Materials Measurement Laboratory • Biosystems & Biomaterials Division • Biomaterials Group

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ials Measurement Laboratory • Biosystems & Biomaterials Division • Biomaterials G National Institute of Standards and Technology United States Department of Commerce Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Dana Schneider, Sligo Middle School Carl Simon Students = 31, 28 and 23 10.07.12: 8:19-9:04, 9:57- 10:42,12:17-1:02

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Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Dana Schneider, Sligo Middle School Carl Simon Students = 31 , 28 and 23 10.07.12: 8:19-9:04, 9:57- 10:42,12:17-1:02. National Institute of Standards and Technology United States Department of Commerce. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Materials Measurement Laboratory • Biosystems & Biomaterials Division • Biomaterials Group

Page 1: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Materials Measurement Laboratory • Biosystems & Biomaterials Division • Biomaterials Group

National Institute of Standards and TechnologyUnited States Department of Commerce

Tissue Engineering ScaffoldsDana Schneider, Sligo Middle School

Carl SimonStudents = 31, 28 and 23

10.07.12: 8:19-9:04, 9:57- 10:42,12:17-1:02

Page 2: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

NIST• Mission: to promote U.S. innovation and

industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life

• Established by congress in 1901 as the nation’s measurement lab

• 5000 staff, 3000 PhDs, 4 Nobel Laureates since 1997, MacArthur Fellowship winner in 2003, National Medal of Science winners in 1998 & 2008, 8 current National Academy members

Page 3: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

International System of Units (SI)

Base quantity Name Symbol

length meter m

mass kilogram kg

time second s

electric current ampere A

temperature kelvin K

amount of substance mole mol

luminous intensity candela cd

What Does NIST Do?

About 2.6 billion times a day, or 30,000 times a second, NIST’s Internet Time Service sets computer clocks and other timekeeping devices

Instructions for a 16th-century measuring rod: “Take 16 men, short and tall ones as they leave church and let each of them put one shoe after the other and the length thus obtained shall be a just and common measuring rod to survey the land with.”

Page 4: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

NIST 4 Nobel Prizes in Physics in 15 Years

2012 Nobel Prize in Physics to Dave Wineland of NIST Time and Frequency Division

Dave Wineland, Leader of the Ion Storage Group, shares the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics with Serge Haroche of France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."

Page 5: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Tissue Engineering

Isolated Cells

Donor Cellsfrom Injured

Knee

Scaffold Grow New Knee Tissue in the Lab

Repair Damaged Knee

Page 6: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Paolo Macchiarini Careggi, Italy

Nanofiber scaffold seeded stem cells

Nanofiber Scaffolds for Human Trachea

Nanofiber trachea

Trachea

0.05 mm

Page 7: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Polymers

A polymer is a chemical compound consisting of repeating structural units

Atomic force micrograph of single polymer chain

Dry polymer powder

Page 8: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Polystyrene Polyethylene

Polymers

Page 9: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Poly(e-Caprolactone) (PCL)

Page 10: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Salt-Leached Scaffold Fabrication

NaCl

Mold

Polymer Solution

Fabrication:• Fill a mold with NaCl• Pour polymer solution over NaCl: NaCl is insoluble in solvent• Air dry to remove solvent• Leach NaCl porogen in water• Yields highly porous, scaffold matrix to support cell adhesion & tissue

regeneration

Page 11: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Salt-Leached PCL Scaffolds (96-Well Plate)

250 mm

25 mm100 mm

2 mm

Page 12: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

1000

0 ce

lls7 d 14 d

2500

0 ce

lls50

00 c

ells

1 d

Mouse Osteoblasts Cultured on PCL Salt-Leached Scaffolds

1 mm

Each green dot is a cell nuclei stained with a

fluorescent dye

Page 13: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Freeform Fabrication

Page 14: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Dana Schneider, Summer 2012Stem Cells Cultured on Freeform Fabricated PCL Scaffolds

5 mm2 mm

0.2 mm 0.1 mm

Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (7d)

Cell nuclei are green

Cell bodies are red (actin)

Page 15: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

20 mm 20 mm20 mm

Red = Cells (Actin)Green = Nanofibers

Stem Cells in PCL Nanofiber Scaffolds

Page 16: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

De-Cellularization (Lung)

Native rat lung

De-cellularized rat lung

Re-seeded with cells

Detergent treatment to

extract cells & antigens

Seed w/neonatal rat lung epithelium and rat lung

microvascular endothelium; 1 wk culture

in bioreactor

Implanted in syngeneic rat

Lasts several hours in rat and exchanges gas

The 3D structure of natural ECM directs the cells, “they just know

where to go, and what to do”

Page 17: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Summary

• Stem cells and scaffolds are the 2 components for tissue engineering

• Scaffolds can by synthetic polymers or natural decellularized tissue

• Polymers can be processed into scaffolds with widely varied structure

• Salt-leached scaffolds

• Freeform fabricated scaffolds

• Nanofiber scaffolds

• Many tissues are being engineered using many strategies

• Trachea (synthetic)

• Lung (natural)

• Bladder (natural + synthetic)

Page 18: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Salt-Leached Scaffold (24-Well Plate)

50 mm0.25 mm

3 mm

24-Well Plate with Scaffolds

Page 19: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

Tissue-Engineered Bladder (De-Cellularization)

Anthony Atala (Wake Forest)

• Scaffold made from decellularized tissue from human cadaver and degradable polymer fibers to strengthen

• Take bladder biopsy from patient (1-2 cm2) and isolate urothelial cells and bladder muscle cells

• Seed scaffolds with cells from patients own bladder from biopsy: muscle on outside, urothelials on inside

Tissue Engineered Bladder: 7 implants functioning up to 4 years later

Page 20: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

• In the 1920s, purple, orange, green, blue, yellow, and red traffic lights carried different meanings in different states. In some states, green meant “go” and in others it meant “stop.” In 1927, NIST worked with two other agencies to establish a national code for the color of traffic lights that we still use today.

• In 1904, a terrible fire raged in Baltimore. Firefighters arrived on special trains from Washington, D.C., and other places as far away as New York City. But most of the crews were helpless to put out the fire since their hoses would not fit on Baltimore hydrants. More than 1,500 buildings covering more than 70 city blocks burned to the ground. NIST found there were more than 600 different fire hose sizes and hydrant connectors in use in the U.S. In 1905, NIST helped pick a national fire hose standard that was eventually adopted throughout the country.

What Does NIST Do?

Page 21: Materials Measurement Laboratory •  Biosystems  & Biomaterials Division •  Biomaterials Group

ElectrospinningNanofibers

Nanofiber Diameter = 900 nm

0.05 mm