Unit 2: Ecosystems & Biospheres Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Cycles, Human Impact.
Matter and Biogeochemical Cycles
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Transcript of Matter and Biogeochemical Cycles
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Matter and Biogeochemical
Cycles
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Matter• All material in the universe that
has mass and occupies space is called matter.• Atoms- smallest unit of an
elementExample: Oxygen, hydrogen,
carbon, gold, etc
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Matter
• Atom’s nucleus includes:–protons (+)–neutrons (+/-)
Electrons (-) orbiting around the nucleus.
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• Molecules- a cluster of atoms with unique characteristics. Organic compounds have carbon. Inorganic compounds do not have carbon. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing ONLY hydrogen and carbon.
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• Macromolecules are the building blocks of life.
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1)Proteins: • made of amino
acids(monomers), • responsible for muscle
contractions, • immunity & carries oxygen in the
body
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2)Carbohydrates: • made of
monosaccharides(monomers); • sugars & starches, • give you short-term energy
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3) Lipids: • made of a glycerol & three fatty
acids (monomer); • fats & oils, • long-term energy, • insulation & cushioning for organs
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4) Nucleic Acids: • nucleotides (monomers), • DNA & RNA, • molecules that store genetic
information• to help create proteins • give you your characteristics
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• Acids, Bases & pH• pH: how basic or acidic a solution
is • pH Scale
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• Biosphere: all the planet’s living, once living and nonliving parts of the environment and how they interact. • Abiotic: non-living• Biotic: living
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• Geosphere – made of all the rock at and below Earth’s surface
• Lithosphere – hard rock just on or below the Earth’s surface
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• Atmosphere – gaseous envelope around the planet
• Hydrosphere – Earth’s supply of water
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Biogeochemical Cycles• BIO – refer to the LIVING organisms
• GEO – refers to the Earth, rock and LAND.
• CHEMICAL – molecules,
REACTIONS and atoms.
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Biogeochemical Cycles• Matter cycles through the
environment. Nutrients are matter that organisms require for life process, circulate throughout the environment in biogeochemical cycles.
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Biogeochemical Cycles• Law of Conservation of Matter: • Matter can be transformed, but
cannot be created or destroyed.
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Water Cycle• The water cycle summarizes how
water plays a role in our environment.
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Unique properties of water 1) Cohesion – water molecule can stick to themselves
2) Expands when freezes 3) Capillary action
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• Water Cycle Video
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Label the water cycle diagram
• Aquifers• Condensation• Evaporation• Precipitation• Surface runoff• Groundwater• Transpiration
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Label the water cycle diagram
Condensation Precipitation Condensation
Transpiration
Ground water
Surface runoff Evaporation
Aquifers
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• http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earth
guide/diagrams/watercycle/index.html
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon is a building block of life. All organic compounds have carbon.
Carbon is essential for DNA, fats, proteins, carbohydrates & other substances.
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon is gas form is carbon dioxide & it’s a greenhouse gas that helps to maintain earth’s temperature.
Carbon is stored in the ocean, atmosphere & rocks.
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Carbon Cycle
A place where a lot of carbon is stored are called carbon sinks.
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Pathway 11. Carbon moves between
the atmosphere, oceans & living things.
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2. Through photosynthesis, plants use CO2 from the air & ocean to make glucose (organic compound….C6H12O6)
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3. A consumer eats plants & animals that eat plants & the carbon moves through the food webs.
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4. Respiration is one way carbon is released directly into the air.
Example: exhaling of animals
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5. Decomposition of living things also returns carbon to the soil, water & air in the form of carbon dioxide.
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1. Carbon travels from living things to rocks & back to air or water where living things will use it again.
Pathway 2
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Example: Shells of marine animals contain carbon. These shells fall to bottom of ocean when they die & pile up. They are covered with sediment & compacted to form rock (limestone). Erosion on land eventually dissolve the carbon containing minerals to air & water.
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2. This process takes millions of years.
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Pathway 3
1. This pathway involves the formation & burning of fossil fuels.
2. Oil & natural gas form from the remains of dead organisms.
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3. After buried for a long time, a chemical change takes place & it turns them into petroleum.
4. This process takes millions of years.
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5. When the oil is removed & we burn it. The combustion releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Then it’s available plants to use for photosynthesis.
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Deforestation: removing trees that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Fewer trees mean less carbon dioxide is being absorbed.
Ways HUMANS affect Carbon Cycle
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Burning of fossil fuels in industry & vehicles: Carbon is a by-product of combustion. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been rising. Some say it is contributing to global warming.
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Nitrogen Cycle
•Nitrogen is an important element in organic compound such as proteins, DNA, amino acids & chlorophyll.
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Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. It cycles from the atmosphere to living things & back to atmosphere.
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•But living things cannot use it in its gas form, therefore living things get nitrogen from the food.
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1. Living organisms cannot use simple nitrogen molecules (NH2).
2. Living things take it in as a nitrate (NO3
-).
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3. Nitrate is formed when nitrogen is combined with oxygen. This process is called nitrogen fixation.
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4. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live on root nodules of legumes & convert the gaseous nitrogen to ammonia (NH4) then to nitrates(NO2 or NO3).
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5. Examples of legumes: clover, peas, soybeans & alfalfa.
6. Plants use nitrates to make proteins. Animals only take in nitrogen by eating plants.
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7. Nitrogen flows through the food web as animals eat plants & animals eat other animals.
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8. During decomposition, nitrogen compound are released. Bacteria will break down ammonia to nitrogen & oxygen & release nitrogen back to soil and atmosphere.
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9. Some aquatic bacteria and lightning can also change nitrogen to nitrates.
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WAYS HUMANS ALTER THE NITROGEN CYCLE
• The rate of nitrogen fixation has doubled since the 1950s.
• Fertilizers: contain nitrogen…place on lawn & farmlands
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WAYS HUMANS ALTER THE NITROGEN CYCLE
• Burning of fossil fuels: releases nitrogen during combustion
• Destruction of forests & wetlands: release nitrogen thru decay
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CONSEQUENCES
• Ecosystems: Nitrogen additions to the soil can lead to changes that favor weeds over native plants, which in turn reduce species diversity and changes ecosystems.
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• Research shows that nitrogen levels are linked with changes in grassland species, from mosses and lichens to grasses and flowers.
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• Precipitation: Nitrogen oxides react with water to form nitric acid, which along with sulfur dioxide is a major component of acid rain.
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• Acid rain can damage and kill aquatic life and vegetation, as well as corrode buildings, bridges, and other structures.
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Air quality: High concentrations of nitrogen oxides in the lower atmosphere are a precursor to tropospheric ozone, which is known to damage living tissues, including human lungs, and decrease plant production.
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Water quality: Adding large amounts of nitrogen to rivers, lakes, and coastal systems results in eutrophication, a condition that occurs in aquatic ecosystems when excessive nutrient concentrations stimulate blooms of algae that deplete oxygen, killing fish and other organisms and ruining water quality.
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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
•Phosphorus is not a gas and does not enter the atmosphere.
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•Phosphorus cycles from land to ocean and then back to land.
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•Water runs over rocks that contain phosphorus and places it in the water and soil. Plant roots absorb phosphorus.
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•Phosphate makes up DNA. Animals get phosphates thru food. Phosphorus is release by decomposition.
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• Loss of land because of clear cutting and erosion of farmland.
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•When we use soaps and detergents with phosphorus it integrates into our groundwater.• Fertilizers
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Oxygen CycleThis cycle only consists of
photosynthesis & respiration. Photosynthesis & respiration are OPPOSITE reactions & they rely on each other.
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Plants produce OXYGEN through the process of photosynthesis. Animals take in the oxygen from the air & change it into energy & release carbon dioxide through the process of respiration.
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Photosynthesis
• 6CO2 + 6H20 +Sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
CHLOROPHYLL
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Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP
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