MATTER & ATOMS

Year 9

SLOS

SLO 1: Show understanding of the particle nature of matter

SLO 2: Explain the difference between the three states of matter

SLO 3: Outline how matter changes from one state to another

SLO 4: Show understanding of the concept of density and investigate the densities of different substances

SLO 5: Use the particle theory to explain the processes of diffusion, expansion and contraction

SLO 6: Explain and give examples of the processes of conduction and convection

SLO 7: Describe the present atomic model (including the number of protons, neutrons and electrons) and relate some historical models of the atom

SLO 8: Show understanding of the definitions of atom, element, compound, molecule and mixture and be able to distinguish between them

SLO 9: Understand what a chemical formula represents

SLO 10: Recall names and symbols of some of the most common elements

PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

Matter is everything that has _________ and

takes up__________(everything on earth)

Everything is made up of particles called

_____

Gold is made of gold atoms

Oxygen is made of _________________

Water (H2O) is made of hydrogen and

___________

PARTICLE THEORY

Matter is made up of tiny __________ (Atoms

& Molecules)

Particles of Matter are always

_______________

Particles of Matter are held together by very

strong __________________

____________ affects the speed of the

particles. The _________the temperature,

the ____________ the speed of the particles.

PARTICLE THEORY

______________ is all about explaining the properties of solids,

liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do.

In a solid the particles ______

around a _____ position. There is

a ______ force of attraction

between each particle and they

are very _____ together

SOLIDS

Words – strong, close, vibrate, fixed

View animation

LIQUIDS

GASES

In a liquid the particles are _____

together but can move in any

direction. They won’t keep a

_____ shape like _____ do.

In a gas the particles are very far

apart and move _____ in all

directions. They often ______

with each other and because they

are far apart they can be easily

_______.

Words – fixed, collide, quickly, close, solids, compressed

SUCCESS CRITERIA

Complete page 50-51 in Scipad

Describe two properties that are different between solids and liquids

Describe two properties that are different between liquids and gases

What are the three states that matter can exist in?

CHANGING STATES

When ____________ is added or taken away states of matter change.

____________ heat makes molecules move __________ and further ________, solids turn to _________ then gases as heat is added

_______________heat makes molecules move __________ and _________ together, gases turn into _________then solids as heat is removed

____________ also effects states of matter

/solidification

CHANGING STATE

Changing state requires ________________

Energy is used in changing state so

temperature stays the ___________

MAKING ICE CREAM

Put the following into a ziploc bag and seal it

2 tablespoon sugar

1 cup milk

1/2 teaspoon vanilla

Put the following into the ice cream container, put the lid on and shake it.

6 tablespoons rock salt

Ice cubes

Bag with milk, sugar and vanilla in

SUCCESS CRITERIA

What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is turned into a solid?

(HINT: discuss speed, closeness, energy level of particles)

What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is heated and turned

into a gas? (HINT: discuss speed, closeness, energy level of

particles)

DENSITY

All objects are made out of

_______________

Density is how ___________ packed those

particles are.

The more tightly packed the particles, the

_____________________

decreasing density

DENSITY

Which is heavier: 1kg of feathers or 1 kg of gold?

They have the same mass, but what is different about

them?

Density describes how heavy an object is for its size

eg: 1kg of feathers would take up a lot of room because

feathers are not very heavy for their size. They have a low

density.

1kg of gold metal does not take up much space as it has a

high density

CALCULATING DENSITY

The formula to calculate density is:

___________________________

The unit used to measure density is gcm-3

(grams per cm cubed)

FLOATING AND SINKING

Anything with a density of more than 1

gcm-3 will sink in water

Anything with a density less than 1 gcm-3

will float

Substance Mass in g Volume in cm3 Density in

gcm-3 (m/V)

Float or sink in

water?

Aluminium 54 20

Glass 12.5 5

Cork 0.5 2.5

SUCCESS CRITERIA

Put the states of matter in to order of most

dense to least dense

Why are gases less dense than solids?

DIFFUSION

Mixing that is due to molecules moving and

colliding is called ______________

___________ is the net movement of

molecules from an area of

__________concentration to an area of

_________ concentration.

FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION

The rate of diffusion depends on:

The size of the molecules – smaller move _____

The temperature – warmer moves ______

The state of the matter diffusing – gases move ______ then liquids.

The concentration of the chemicals – the _______ the concentration gradient the _____ the diffusion rate

TASKS:

Explain why you can smell bread baking in

an oven throughout the house

Why does diffusion only occur in gases?

EXPANSION

When matter is heated, the particles inside

them move _________, and take up more

_________

As a result the matter ________

Effects of heat

Heat produces the

following effects on

matter:

Expansion: The increase in volume which occurs

when a system gains heat.Expansion

Contraction

Effects of heat

Heat produces the

following effects on

matter:

Expansion

Contraction

Contraction: the decrease in

volume which occurs when a

system loses heat.

THERMOMETERS

SUCCESS CRITERIA

Explain why power lines sag in the summer

CONDUCTION

______________is the movement of heat

through __________.

Heat energy travels from the hot end to the cold

end by particles ____________ and jostling less

energetic neighbors giving them extra energy

CONDUCTION EXPERIMENTS

Aim:

Which metal conducts heat the fastest?

Method:

1. Melt wax and attach drawing pins to ends of metals

2. Hold over Bunsen

3. Record the order in which the pins fall off.

(metals: brass, copper, aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel)

Conclusion:

Which metal conducts heat the fastest? Why?

Conductors and insulators

metal

Insulators do not

allow heat to move

through them easily. plastic Double-glazed windowair

air space

cork

Conductors allow

heat to move through

them easily.

Examples of good conductors are:

__________is the prevention of the transfer of

heat.

Insulators __________allow the transfer of heat

to occur easily.

Examples of good insulators are:

SUCCESS CRITERIA

Explain what is happening to the particles in a steel rod as

heat moves down it?

Does conduction occur in solids, liquids or gases?

Give a use of conduction.

When is conduction a problem?

CONVECTION

_____________ is the movement of heat through liquids or gases.

The flow of heat through water or air is called __________________________

Convection currents follow two rules:

Heat ____________ (hot air or water rises)

Cold ____________ (cold air or water sinks)

This is how the heat in the Earth’s mantle moves

FLYING AND CONVECTION CURRENTS

Convection

gas particles

liquid particles

convection currents

This is the transfer of heat

in liquids and gases.

Heat is transferred

by the movement

of currents.

CONVECTION EXPERIMENTS

SUCCESS CRITERIA

How is convection helpful?

Why doesn’t convection occur in solids?

ATOMS

All matter is made up of ____________

Chemistry involves the _____________ of

atoms or groups of atoms

ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF THE FOLLOWING

SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES:

____________ negative charge outside nucleus, in shells constant motion very very small (1/2000 of a

proton)

_____________ No charge, neutral Inside nucleus Same size as proton

_____________ Positively charged Inside nucleus

Atoms have an overall neutral charge,

therefore:

Number of protons = Number of electrons

MAKING MODELS . . .

You are going to make a model of the lithium atom, Li.

Li is Lithium, a metal.

Li has 3 protons, 3 _________ + 4 neutrons.

(remember atoms are neutral so they must have the same number of protons (positive) and electrons (negative)

ATOM MODEL:

Protons – 1 colour of pebble

Electron – chocolate chip

Neutron – different coloured pebble

Nucleus - Marshmallow

Electron orbit - cotton

SUCCESS CRITERIA

Copy the title into your books, and draw your model atom.

Label your drawing, protons, neutrons, electrons

What colour pebble represents the protons?

What colour pebble represents the neutrons?

What particles make up the nucleus?

Complete Scipad page 10 Atoms

___________________:

Smaller number

Number of protons

Number of electrons

_________________________:

Bigger number of the two

Total number of sub atomic particles

Number of protons + neutrons.

ATOM INFORMATION

How do we work out the number of:

Protons

=

Electrons

=

Neutrons

=

ATOMIC INFORMATION

How can you tell if a chemical change has occurred?

Draw a labelled diagram of an atom, state the charge and size of each particle

What information does the atomic number tell us?

What information does the mass number tell us?

How many protons, neutrons and electrons

SUCCESS CRITERIA

Elements are made of _______________

_____________ are made of two or more elements

chemically combined

Mixtures are made up of two or more elements

which are __________chemically combined

ELEMENTS MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS

Aim: Investigate compounds and mixtures

Method:

1. Separate a mixture of iron and sulphur using a magnet

2. Heat a mixture of iron and sulphur to form iron sulfide which is a compound

3. Now try to separate iron with a magnet

Results:

Mixtures can/cannot be physically separated

Compounds can/cannot be physically separated

COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Elements contain only ________capital

letter

Al, H, He

Compounds contain more than one element

and therefore ___________one capital letter

H2O, CuSO4

Each capital letter represents a different

atom

H2O has Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms in it

ATOMS AND COMPOUNDS

The numbers in a compound tell us how many

atoms there are:

H2O =

CO2 =

CuSO4 =

Methane has four hydrogen atoms for every one

carbon atom, what is its formula? (Carbon goes

first)