Materials and Structures: Recent Research and...
Transcript of Materials and Structures: Recent Research and...
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Materials and Structures: Recent Research and Innovations
P.N.BalaguruNational Science
FoundationRutgers University
Hotel Caesar Park, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAugust 2-6, 2004
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Historical Time Line• Stone (Caves); Cut
Stones without and with mortar
• Bricks; Lime; Portland Cement
• Timber• Cast-Iron…….Steel
( ductility )• High Strength
Composites
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Requirements• Strength• Stiffness• Constructability• Durability• Cost
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New Construction; Rehabilitation• Earthquakes• Blast resistance• Repair: compatibility, specific strength• Structures less than 75 years old• Historical structures
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Lessons Learned• Clay bricks are more durable; some structure
are 800 years old• Concrete is the most versatile construction
material• Structural Components should be in
compression• Steel corrodes
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Research at NSF• Infrastructure materials• Division of Materials
Research• Division of
manufacturing
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Active Research• Understanding and mitigation of
corrosion• Improving the durability of concrete• Enhancing the properties of concrete• Self healing concrete• Cement particles as sensors• High strength composites
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Emerging Materials• High strength
composites• Alloys• Titanium• Highbred
combinations
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High Strength CompositesFiber Reinforced Polymers(FRP)
• Fibers: carbon, glass• Matrix: organic polymers• Applications: aerospace, ship building,
automobiles, rail cars, infrastructures
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FRP• High Strength• Low unit weight• High specific strength• Corrosion resistance• Used for more than 40
years
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Major Disadvantage
• Resistance to high temperature (fire)• Loss of life in crash landing• Vehicle fire• Fire hazard in transportation structures,
31% as compared to 37% flooding and 8% earthquake
• Restricted use in buildings• Tunnels
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Features of the Inorganic Matrix
• Polysialate (“Geopolymer”)• Aluminosilicate• Water-based, non-toxic, durable• Curing temperature: 20, 80, 150°C• Resists temperatures up to 1000°C• Protects carbon from oxidation
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Variables• Fibers; aramid, basalt, carbon, AR glass, E glass,
S glass, high modulus carbon, silicon carbide, steel
• Micro and short fibers, rovings, fabrics, hybrids
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Common Tow Reinforcements
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Common Fabric Reinforcements
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Carbon Fabric with Glass Mat
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Main Thrust Areas
• Mechanical properties of composites• Comparison with other inorganic matrix
composites• Durability• Protective and graffiti resistant coatings• Strengthening; bricks, concrete, reinforced
concrete• Sandwich panels
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Composite Plates
• Hand impregnation• Room temperature (20°C) or 150 C curing• Vacuum Bagging under 3 MPa pressure • Post curing for 3 days• Room temp. curing reduces degradation of
glass under alkali environment
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Typical Hybrid Samples
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Strain (%)
Flex
ural
Stre
ss (M
Pa)
3 Layers
2 Layers
1 Layer
Glass
3k Unidirectional Carbon
3k Unidirectional Carbon
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Matrix (Resin) Hybrid
• Organic resins – high strength, commercially available products
• Inorganic (Geopolymer) – high temperature resistance, non-toxic
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Hybrid Configurations
• Organic core• Glass and carbon• Vinyl ester and epoxy
• Skin• Glass or carbon• Inorganic matrix
Core: Strength
Skin: Fire protection
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Typical Resin Hybrid Samples
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Comparison of Polysialate and Other Inorganic Composites
• Carbon/Carbon composites• Ceramic matrix composites• Carbon/Polysialate
composites
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Stress vs. Strain Relationships of Bi-directional Composites in Tension
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Tensile Strength of Bi-directional Composites
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Durability Tests: As Coating Material
• WET-DRY EXPOSURE(0, 50, and 100 cycles)
• SCALING EXPOSURE(50cycles)
Samples Reinforced with:• 2 and 4% discrete carbon fibers• 1, 2, and 3 carbon tows• 1 and 2 layers of carbon fabric
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Peak Load of Samples after Wet-dry Exposure
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CON 2%FIB 4%FIB 1TOW 2TOW 3TOW 1LAY
Peak
Loa
d (k
N)
0 cycles 50cycles 100 cycles
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Peak Load of Samples after Scaling Exposure
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
4
4.55
CON00 2FIB00 4FIB00 1TOW00 2TOW00 3TOW00 1LAY00 2LAY00
Pea
k Lo
ad (k
N)
0 cycles 50cycles
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Sandwich Panels• Balsa wood core• Lightweight organic• Lightweight Inorganic• Cement based
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Typical Sample Prior to Test
• Balsa wood core with inorganic carbon fiber facings
• Smooth & glossy• Sample dimensions:
– 4 inches wide– 4 inches long– ¼” inch thick
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Sample After Fire Testing
• Facings visibly charred from intense heat
• Rough surface with minor cracking
• Sample dimensions change, including weight
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Comparison of Strengths
Test vs analytical results
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Lightweight Sandwich Panels
• Core features:- Inorganic matrix + ceramic spheres- Density: 0.6 to 0.7 g/cm3
- Compressive strength: 5.12 MPa
• Carbon fabric laminated onto facings
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Typical Section of Sandwich Slab (Panel)
Lightweight ceramic core
Carbon facings on both tension and compression sides
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
P/P PM/P PM/PM 1C/P 2C/P 1C/PM 3T/PM 2C/PM 4T/PM 3T/3T 1C/1C 2C/1C 2C/2C
Load
(N)
X/Y: Tension/Compression SideP: PlainPM: PrimerC: Carbon FabricT: Carbon Tows
Flexural Strength of Slabs With Different Reinforcement
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Beam Test SetupBeam Test Setup
1600 mm
240 mm
240 mm560 mm 560 mm
P/2 P/2
26mm
2#3 bars
2#2
bars
160m
m
108m
m
110mm
57mm
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LoadLoad--Deflection CurveDeflection Curve
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20 25Deflection (mm)
4O-1
3O-2
2O-1
5IO-2
4IO-2
3IO-2
2IO-1
PC
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Crack Patterns: All Specimens
PC
2IO-1
3IO-1
4IO-2
5IO-2
2O-1
3O-2
4O-1
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Challenges: Material Science
• Particle dispersion• Pot life• Reduction of shrinkage• Increase of strain capacity
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Collaboration• University of Alabama• University of Rhode
Island• University of South
Florida• Curtin University• National University of
Singapore• University of British
Columbia• Dan-Kook University
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Further Research and Applications
• Restoration of historical buildings
• Earthquake resistant structures
• Blast and Fire Resistance, incorporation of Sensors, Special coatings
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Emerging Areas• Self healing Concrete• Concrete structural
components with no cracks
• Smart Concrete• Cement particles as
sensors• Low carbon dioxide
emission• Concrete with more
strain capacity
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Functionally Graded Materials• Strength and
stiffness• Durability• Thermal and noise
insulation• Blast protection• Act as sensors• Healing materials
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High strength Composites• Strengthening of
buildings and bridges• Chimneys and
storage containers• Plain and reinforced
concrete• Masonry structures• Timber• Steel
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High Strength Composites• New fibers: carbon
with 640 GPa modulus,
• Basalt, high strength steel, organic
• New matrices: fire resistance
• Hybrids: titanium+ carbon+ fire resistant matrix
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Feedback• Questions ?• Comments ?