Matter UnitPeriodic Table Notes

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

P

Zn As

Sb

Pt Bi

Midd. -1700

Cr Mn

Li

K

N O F

Na

BBe

H

Al Si Cl

Ca Ti V Co Ni Se Br

Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Rh Pd Cd Te I

Ba Ta W Os Ir

Mg

Ce Tb Er

Th U

1735-1843

Discovering the Periodic Table

C

S

Fe Cu

Ag Sn

Au Hg Pb

Ancient Times

He

Sc Ga Ge

Rb Ru In

Cs Tl

Pr Nd Sm Gd Dy Ho Tm Yb

La

1843-1886 Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Po Rn

Ra

Eu Lu

Pa

Ac

1894-1918

Tc

Hf Re At

Fr

Pm

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

1923-1961

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt

1965-

Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989

Elements are arranged:

Vertically into Groups

Horizontally Into Periods

Why?

If you looked at one atom of every element in a group you would

see…

Each atom of a group has the same number of electrons in its outermost

shell.

• An example…

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level.The number of “valence” electrons in an atom

affects the way an atom bonds. The way an atom bonds determines many

properties of the element.This is why elements within a group usually

have similar properties.

The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells

Be (Beryllium)

Atom

Mg (Magnesium) Atom

If you looked at an atom from each element in a period

you would see…

Each atom of the period has the same number of

electron shells or energy levels.

An example…

The period 4 atoms each have 4 electron containing shells

K (Potassium)

AtomFe (Iron) Atom

Kr (Krypton)

Atom

4th Shell

Each group has distinct properties

• The periodic Table is divided into several groups based on the properties of different atoms.

Alkali Metals

•Soft, silvery colored metals

•Very reactive!!!

Group 1A: Alkali MetalsGroup 1A: Alkali MetalsGroup 1A: Alkali MetalsGroup 1A: Alkali Metals

Cutting sodium metalCutting sodium metal

Reaction of potassium + H2O

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Alkali Metals reacting with water:

• Li (Lithium) – least reactive

• Na (Sodium)

• K (Potassium)

• Rb (Rubidium)• Cs (Cesium) – more reactive

What would you expect from Francium?!?!

MagnesiumMagnesium

Magnesium Magnesium oxideoxide

Group 2A: Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

• Silvery-White Metals

• Fairly reactive

• Many are found in rocks in the earth’s crust

Transition Metals

• Malleable (easily bent/hammered into wires or sheets)

• Most are good conductors of electricity

How many things can you think of that have Transition Metals in

them?

Metalloids

Lie on either side of the “staircase”

• They share properties with both metals and non-metals

• Si (Silicon) and Ge (Germanium) are very important “semi-conductors”

Metals and Nonmetals

Li

3

He

2

C

6

N

7

O

8

F

9

Ne

10

Na

11

B

5

Be

4

H

1

Al

13

Si

14

P

15

S

16

Cl

17

Ar

18

K

19

Ca

20

Sc

21

Ti

22

V

23

Cr

24

Mn

25

Fe

26

Co

27

Ni

28

Cu

29

Zn

30

Ga

31

Ge

32

As

33

Se

34

Br

35

Kr

36

Rb

37

Sr

38

Y

39

Zr

40

Nb

41

Mo

42

Tc

43

Ru

44

Rh

45

Pd

46

Ag

47

Cd

48

In

49

Sn

50

Sb

51

Te

52

I

53

Xe

54

Cs

55

Ba

56

Hf

72

Ta

73

W

74

Re

75

Os

76

Ir

77

Pt

78

Au

79

Hg

80

Tl

81

Pb

82

Bi

83

Po

84

At

85

Rn

86

Fr

87

Ra

88

Rf

104

Db

105

Sg

106

Bh

107

Hs

108

Mt

109

Mg

12

Ce

58

Pr

59

Nd

60

Pm

61

Sm

62

Eu

63

Gd

64

Tb

65

Dy

66

Ho

67

Er

68

Tm

69

Yb

70

Lu

71

Th

90

Pa

91

U

92

Np

93

Pu

94

Am

95

Cm

96

Bk

97

Cf

98

Es

99

Fm

100

Md

101

No

102

Lr

103

La

57

Ac

89

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

METALS

Nonmetals

Metalloids

What are semiconductors used in?

Nonmetals

• Brittle

• Do not conduct electricity

• Nonmetals

• Most are poisonous

• Fairly reactive – react with alkali metals (eg) Na+ and Cl-

Halogens

Chlorine Gas was used as a chemical weapon during World War I.

It was used by the Germans in World War II.

Chlorine Gas• The Germans were the first to use Chlorine gas

at Ypres in 1915• Chlorine gas is a lung irritant• The symptoms of gas poisoning are bright red

lips, and a blue face• People affected die a slow death by suffocation• Decades later men who thought they had

survived the war died from lung diseases such as Emphysema

CHLORINE

• Nonmetals

• Unreactive

• Gases at room temperature

Noble Gases

Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases artist- Eric Ehlenberger

Colors Noble Gases produce in lamp tubes:

• Ne (Neon): orange-red

• Ar (Argon): pale lavender

• He (Helium): pale peach

• Kr (Krypton): pale silver

• Xe (Xenon): pale, deep blue

Lanthanide SeriesActinide Series

• The lanthanide series can be found naturally on Earth.

• Only one element in the series is radioactive.

• Also called rare-earth metals or inner-transition elements.

• You might find some of these elements in superconductors, glass production, or lasers

• The actinide series is much different.

• They are all radioactive • Some are not found in

nature. • Some of the elements with

higher atomic numbers have only been made in labs.

ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS DIATOMICDIATOMIC MOLECULESMOLECULES

ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS DIATOMICDIATOMIC MOLECULESMOLECULES

Remember:

The “GENS”These elements exist as PAIRS when ALONE.

Hydrogen (H2)

Nitrogen (N2)

Oxygen (O2)

Halogens

(F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)

(P4 and S8)

Diatomic ElementsH2

N2 O2 F2

Cl2

Br2

I2

Tl At

S

Li

Na

K

Fr

Be

Mg

Ca

Ra

Sc

Ac

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Rn

Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se

Rb Sr Y XeZr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Bi Po

Al Si P

B C

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

S

Tl