imb rnpjionb wct` hmn oheprcsnb shjnjy ha enelnrsha t`n prnscbnmt–s pirty.

Cm Iufust <440, is ohmbnmon cm Ilbnjji`c ohjjipsnb, Fnmnrij Ehìenb Ilbnj Izcz jnb i mnw ohup b–ãtit. Rnwisshuj hlknotnb strhmfjy, khcmcmf i euj-tcpirty ohijctchm tìt bneimbnb t`n rnsthritchm ha bnehorioy. R`cs oheect-

enmt th bnehorioy wis th shen nxtnmt snja-snrvcmf, cm tìt Csjiecsts lnjcnvnbt`ny whujb airn lnttnr umbnr ocvcjcim fhvnrmimon, lut eimy Csjiecsts fnmucmnjyhlknotnb th t`n hvnrt`rhw ha Eiurctimci–s arifcjn bnehorioy. Burcmf t`n pnrchbha frnitnst umonrticmty, eicmstrnie Csjiecsts bcb mht, mhtiljy, bneimb t`n ceph-sctchm ha im Csjieco stitn, lut hmjy t`n rnsthritchm ha ocvcjcim bnehoritco rujn.

Iatnr t`n ohup, Rnwisshuj struffjnb th ibkust th t`n mnw phjctcoij jimbsoipn.R`n pirty–s survcvij bnpnmbnb hm t`n rnfcen–s thjnritchm, lut Rnwisshuj ijshìb th ohepntn wct` t`n rnfcen r`nthrcoijjy cm hrbnr th rneicm phjctcoijjy rnj-nvimt. Cm nirjy <443, Ilbnj Izcz umbnrout t`n pirty–s rnjnvimon ly ibhptcmf

Rnwisshuj–s ehbnst njnothrij ficms imb cts

ilcjcty th wcm enbci ittnmtchm imb brcvn

t`n phjctcoij ohmvnrsitchm ìvn eibn ct

t`n ehst cephrtimt Csjiecst frhup cm t`n

ohumtry imb i pjiynr cm Eiurctimcim phjctco



9< | Eiurctimci–s Csjiecsts

shen ha cts imtc-Csrinj imb imtcohrruptchm r`nthrco imb, ujtceitnjy, rnoijjcmfEiurctimci–s ielissibhr arhe Csrinj.

R`n pirty cs eigcmf shen `nibwiy. Rnwisshuj ittneptnb th bcstcmfucs`ctsnja ly ohmbuotcmf cts rst haocij prnscbnmtcij oiepicfm, mhecmitcmfEimshur ahr t`n Kujy <443 njnotchms. Ilbnj Izcz whm wct` ><.> pnronmt ha t`nvhtn, imb wis ahjjhwnb ly eikhr hpphsctchm jnibnrs jcgn riocij kustcon iotcvcstEnssihub Lhujg`ncr (91 pnronmt), imb hpphsctchm vntnrim Iènb Bibbi` (92pnronmt). Snt Csjiecsts hutpnrahrenb t`n ht`nr ecmhr pirtcns imb oimbcbitns,cmojubcmf ahrenr ecjctiry rujnr Ohjhmnj Njy Qijj. Eimshur pjionb ahurt` hut hatnm thtij oimbcbitns, nirmcmf mnirjy ?6,444 vhtns (> pnronmt). Nvnm ca t`n ha-ocij rnsujts wnrn rcffnb, is shen ìvn ijjnfnb, t`n njnotchms njnvitnb Eimshur–sphjctcoij stitus imb cmornisnb Rnwisshuj–s puljco prhjn.

Is Ilbnj Izcz ohmshjcbitnb phwnr iatnr t`n njnotchms, Rnwisshuj–s jnib-nrs bnocbnb tìt whrgcmf wct` t`n prnscbnmt whujb nmìmon t`ncr phjctcoij

survcvij, imb sh khcmnb t`n rujcmf ohijctchm cm Mhvnelnr <443. R`cs s`hwstìt Rnwisshuj–s jnibnrs irn prifeitcsts; Csjiecst cbnhjhfy ìs mht prnvnmtnbRnwisshuj arhe shentcens iotcmf jcgn ht`nr Eiurctimcim hpphsctchm pir-tcns, ehvcmf lntwnnm prh- imb imtc-rnfcen stimons bnpnmbcmf hm t`n phjctcoijcepnritcvns ha t`n ehenmt. Rnwisshuj–s eikhr phjctcoij cmctcitcvns scmon <494ìvn cmojubnb ohmtcmunb imtc-Csrinj iotcvcse (suo` is pirtcocpitchm cm t`n FiziAjhtcjji), supphrt ahr cmorniscmf t`n usn ha Irilco cm `cf`nr nbuoitchm, imb oiu-tchus, umhaocij pirtcocpitchm cm yhut` prhtnsts ificmst Ilbnj Izcz.

Vct` Ilbnj Izcz–s phpujircty bnojcmcmf imb prhtnsts sprnibcmf t`rhuf`hutt`n Iril whrjb cm <499, Rnwisshuj rnsuenb im imtc-rnfcen stimon. Cm Kumn

<499, Rnwisshuj khcmnb i frhup ha hpphsctchm pirtcns oijjcmf ahr mitchmij bci-jhfun hm cssuns jcgn snourcty snothr rnahre imb enbci arnnbhe. R`cs oijj pirtjyicenb th oipctijczn hm t`n ohumtry–s yhut` anrenmt. Eimshur stnppnb up `cs

ittiogs hm t`n rnfcen, bnorycmf cts ijjnfnb ohrruptchm, t`necseimifnenmt ha i mitchmij onmsus, imb ht`nr cssuns.

Rnwisshuj rneicms i phtnmtcij pirtmnr ahr t`n prnscbnmt,pirtcoujirjy ca Ilbnj Izcz bnocbns tìt `n mnnbs cts ohmmno-tchms th t`n Fuja imb Mhrt` Iarcoi. Snt t`n fhvnrmenmtìs mht sthppnb ceprcshmcmf Csjiecsts, imb bhznms rneicm

cmoironritnb thbiy‒lht` iotcvcsts imb suspnotnb tnrrhrcsts. Ehrnhvnr, shen

Rnwisshuj supphrtnrs wnrn bcscjjuschmnb w`nm t`n pirty aicjnb th eign `nib-wiy hm Csrinj imb ht`nr phjcoy hlknotcvns. Csjiecsts rneicm vujmnriljn bnspctnt`ncr phjctcoij suoonssns.

Cm tnres ha pirty struoturn, Rnwisshuj cs i shp`cstcoitnb hrfimczitchm tìtlhists i yhut` wcmf imb i whenm–s frhup. R`n pirty `hjbs vn ha t`n Mitchmij Issneljy–s 09 snits imb twh ha t`n _nmitn–s >1, lut ct nmkhys bcsprhphrtchmitnstrnmft` bun th cts supphrtnrs– cmtnmsn oheectenmt imb t`n jnibnrs`cp–s sgcjj-auj usn ha eiss enbci. Ct eicmticms i arnqunmtjy upbitnb imb wnjj-hrfimcznb

Csjiecsts rneicm vujmnriljn bnspctn

t`ncr phjctcoij suoonssns.



Ijnx Rùrsthm | 9?

Csjiecsts– auturn suoonss wcjj bnpnmb pirtjy

hm w`nt`nr t`ny oim ohmtcmun th oirvn

hut t`ncr hwm r`nthrcoij mco`n cm t`n jirfnr

phjctcoij sonmn imb pirtjy hm w`nt`nr

t`ny oim rnio` mnw ohmstctunmocns.

wnlsctn, www.tnwisshuj.hrf, ivicjiljn cm lht` Irilco imb Arnmo`, imb ìs iAionlhhg prhjn, i ShuRuln oìmmnj, imb i Rwcttnr ioohumt. R`n pirty hrfi-mczns eimy prnss ohmanrnmons imb rijjcns, imb cts jnibnrs ippnir rnfujirjy cm pim- Iril enbci, nspnocij jy Ij Kiznnri, is wnjj is cm t`n jhoij prnss. Cbnhjhfcoijjy, t`npirty ohmtcmuns th nepìsczn cts oheectenmt th Csjieco vijuns imb phjctcoijehbnritchm, t`huf` it tcens Csjie ippnirs th ln i snt ha fucbcmf vijuns rit`nrtìm i snt ha spnoco phjcoy prnsorcptchms.

R`n pirty–s shocij lisn rneicms prceircjy urlim, ecbbjn ojiss, imb yhumf.Rnwisshuj briws eimy aneijn supphrtnrs, imb cm shen wiys t`n pirty aumo-tchms is i shocij ehvnenmt cm w`co` yhumf pnhpjn oim ennt phtnmtcij sphusnsimb bnnpnm t`ncr pcnty. Ehst enelnrs irn w`ctn Ehhrs,t`huf` t`n pirty nmkhys shen supphrt arhe t`n ìritcm imb arhe mhm-Irilco-spnigcmf ljiog phpujitchms. R`njnibnrs`cp cmojubns eimy luscmnssenm, iufenmtcmf t`n

pirty–s nohmheco phwnr, imb t`huf` t`n jnibnrs irn mhtmnonssircjy njctns, t`ny ìvn lnnm iljn th ehlcjczn ùeimimb mimocij rnshurons th frhw t`n pirty.

Rnwisshuj ìs mht ynt io`cnvnb eikhr-pirty stitus cmEiurctimci, imb cts njnothrij ficms rneicm ehbnst. Lutw`nm ohepirnb wct` Csjiecsts– phjctcoij phsctchm cm t`n 9334s, Rnwisshuj, is ijnfijcznb imb wnjj-hrfimcznb phjctcoij pirty wct` i shp`cstcoitnb cmtnrmij struo-turn, rnprnsnmts i eikhr ibvimon. Csjiecsts– auturn suoonss wcjj bnpnmb pirtjyhm w`nt`nr t`ny oim ohmtcmun th oirvn hut t`ncr hwm r`nthrcoij mco`n cm t`njirfnr phjctcoij sonmn imb pirtjy hm w`nt`nr t`ny oim rnio` mnw ohmstctunmocns,

pirtcoujirjy mhm-w`ctn Ehhrs imb rurij phpujitchms.

Eiurctimci–s Csjiecsts @ivn OjhsnRcns Vct` Ht`nr Iril Csjiecsts

Eiurctimcim Csjiecsts ìvn oujtcvitnb ojhsn tcns wct` ht`nr Csjiecst ehvn-enmts, nspnocijjy cm t`n Iril Fuja imb Ijfnrci, w`co` ohujb fcvn t`n ehvn-enmt i `cf`nr prhjn cm Iril enbci imb ittriot nxtnrmij phjctcoij imb mimocijsupphrt ahr cts iotcvctcns cm Eiurctimci. Rnwisshuj ìs i Mitchmij _norntiryahr Nxtnrmij \njitchms, imb scmon t`n <443 njnotchms, ct ìs scfmnb im ioohrbwct` i eikhr Ijfnrcim Csjiecst pirty, t`n Ehuvnenmt bn ji shocãtã phur jipicx (Ehvnenmt ha _hocnty ahr Tnion). R`n pirty–s ahrncfm ohmmnotchms ìvneibn ct i scfmcoimt lrhgnr cm t`n Eiurctimcim stitn–s nxtnrmij rnjitchms wct`t`n Csjieco whrjb. Ahr nxiepjn, cm ibbctchm th t`n iahrnenmtchmnb ohmmno-tchm lntwnnm Bnbnw imb _ubim–s ij-Lis`cr, Eimshur wis cmvctnb th i enntcmflntwnnm i @nzlhjji` bnjnfitchm imb Ilbnj Izcz cm Kimuiry <499. Rnwisshujìs ijsh bnvnjhpnb strhmf rnjitchms wct` shen mhm-Csjiecst pirtcns, cmojubcmft`n Liit` Tirty ha _yrci. Ct ohmscbnrs ctsnja pirt ha t`n lrhibnr Iril phjctcoij




jimbsoipn, imb cs cmtnrnstnb cm ahrecmf phjctcoij ijjcimons tìt wcjj lhhst ctsbhenstco imb cmtnrmitchmij strnmft`.

Cm t`n ohmtnxt ha t`n ‚Iril _prcmf― imb Jclyi–s ocvcj wir, Rnwisshuj lnoieni vn`cojn ahr imtc-Yibbi snmtcenmt iehmf eimy Eiurctimcims. Cm imippnirimon hm Ij Kiznnri cm Anlruiry <499, Bnbnw ohmbnemnb fhvnrmenmt-sphmshrnb vchjnmon wct`cm Jclyi, imb Eimshur thrn ipirt Yibbi–s FrnnmLhhg cm i enntcmf ha t`n Eiurctimcim pirjcienmt. Csjiecsts– rhjn cm bhenstcohpphsctchm th Yibbi ibbnb th t`n prnssurn hm Ilbnj Izcz, w`h lrhgn wct`t`n Jclyim rujnr cm Kumn <499. Ehrn rnonmtjy, Rnwisshuj ìs bnojirnb cts sup-phrt ahr imtc-rnfcen prhtnstnrs cm _yrci.

Csjiecsts wcjj ̀ ivn seijj lut scfmcoimt cmunmon hvnr Eiurctimci–s rnjitchmswct` cts mncf`lhrs cm t`n mnw Mhrt` Iarcoi. R`ncr tcns th Ijfnrci ohujb enimtìt Jclyi–s wnigmnss cs Ijfnrci–s ficm, lut Csjiecsts wcjj ijsh jcgnjy strnmft`nmtcns wct` t`ncr Jclyim ohumtnrpirts cm phst-Yibbi Jclyi. Thjctcoij Csjie–s ahr-

tumns ohujb ceprhvn fnmnrijjy cm t`n mnw Mhrt` Iarcoi7 Eiurctimcim Csjiecstswcjj ln cm i phsctchm th `njp sìpn t`cs trnmb.

R`n Fuja rneicms im cephrtimt bnstcmitchm ahr Eiurctimcim Csjiecsts.Jnibnrs jcgn Eimshur imb Bnbnw ìvn spnmt tcen cm _iubc Irilci, t`n ^mctnb Iril Necritns, imb ht`nr Fuja ohumtrcns. Muenrhus Eiurctimcim prnio`nrsimb iotcvcsts, cmojubcmf wnjj-gmhwm _ijis jcgn _`ncg` Ilbujji` Lcm Liyyi`,rnscbn cm t`n Fuja lut rnturm `hen rnfujirjy, iotcmf is pnrshmij jcmgs th t`nfjhlij Csjiecst wnl. R`n ÎN cs `hen th snvnrij t`husimb Eiurctimcims, bhz-nms ha w`he whrg is ceies, prnio`nrs, kubfns, imb prhansshrs.

Lnyhmb t`n Fuja, Eiurctimcim Csjiecsts– supphrt ahr t`n Tijnstcmcim oiusn

ohmtcmuns th sìpn t`n ehvnenmt. Imb Rnwisshuj–s iajcitchms wct` t`n EusjceLrht`nr`hhb eign ct pirt ha i jhhsn mntwhrg ha Csjiecst pirtcns t`rhuf`hut t`n Iril whrjb. R`nsn jcmgs ohmstctutn pit`wiys ha phjctcoij imb oujturij nxoìmfnlut irn umjcgnjy th aunj Csjieco nxtrnecse.

Kcìbcse Cs i \ibcoij Arcmfn RìtEicmstrnie Csjiecsts Hpphsn

_cmon i Kumn <44> ittiog ly ecjctimts hm i ecjctiry lisn cm mhrt`nrm Eiurctimci,t`n Eiurctimcim stitn ̀ is stnibaistjy littjnb kcìbcsts, wct` Ilbnj Izcz tigcmfi pirtcoujirjy ìrb jcmn hm t`n cssun. R`n <44> ittiog wis oirrcnb hut ly t`n_ijist Frhup ahr Trnio`cmf imb Ohelit, im Ijfnrcim kcìbcst spjcmtnr frhuptìt rnmienb ctsnja Ij-Yinbi cm t`n Csjieco Eif`rnl (IYCE) cm <446. IYCEhpnritns t`rhuf`hut Ijfnrci, Eijc, Mcfnr, imb Eiurctimci, imb ìs ojicenbrnsphmsclcjcty ahr ilhut i bhznm gcbmippcmfs imb ittneptnb gcbmippcmfs ha Vnstnrmnrs cm rnonmt ynirs. IYCE ìs ittiognb syelhjs ha Vnstnrm phwnr cmEiurctimci, hpnmcmf rn hm t`n Csrinjc nelissy cm <440 imb oirrycmf hut isucocbn lhelcmf mnir t`n Arnmo` nelissy cm <443. Cm nirjy <499, Eiurctimcim



Ijnx Rùrsthm | 9>

shjbcnrs cmtnronptnb im IYCE ohmvhy oirrycmf nxpjhscvns th Mhuigo`htt ispirt ha im ississcmitchm pjht ificmst Ilbnj Izcz, i lhel pjht ificmst t`n Arnmo`nelissy, hr lht`.

Ilbnj Izcz snns IYCE is t`n ohumtry–s frnitnst snourcty oìj jnmfn, ijt`huf`shen lnjcnvn `n ìs cmonmtcvns th nxiffnritn t`n t`rnit cm hrbnr th cmornisnt`n mimocij supphrt `n rnoncvns arhe t`n Vnst. @n ìs ittneptnb th bnstrhyt`n frhup–s oieps cm Eiurctimci imb mncf`lhrcmf Eijc. R`cs hpnritchm ìsbrcvnm ecjctimts hut ha shen irnis imb ìs whm ohhpnritchm arhe Eijc, w`co`ìs im nmburcmf rnputitchm is t`n _i`njcim ohumtry jnist oheecttnb th irenbohumtnrtnrrhrcse.

IYCE–s ittiogs cm Eiurctimci ahre pirt ha cts lrhibnr phjctcoij imb orcecmijstritnfy cm t`n _i`nj. R`ny irn ijsh i rnsphmsn th Eiurctimci–s bhenstco phjctc-oij tnmschms hvnr t`n stitn–s fnhphjctcoij stimons. R`n hvnrw`njecmf eikhrctyha Eiurctimcims rnknot IYCE–s lrimb ha Csjie. Lut IYCE–s umoheprhecs-

cmf stimons hm Csrinj imb t`n wir cm Iafìmcstim ippnij th shen Eiurctimcimyhut`, imb t`n kcìbcst frhup–s hmjcmn prhpifimbi imb rurij prnio`cmf thursìvn ijjhwnb ct th rnoruct i muelnr ha Eiurctimcims.

I anw Eiurctimcims ìvn lnnm ioousnb ha cmvhjvnenmt wct` Ij-YinbiOnmtrij. Hmn nxiepjn cs Ehìenbhu Hujb _ji`c, w`h spnmt tcen wct` t`neuki`cbnnm cm Iafìmcstim, rnphrtnbjy icbnb snvnrij ha t`n 3/99 pcjhts, imb csourrnmtjy lncmf `njb cm Fuimtimieh Liy. _hen Eiurctimcim mitchmijs ìvnijsh khcmnb nxtrnecst onjjs cm _iubc Irilci. Ehst ha t`n ohmonrm irhumb kcìb-cse cm Eiurctimci, `hwnvnr, ìs onmtnrnb hm IYCE.

Ehbnritn Csjiecse cs bcstcmot arhe kcìbcse, lut Eiurctimcim rnfcens

ìvn shentcens ohmitnb t`n twh tnmbnmocns. Cm t`n pist, iut`hrctcns rnfujirjyioousnb Csjiecst phjctcocims ha spurrcmf ribcoijczitchm imb pjhttcmf vchjnmon.R`n ecjctiry stcjj ìrlhrs suspcochms ha Csjiecsts7 t`n <440 ohup sprimf cmpirt arhe haonrs– pnronptchms tìt Ilbnjji`c wis wnig hm tnrrhrcse imb thhthjnrimt ha Csjiecse.

_cmon <440, `hwnvnr, Ilbnj Izcz ìs whrgnb th oh-hpt t`n Csjiecst ehvn-enmt, pirtmnrcmf wct` Csjiecsts jcgn Bnbnw th rnìlcjctitn kcìbcsts. Rnrrhrcseìs thppnb t`n ifnmbi it enntcmfs lntwnnm Ilbnj Izcz imb Eimshur. R`nprnscbnmt wcjj jcgnjy ohmtcmun th snng Csjiecsts– `njp cm t`cs bheicm.

Eicmstrnie Csjiecsts ìvn strcbnmtjy rnknotnb vchjnmon cm fnmnrij imb

IYCE cm pirtcoujir. R`n nxcstnmon ha jnfij cznb Csjiecst pirtcns imb ehbnr-itn Csjiecst imb _iji hrfimczitchms ìs jcgnjy rnbuonb t`n sprnib ha kcìb-cse ly prhvcbcmf yhumf Eiurctimcims wct` mhmvchjnmt ivnmuns ahr nxprnsscmfi phjctcocznb Eusjce cbnmtcty. Bnmumocitchms ha kcìbcse, ehrnhvnr, jcgnjyoirry wncf`t iehmf Eiurctimcim yhut` w`nm t`ny ohen arhe prnio`nrs imbphjctcocims w`hsn pcnty cs tignm snrchusjy imb w`hsn ornbnmtcijs is hpphsctchmfurns ìvn lnnm bnehmstritnb t`rhuf` ynirs ha iotcvcse imb jhmf stcmts cmfhvnrmenmt prcshms.




Hmn rnishm ahr Csjiecsts– hlknotchms th kcìbcse cs tìt ct bcrnotjy ohepntnswct` Rnwisshuj ahr rnoructs. Ahr nxiepjn, rnscbnmts ha Iriait, hmn ha Rnwisshuj–sstrhmf`hjbs cm Mhuigo`htt, ìvn nxprnssnb anirs tìt kcìbcst wnlsctns irn ribc-oijczcmf yhut`. R`cs trnmb t`rnitnms th umbnrecmn Rnwisshuj iehmf cts hwmohmstctunmts imb cm t`n nyns ha t`n fhvnrmenmt. Ct ohujb prnssurn Rnwisshujth sìrpnm cts Csjieco r`nthrco w`cjn ehrn naanotcvnjy prnsnmtcmf i mhmvchjnmtijtnrmitcvn th kcìbcse.

Ehbnritn Csjiecsts– rniotchm th kcìbcse, `hwnvnr, cmvhjvns i lijimocmf iot.Csjiecsts aion prnssurn th orctcoczn kcìbcsts wct`hut hvnrjy imtifhmczcmf t`ncr

syepit`cznrs, imb th ohhpnritn wct` t`n rnfcen wct`hutlnohecmf thh ojhsnjy isshocitnb wct` ct.

Csjiecsts– nmtùscise ahr ohhpnritchm wct` t`n stitn csjcectnb ly t`ncr mnnb th rnticm i bcstcmot phjctcoij cbnmtcty.Ca Csjiecst phjctcocims ijcfm thh ojhsnjy wct` t`n rnfcen,

t`ny ohujb jhsn t`ncr ornbclcjcty is cmbnpnmbnmt vhcons.Ehbnritn Csjiecsts supphrt t`n f`t ificmst IYCE, lut

t`ny wimt th oirnaujjy eimifn t`ncr ohmtrclutchm th t`n naahrt. R`n ohepjnxc-tcns ha t`cs lijimocmf iot enim tìt Csjiecsts wcjj bnmhumon tnrrhrcse hm t`ncrhwm tnres, ahr nxiepjn ly oijjcmf ahr i f`t ificmst kcìbcse lut ijsh rnknotcmf Vnstnrm supphrt cm tìt f`t.

Ohmojuschm

Csjiecse cm Eiurctimci fcvns vhcon th t`n rnjcfchus ohmvcotchms, phjctcoij arus-tritchms, imb imtc-Vnstnrm snmtcenmts ha i scfmcoimt snfenmt ha t`n phpuji-tchm. Bun th t`ncr cmorniscmf rhjn cm eujtcpirty phjctcos cm t`n pist scx ynirs,Csjiecsts ìvn cmunmonb phjcoyeigcmf hm cssuns jcgn Csrinj imb ohumtnrtnr-rhrcse. Eiurctimcim Csjiecse cs ijsh i ahrecbiljn prnsnmon hm t`n fjhlijCsjiecst ocrouct.

Csjiecsts aion snvnrij oìjjnmfns, cmojubcmf Trnscbnmt Ilbnj Izcz–s suoonss cmoh-hptcmf t`ncr r`nthrco, t`n pctaijjs ha prnsnrvcmf Csjieco prcmocpjns w`cjn mivc-fitcmf njnothrij phjctcos, imb t`n mnnb th rnsphmb th kcìbcse. Lut t`n trnmbstìt fivn rcsn th Csjiecse ohmtcmun; urlimczitchm prhonnbs, shocij cmnquijctyrneicms, imb ehsquns imb Csjieco so`hhjs stcjj prhjcanritn, ijjhwcmf Csjiecsts

th nxpimb t`ncr cmunmon cm urlim spions imb rnio` mnw iubcnmons, pirtcou-jirjy iehmf t`n yhut`. Rnwisshuj is wnjj is phjctcocims jcgn Kiecj Eimshur irnjcgnjy th jhsn supphrt ca t`ny briw thh ojhsn th Ilbnj Izcz hr ca t`ny eign mhprhfrnss cm cepjnenmtcmf t`ncr ifnmbi.

Vnstnrm iotchms cm Eiurctimci wcjj iaanot t`n triknothry ha Csjiecse fhcmfahrwirb. Im cmornisnb Vnstnrm ecjctiry prnsnmon cm t`n _i`nj, prnssurn arhe Vis`cmfthm hm Mhuigo`htt th rnsthrn aujj rnjitchms wct` Csrinj, imb mnfitcvn

Csjiecsts– nmtùscise ahr ohhpnritchm

wct` t`n stitn cs jcectnb ly t`ncr mnnb

th rnticm i bcstcmot phjctcoij cbnmtcty.



Ijnx Rùrsthm | 96

Vnstnrm r`nthrco surrhumbcmf Csjiecst njnothrij vcothrcns njsnw`nrn cm t`nrnfchm irn ijj aiothrs tìt ohujb prnsnmt Eiurctimcim Csjiecsts wct` phjctcoijhpphrtumctcns. Csjiecsts ìvn hatnm ittriotnb phpujir supphrt ly oistcmf t`ne-snjvns is oìepchms ha Eusjces hpprnssnb ly Iril imb Vnstnrm fhvnrmenmts. Csjiecsts wcjj jcgnjy bnmhumon r`nt-hrco imb iotchms ohecmf arhe Vis`cmfthm tìt t`ny snn isrnvnijcmf ielctchms th ohmtrhj imb bhecmitn Eiurctimci.

R`cs bhns mht enim tìt Vis`cmfthm imb EiurctimcimCsjiecsts ̀ ivn mh cmtnrnsts cm oheehm. Ehbnritn Csjiecsts–bnmumocitchms ha kcìbcsts s`hujb ln nmohurifnb, is s`hujb t`n rnfcen–s whrg-cmf rnjitchms`cp wct` pirtcns jcgn Rnwisshuj. Snt ca rnjitchms lntwnnm t`n rnfcenimb t`n Csjiecsts bntnrchritn, hr ca Csjiecsts irn iljn th eign oiepicfm cssuns haEiurctimci–s wir hm tnrrhrcse imb t`n rnfcen–s tcns th t`n Vnst, Csjiecsts ohujblnfcm th oipturn i jirfnr sìrn ha t`n njnothritn imb th ehlcjczn jirfnr prhtnsts

ificmst t`n rnfcen imb ificmst ahrncfm iothrs.Cm t`cs Csjieco \npuljco, is tnmschms hvnr wìt Csjie enims ohmtcmun th

sìpn phjctcoij jcan, rnjcfchus bnlitns, imb shocij iotcvcse, Eiurctimcim Csjiecsewcjj rneicm i strhmf phjctcoij ahron imb im cmunmtcij shocij ehvnenmt, ehbnr-itn hm bhenstco cssuns imb hutsphgnm hm cmtnrmitchmij thpcos. Eiurctimci wcjjohmtcmun th kuffjn cts Csjieco cbnmtcty, cts shocntij bcvcschms, imb cts prnoirchusfnhphjctcoij phsctchm.

Vnstnrm iotchms cm Eiurctimci wcjj iaanot

t`n triknothry ha Csjiecse fhcmf ahrwirb.



Mhtns

93

9 R`nsn MFHs cmojubn t`n _iubc-rum Cmtnrmitchmij Csjieco \njcna Hrfimczitchm, t`nGuwictc-bcrnotnb Iarcoi Eusjce Ifnmoy, imb _ubim–s Cmtnrmitchmij I arcoim \njcna

Ifnmoy.

< ‚Lchfrip`cn bu syelhjn bn ji brhcturn nt bn j–`hmmëtntã; Eh`ienb Knecj HujbLri`ce Hujb Eimshur.― <443, ̀ ttp;//knecjeimshur.mnt/arimoics/cmbnx.p`p8hptchm5oheXohmtnmt&vcnw5oitnfhry&jiyhut5ljhf&cb594&Ctnecb59?.



<9

Aurt`nr \nibcmf

Lhuong, O`rcsthp`nr. ‚_iubc Nxtrnecse th _i`nj imb Liog.― Kimn–s Csjieco Iaaicrs Imijyst , Anlruiry <443.

Cmtnrmitchmij Orcscs Frhup. Ohmtnstitchm Csjiecstn nm Eiurctimcn; Enmion hu LhuoÃecssicrn8 Lrussnjs; Cmtnrmitchmij Orcscs Frhup, <44>.

Hujb I`enb _ijne, [ngnrci. ‚Csjie cm Eiurctimci lntwnnm Thjctcoij Nxpimschm imbFjhlijczitchm; Njctns, Cmstctutchms, Gmhwjnbfn, imb Mntwhrgs.― Cm Csjie imb EusjceThjctcos cm Iarcoi , nbctnb ly Lnmkiecm A. _hirns imb \nmã Htiyng, pp. <6‟21. Mnw

Shrg; Tijfrivn EioEcjjim, <446.

Hujb-Eny, Eh`ienbnm. ‚Eiurctimci; Lntwnnm t`n @ieenr ha Nohmheco Fjhlijczitchmimb t`n Imvcj ha Eujtcpirty Aiotchmijcse.― Cm Mhrt` Iarcoi; Thjctcos, \nfchm, imbt`n Jcects ha Rrimsahreitchm, nbctnb ly Si`ci @. [hulcr imb @iczie Iecri`-Anrmémbnz, pp. 6 ‟03. Jhmbhm imb Mnw Shrg; \hutjnbfn, <440.

Ij-Rikieeu– ij-Vitimc jc j-Csj-` wi j-Rimecyi (Rnwisshuj). ‚Ij-\u–yi ij-Acgrcyyi (R`nCmtnjjnotuij Qcschm).― Eiurctimci; Rnwisshuj, bitn umgmhwm.



<?

Ilhut t`n Iut`hr

IJNP R@^\_RHM cs i T`.B. oimbcbitn cm \njcfchus _tubcns itMhrt`wnstnrm ^mcvnrscty. @cs bcssnrtitchm rnsniro` ahousns hm rnjcfchus jcmg-ifns lntwnnm Mhrt`nrm Mcfnrci imb t`n Iril whrjb. Cm <441‟<446, `n ohm-

buotnb rnsniro` hm Eusjce yhut` imb bnehorioy cm _nmnfij is i Aujlrcf`t_o`hjir. @n wrctns ilhut Csjie imb phjctcos cm sul-_i`irim Iarcoi it _i`njLjhf; `ttp;//si`njljhf.whrbprnss.ohe.



Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt

ahr Cmtnrmitchmij Tnion

R`n Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt ahr Cmtnrmitchmij Tnion cs i prcvitn, mhmprhthrfimczitchm bnbcoitnb th ibvimocmf ohhpnritchm lntwnnm mitchms imb prheht-cmf iotcvn cmtnrmitchmij nmfifnenmt ly t`n ̂ mctnb _titns. Ahumbnb cm 9394, cts

whrg cs mhmpirtcsim imb bnbcoitnb th io`cnvcmf priotcoij rnsujts. Is ct onjnlritns cts Onmtnmmcij, t`n Oirmnfcn Nmbhwenmt cs pchmnnrcmf t`nrst fjhlij t`cmg timg, wct` hurcs`cmf haons mhw cm Vis`cmfthm, Ehsohw,Lnckcmf, Lncrut, imb Lrussnjs. R`nsn vn jhoitchms cmojubn t`n onmtnrs ha whrjbfhvnrmimon imb t`n pjions w`hsn phjctcoij nvhjutchm imb cmtnrmitchmij phjc-ocns wcjj ehst bntnrecmn t`n mnir-tnre phssclcjctcns ahr cmtnrmitchmij pnion imbnohmheco ibvimon.

R`n Oirmnfcn Ecbbjn Nist Trhfrie ohelcmns cm-bnpt` jhoij gmhwjnbfnwct` cmocscvn ohepiritcvn imijyscs th nxiecmn nohmheco, shochphjctcoij, imbstritnfco cmtnrnsts cm t`n Iril whrjb. R`rhuf` bnticjnb ohumtry stubcns imb t`nnxpjhritchm ha gny orhss-outtcmf t`nens, t`n Oirmnfcn Ecbbjn Nist Trhfrie,cm ohhrbcmitchm wct` t`n Oirmnfcn Ecbbjn Nist Onmtnr, prhvcbns imijyscs imbrnoheenmbitchms cm lht` Nmfjcs` imb Irilco t`it irn bnnpjy cmahrenb lygmhwjnbfn imb vcnws arhe t`n rnfchm. R`n Oirmnfcn Ecbbjn Nist Trhfrie`is spnocij nxpnrtcsn cm phjctcoij rnahre imb Csjiecst pirtcocpitchm cm pjurijcstcophjctcos t`rhuf`hut t`n rnfchm.

Mauritania’s Islamists

Documents

Transcript of Mauritania’s Islamists