Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop/ Station Design & Access Unit...

Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood

Stop/ Station Design & Access

Unit 6: Station Design & Access


Three Main Considerations

• Station Types and Configuration– Structure based on transit type

• Vehicle Circulation– Number and movement of buses

• Passenger Circulation– Number and movement of riders


STATION TYPES AND CONFIGURATIONS


Bus Stops

• Located along streets • Consist of– Waiting area on public

sidewalk– Signage to mark stop– Lighting– Sometimes amenities


ADA Compliant Bus Stop Pad

• Firm, stable surface• Clear dimension of 96 by 60 in. • No steeper than 1:48 slope


ADA Compliant Bus Shelters

• Connected to accessible routes• Signage at shelters and stops is highly visible• Low-level platforms 8” above top of rail

or coordinated with typical vehicle floor


DISCUSSION QUESTION

• What works with this solar-powered bus stop?


Transit Centers

• Multiple bus routes converge to transfer

• Layover area for bus routes

• Transfer to rail, intercity bus, park and ride

• Located off-street• Wayfinding• Larger or more elaborate

shelter and amenities• Driver break room and

restrooms


Busway and BRT Stations

• Along roadways (on of off-street)

• More elaborate• 40 to 100 ft • Amenities• Possible vertical

circulation • Fare collection


Vancouver BRT


Eugene BRT


Light Rail Stations

• 180 to 400 ft• Center, side, or split • On-street, off-street,

rail ROW, transit mall• High or low platforms• Usually include

canopies, limited seating, TVM

• More amenities


Heavy Rail / AGT Stations

• More elaborate • High-level platforms due

to third-rail power• Platform screen doors to

control access • Often underground or

elevated• Center or side platform • 600 to 800 ft long• Fare control• Possible parking• Other amenities


Commuter Rail Stations

• Wide range– Suburban locations with one

or two platforms– Major urban terminals with

many tracks and platforms

• Center or side platforms or combination

• Passenger and freight• 300 to >1,000 ft• Heavy park-n-ride• Often amenities• Can be complex passenger

interactions


Possible Amenities

Amenity Advantages Disadvantages

Shelters Comfort, protection from climate, identify stop

Maintenance, graffiti, visual impact

Benches Comfort, identify stop, lower cost Maintenance, graffiti, no climate protection

Lean Bars Some comfort, lower cost, less space Not as comfortable, maintenance

Lighting Visibility, security Power, maintenance, cost

Maps Info on transit, area Periodic updating

Real-time Arrival Info Perceived reliability, wait time Power, communications, maintenance, cost

Heat Comfort in cold Power, maintenance, cost, liability

Vending machines Services, revenue Trash, visual, vandalized

Trash Cleanliness, Cost, odor, security

Telephones Convienice, security Loitering, cell phones negate

Art Aesthetics Perceived wasteful cost


VEHICLE CIRCULATION


Required Bus Berths

• At least two berths (one for each direction) • Possible layover berths• Based on recovery time divided by route

headway times safety factor (1.2)• Need to calculate for whole day and use the

greatest plus growth room


Bus Berth Designs


Private Vehicles

• Park-and-Ride– Per passenger rates of 0.4 – 0.6

• Kiss-and-Ride– Average wait time 7-8 minutes

• Bike Parking


Bike Parking

Bike Lockers Bike Share


Bike Parking


PASSENGER CIRCULATION


Station Access Includes Many Aspects

• Sufficient safe space for movement– Horizontal Space

• Corridor widths• Doorways

– Vertical Space• Stairway widths• Escalators

• Efficient time for purchasing and collecting fares– Number of ticket machines– Number of fare gates


Decisions Based on Walkway LOS


Pedestrian Speed


Pedestrian Circulation Terms

• Pedestrian capacity: max people occupying or passing through facility (persons / area / min)– “absolute” capacity - max possible– “design” capacity – max desirable

• Pedestrian speed: average or range of walking speed (f/s or m/s)

• Pedestrian flow rate: peds per unit time passing a point (escalator, fare control gate, etc)– Pedestrian flow per unit width (walkway width in in, ft,

or m


Pedestrian Circulation Terms (cont’d)

• Pedestrian density: average number of persons per area within a walkway or queuing area

• Pedestrian space per person: average area for each pedestrian– Inverse of density– Varies by activity and characteristics of peds

• Pedestrian time-space: space required multiplied by time spent doing activity in area

• Effective width or area: walkway or stairway space actually used by pedestrians


Design Capacities

• Passenger demand volumes under typical peak-period

• Additional demand from service disruptions and special events

• Emergency evacuation situations

• Breakdown in pedestrian flow occurs with dense crowding – Desirable pedestrian LOS– Not max pedestrian capacity


Horizontal Circulation

• Walkways• Multi-activity Passenger Circulation

• Moving Walkways– Same as walkways


Steps to Determine Required Walkway Width

1. Choose analysis period (15 min or less)2. Based on the desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate

(p/ft/min or p/m/min)3. Estimate ped demand4. Compute design ped flow (p/min) by dividing the

demand by # minutes.5. Compute required effective width of walkway (in feet

or meters) by dividing design ped flow by the max ped flow rate.

6. Compute the total width of walkway (in feet or meters) by adding 2 to 3 ft (0.6 29 to 1.0 m), with a 12- to 18-in. (0.3- to 0.5-m) buffer on each side to the effective width of walkway.


Steps to Determine the Required Doorways

1. Based on the desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate2. Choose analysis period (15 min or less)3. Estimate pedestrian demand4. Compute the design pedestrian flow (per/ min) by dividing the demand

by # minutes.5. Compute the required width of the doorway (in feet or meters) by

dividing the design pedestrian flow by the maximum pedestrian flow rate.6. Compute the number of doorway required by dividing the required

entrance width by the width of one doorway (always round up).7. Determine whether the design pedestrian flow exceeds the entrance

capacity


Doorway LOS


Vertical Circulation

• Stairways• Escalators• Elevators

1. Entering / exiting2. User characteristics (luggage)3. Elevator travel time4. Capacity

• Ramps– Use walkways


Steps to Determine Required Stairway Width

Two methods:1. LOS Method2. Pedestrian Paths Method


Option 1: LOS Method

1. Based on desired LOS, choose max ped flow rate

2. Select analysis period 3. Estimate directional ped demand4. Compute design ped flow (ped/min) by

dividing the demand by # minutes5. Compute required width (in ft or m) by dividing

design ped flow by max ped flow6. Increase the stairway width by one or more

traffic lane (30 in) when reverse-flow pedestrian volumes occur frequently


Stairway LOS


Option 2: Pedestrian Paths Method


Steps to Determine the Required Escalators

1. Determine analysis period (15 min or less)2. Estimate directional ped demand3. Compute the design ped flow (ped / min) by dividing the

demand by # minutes4. Based on width and speed of escalator, choose nominal

capacity (ped / min)5. Compute # escalators by dividing the design pedestrian flow

by the nominal capacity of one escalator, rounding up.


Steps to Determine the Required Ticket Vending Machines

Two methods (round up to at least 2)1. Install sufficient TVMs so that peak-period queues do

not exceed “tolerable” levels, except during periods of unusually high demand.

2. Install sufficient TVMs to meet off-peak demand, and supplement them with on-site fare sales during peak times.

NTVM = # TVMs (round up),Parr = # arriving pass / hr pt = % purchasing ticket 3,600 = sec/hr tt = avg transaction time (sec/pass)


Steps to Determine the Required Faregates

1. Choose analysis period (15 min or less)2. Estimate ped demand3. Compute design ped flow (pass / min) by

dividing the demand by # minutes 4. Compute # gates, turnstiles, or combination

required by dividing the pass flow by capacity of individual units (always round up or add one for each direction of flow)


Faregate Capacity


Conclusion

• It is important to design attractive stations in order to obtain ridership.

• Enough space should be given to vehicles and passengers to maneuver.

• Elements of a transit station such as corridors, fare boxes etc. have levels of service.


Reference

Materials in this lecture were taken from:• TCRP Report 165, “Transit Capacity and

Quality of Service Manual, 3rd edition”, 2013• TCRP Report 153, “Guidelines for providing

access to public transportation stations” 2012.

• Manual, Highway Capacity. "HCM 2000." Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board (2000).

Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop/ Station Design & Access Unit...

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Transcript of Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood Stop/ Station Design & Access Unit...