Matter:

It’s what the world’s made of.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER

•The Five States of MatterThe Five States of Matter

•SolidSolid

•LiquidLiquid

•GasGas

•PlasmaPlasma

•BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate)BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate)

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER

Based upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERGAS

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…

between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything just be a gas?

NO!If the gas is made up of particles which carry

an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get

The 4th state of matter:

PLASMA

STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

A plasma is an ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the common state of matter

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not move from place

to place

Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move

about, and slide past each other

Well separated with no regular arrangement.

Vibrate and move freely at high

speeds

Has no definite volume or shape and is composed

of electrical charged particles

Some places where plasmas are found…

Flames

Lightning

Aurora (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

COLD PLASMA

COLD PLASMA PEN

4. Neon lights

5. Stars

Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.

Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

6

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

So now we know all about four states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized

gases)

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to

100 nano degrees above

“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)

Will everything just be a

frozen solid?

Not Necessarily!In 1924 (85 years ago), two scientists, Albert

Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.

Einstein Bose

+

The 5th state of matter:

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Finally, in 1995 (only 14 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.

Ketterle and his students

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce

around as individuals.

Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

Here is a picture a computer took of

Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak

happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way!

(We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

To really understand Bose-Einstein

condensate you need to know

Quantum Physics

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for

discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:

The Nobel Prize

The five states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized gases)

BOSE-EINSTEIN

CONDENSATE

PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement DuringPhase Change

Solid to liquid

MeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.

Liquid to solid

FreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement During Phase Change

Liquid to gas

Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation

Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.

Gas to liquid

CondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.

Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the solid as it sublimates.