Matrikulasi transport membran dan reproduksi sel
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Transcript of Matrikulasi transport membran dan reproduksi sel
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The Cell Membrane
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MEMBRAN SEL
* STRUKTUR :
-LIPID (LEMAK)
-PROTEIN
-KARBOHIDRAT
* FUNGSI :
-BATAS PEMISAH
-PELINDUNG/SELUBUNG
-LALULINTAS MOLEKUL (PERMEABEL SELEKTIF
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1.Danielli dan Davson (1930-1940) : triglyceride lipid bilayers (permukaan yang berhadapan dengan air)
2.Robertson (1950) : electron micrographs
Struktur membran
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-Bilayer lipid
-Lipid bersifat AMFIPATIK dengan kepala polar HIDROFILIK yang menghadap ke luar dan
ekor HIDROFOBIK menghadap ke dalam
-Portein (hidrofilik) terbenam dalam bilayer lipid (protein transmembran) dan
dipermukaan bilayer lipid (protein perifer) model mosaik fluida
Membran Sel
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FLUIDA MEMBRAN
-Gerakan fosfolipid di permukaan membran (a)
-Fluida membran menurun banyak asam lemak tidak jenuh (bag. Ekor)(b.1)
-Fluida membran meningkat asam lemak jenuh (b.2) dan kolesterol (c)
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SISI MEMBRAN :
-Bag. Luar dan dalam
-Distribusi lipid, protein dan karbohidrat asimetris
-karbohidrat oligosakarida
-berikatan dengan lipid glikolipid
-berikatan dengan protein glikoprotein
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TRANSPOT MEMBRAN SEL
-Permeabel selektif
-Permeabel bilayer lipid
-Protein transpot, bersifat hidrofilik
a. selektif
b. ATP
c. enzimatik
d. transduksi sinyal (reseptor)
Gula, asam amino, nutrien, O2, CO2 dan mineral : Na, K, Ca, Cl
CO, CO2, O2, air dan etanol
Gula
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Protein transpot
Selektif - ATP Enzimatik Transduksi sinyal
Difusi dipermudah oleh protein spesifik
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Transport Pasif
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Transpot pasif :
Proses difusi
Proses osmosis
Difusi : perpindahan zat pekat ke kurang pekat
Osmosis : difusi zat melalui membran permeabel selektif
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KESEIMBANGAN TRANSPORTASI AIR
(osmoregulasi)
-Pada sel tanpa dinding
-Pada sel berdinding
IsotonikHipotonikhipertonik
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Transport Aktif
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Transpot aktif : zat terlarut melawan gradien konsentrasi rendah ke tinggi
ATP
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PERBANDINGAN : TRANSPOT PASIF - AKTIF
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EKSOSITOSIS & ENDOSITOSIS
Eksositosis : sekresi materi dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan membran Endositosis : masuknya materi dlm sel dengan cara menggabungkan vesikula dengan
membran sel
Fagositosis
Pinositosis
Endositosis(reseptor)
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Endocytosis and exocytosis
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Water relations and cell shape in blood cells
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Water relations in a plant cell
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REPRODUKSI SEL
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Reproduksi protista berbeda dengan sel hewan lainnya
Jamur → spora
Tanaman → biji
Hewan → telur
Protista → sel tunggal
Sel anak → mempunyai membran, sitoplasma dan inti
Inti mengandung DNA yang identik
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Salah satu protista adalah amoeba
Amoebas → sangat tipis, membran sel fleksibel
Bergerak dengan menjulurkan sitoplasma keluar membran dan membentuk pseudopods ("false feet")
Di dalam sel terdapat ruang sbg organ percernaan
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REPRODUKSI SEL
• MITOSIS → sel somatik
• MEIOSIS → sel seks atau gamet (spermatozoa dan ovum)
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MITOSIS
Interfase Profase Metafase AnafaseTelofase
1. Terjadi sintesis protein; kromatin dan inti nampak jelas; replikasi DNA
2. Kromatin tebal → kromosom; membran inti melebur; sentriol bergerak pada sisi yang berlawanan dan serabut spindel mulai terbentuk
3. Kromosom yang dihubungkan spindel ada di tengah
4. Kromosom memisah menuju ke kutub yang berlawanan
5. Kromosom kembali berbentuk kromatin; speindel melebur; membran inti nampak; sentriol replikasi; terbentuk membran sel baru
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Cell ReproductionInterphase (before Mitosis) Early Prophase Prophase Late Prophase Transition to Metaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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PROPHASE I
• SYNAPSIS - the pairing and bonding together of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads
• Homologous chromosomes consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome
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PROPHASE I
CROSSING-OVER:• Exchange of chromatid
segments within tetrads to produce new allele combinations
• Nonsisters cross over, break, and rejoin
• Increases genetic variety
VIEW OF NUCLEUSAND TETRADS
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CROSSING -OVER
• Notice the exchange of segments that has happened in two places on the larger homologous pair
• This is crossing over
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METAPHASE I
• Tetrads line up in the middle of the cell in a straight line at equator
• Spindle fibers attach to only 1 kinetochore of each centromere
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ANAPHASE I
• Tetrads are separated as homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
• (Remember: the chromosomes are still actually sister chromatids)
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TELOPHASE I
• Cytokinesis may occur and two HAPLOID cells containing sister chromatids are produced
• A brief period of interkinesis occurs
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INTERKINESIS
TELOPHASE IA short interphaselike stage between divisions
PROPHASEII
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MEIOSIS
Fase I
Fase II
SEPARATES SISTER CHROMATIDS
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PROPHASE II • Nuclear membranes disappear
• Nucleoli disappear
• Spindle fibers form
• Chromatin coils to form chromosomes
• What does this remind you of ?
• Prophase II is basically the same as mitosis prophase x 2
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METAPHASE II
• In metaphase II the two cells line up their chromosomes in the middle of the cell in a straight line at equator
• Again this is the same as mitosis metaphase - only two cells are doing it
• Each cell is doing it with only 1 chromosome of each kind, not pairs
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ANAPHASE II
• During this phase the centromeres of the chromosomes in the two cells divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cells
• Very mitosis-like again
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TELOPHASE II
• Final act of meiosis
• Nuclear membranes reappear
• Nucleoli reappear
• Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin
• Spindle fibers disappear
• Cytokinesis occurs to produce a total of 4 haploid cells (N)
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Meiosis : Summary of reduction division
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Phases of spermatogenesis (i.e., meiosis in males)
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