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Materi minggu ke-3
Sustainability (Keberlanjutan)
Sub Topik
1. Sustainable Development (Pembangunan berkelanjutan)
2. Waste Minimization (Minimasi Limbah)
3. Resource conservation and recovery 3. Resource conservation and recovery (Konservasi dan pemanfaatan kembali sumber daya alam)
4. Water Sustainability (Keberlanjutan sumber daya air)
Sustainable Development (Pembangunan berkelanjutan)
• Definisi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan adalah• Definisi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan adalahpembangunan yang memenuhi kebutuhan masakini tanpa mengurangi kemampuan generasimendatang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan merekasendiri (World Commission on Environment and sendiri (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: Our Common Future)
• Konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan mencobamemperbaiki masalah keadilan antar generasi, dimana generasi sekarang tetap dapat menikmatikekayaan bumi secara adil, tanpa harusmengorbankan kepentingan generasi mendatang.
History of Sustainability
• 1962: Rachel Carson publishes “Silent Spring”
• 1970:
– First Earth Day celebration – April 22nd
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– First Earth Day celebration – April 22nd
– Nixon establishes EPA
• Fueled by industrialization and overpopulationimpacts
• 1972: First UN conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden
History of Sustainability
• 1983 – UN establishes World Commissionon Environment and Development– Purpose: examine world’s critical environment and
development problems and formulate solutions
• 1987: Brundtland Commission Report– 3 components of Sustainable Development:
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– 3 components of Sustainable Development:Environmental protection, Economic growth,and Social equity
– Defined Sustainable Development as…
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
History of Sustainability
• 1992: Rio Earth Summit– Over 178 governments adopted…
• Agenda 21: a global blueprint and plan of action for sustainable development in the 21st century
• The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development– 27 principles that express the rights and responsibilities of
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– 27 principles that express the rights and responsibilities of nations as they pursue human development and well-being
• The Forest Principles– A guide for the management, conservation, and sustainable
development of all types of forests
• 2002: Third UN conference on Environment and Development, Johannesburg, South Africa
SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
Konsep Pembangunan• Balanced Development• Basic need• Pemerataan• Kualitas hidup
5 Juni 1972 : • Konferensi khusus PBB,sepakat menyelamatkanbumi melului kerjasamaantar bangsa
• Pembentukan UNEP (United Nations Environ-ment Programme)
Perkembangan 1972-1982 :• Meningkatkan kesejahte-
1972,Stockholm
1992, Rio de Janeiro
2002, Johannesburg
Komisi WCED (World Commision on Environ-ment and Development),1 Oktober 1984 :• Ketua : Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norwegia)
• Wakil Ketua : MansourKhalid (Sudan)
Agenda Global Perubahan:• Target pembangunan
Konferensi UNCED (United Nation Conferen-ce on Environment andDevelopment) :• Prinsip-prinsip dasarpembangunan berke-lanjutan
• Agenda 21Deklarasi Milenium PBB tahun 2000
1972
• Meningkatkan kesejahte-raan penduduk
• Meningkatnya hujanasam
• Lautan semakin kotor• Udara semakin tercemar• Hewan & tumbuhanbanyak yg punah
• Mengusulkan komisi• penyelamatan lingku-ngan ke GoverningCouncil UNEP
1982 1992 2002
• Target pembangunanBerkelanjutan 2000
• Kerjasama global antarnegara
• Penanganan masalahlingkungan secara lebihefektif
• Agenda jangka panjangpenanganan masalahlingkungan
SEJARAH PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN (2)
2002, Johannesburg
Deklarasi Johannesburg :• Dari asal muasal ke masa depan : komitmenpada pembangunan berkelanjutan, masyarakatglobal manusiawi, pilar-pilar pembangunan, tanggung jawab terhadap anak cucu
• Dari Stockholm ke Rio de Janeiro ke Johannesberg :melindungi lingkungan, pembangunan ekonomi, dansosial, serta memperkuat komitmen PB, merumus-
2002
sosial, serta memperkuat komitmen PB, merumus-kan visi pembangunan umat manusia, kemajuandilakukan dengan kesepakatan global
• Tantangan global : kemiskinan, gap negara majudan berkembang, lingkungan global terus mengalamikerusakan
• Komitmen terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan• Multilateralisme adalah masa depan• Mari mewujudkannya
SSosialosial EEkonomikonomi
EEkonomikonomi
LingkunganLingkungan
SSosialosial
ECOECO--
SYSTEMSYSTEM
HEALTH’HEALTH’
Menuju Pembangunan Berkelanjutan
LingkunganLingkunganTRADITIONALDECISION MAKING
ECOSYSTEM-BASEDDECISION MAKING
HEALTH’HEALTH’
KOMPONEN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
INDIKATOR PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
LINGKUNGANKEBERLANJUTAN LINGKUNGAN DGN MENERAPKAN KONSERVASI ATAU DIVERSIFIKASI PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM, DAN
KESELAMATAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL
Terjaganya keberlanjutan fungsi-fungsi ekologis• Terjaganya keberlanjutan fungsi-fungsi ekologis• Tidak melebihi ambang batas baku mutu lingkungan
yang berlaku, nasional dan lokal (tidak menimbulkanpencemaran udara, air, tanah)
• Terjaganya keanekaragaman hayati (genetik, spesies, • Terjaganya keanekaragaman hayati (genetik, spesies, dan ekosistem) dan tidak terjadi pencemarangenetika
• Dipatuhinya peraturan tata guna lahan atau tataruang
• Tidak menyebabkan timbulnya gangguan kesehatan• Dipatuhinya peraturan keselamatan kerja• Adanya prosedur yang terdokumentasi yang
menjelaskan usaha-usaha yang memadai untukmencegah kecelakaan dan mengatasi bila terjadikecelakaan
INDIKATOR EKONOMI
KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL
INDIKATOR SOSIAL
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT
Tidak menurunkan• Tidak menurunkanpendapatan masyarakatlokal
• Adanya kesepakatan daripihak-pihak yang terkaituntuk menyelesaikanmasalah-masalah PHK
Adanya proses konsultasi• Adanya proses konsultasike masyarakat lokal
• Adanya tanggapan dantindak lanjut terhadapkomentar, keluhanmasyarakat lokaluntuk menyelesaikan
masalah-masalah PHK sesuai dengan peraturanperundangan yang berlaku
• Adanya upaya-upaya untukmengatasi kemungkinandampak penurunanpendapatan bagisekolompok masyarakat
• Tidak menurunkan kualitaspelayanan umum untukmasyarakat lokal
masyarakat lokal• Tidak menyebabkan
konflik di tengahmasyarakat lokal
Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan
1. Berkelanjutan ekologis, yakni akan menjamin berkelanjutan eksistensi1. Berkelanjutan ekologis, yakni akan menjamin berkelanjutan eksistensibumi. Hal-hal yang perlu diupayakan antara lain, a. memelihara (mempertahankan) integrasi tatanan lingkungan, dan
keanekaragaman hayati;b. memelihara integrasi tatanan lingkungan agar sistem penunjang kehidupan
bumi ini tetap terjamin; c. memelihara keanekaragaman hayati, meliputi aspek keanekaragaman
genetika, keanekaragaman species dan keanekaragaman tatanan lingkungan.
2. Berkelanjutan ekonomi; dalam perpektif ini pembangunan memiliki duahal utama, yakni, berkelanjutan ekonomi makro dan ekonomi sektoral. Berkelanjutan ekonomi makro, menjamin ekonomi secara berkelanjutandan mendorong efesiensi ekonomi melalui reformasi struktural dannasional. Berkelanjutan ekonomi sektoral untuk mencapainya; a. sumber daya alam dimana nilai ekonominya dapat dihitung harus
diperlakukan sebagai kapital yang “tangible” dalam rangka akunting ekonomi; b. koreksi terhadap harga barang dan jasa perlu diintroduksikan. Secara prinsip
harga sumber daya alam harus merefleksikan biaya ekstraksi/pengiriman, ditambah biaya lingkungan dan biaya pemanfaatan.
Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (2)
3. Berkelanjutan sosial budaya politik, meliputi:3. Berkelanjutan sosial budaya politik, meliputi:
a. stabilitas penduduk, b. pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar manusia, c. Mempertahankan keanekaragaman budaya dand. mendorong partisipasi masyarakat lokal dalam pengambiland. mendorong partisipasi masyarakat lokal dalam pengambilan
keputusan.e. respek pada human rights, kebebasan individu dan sosial untuk
berpartisipasi di bidang ekonomi, sosial dan politik, danf. demokrasi, yakni memastikan proses demokrasi secara transparan dan
bertanggung jawab.
Kesepakatan Nasional dan Rencana TindakPembangunan Berkelanjutan
(Indonesian Summit on Sustainable Development, Yogyakarta, 21 Januari 2004)
1. Penegasan komitmen bagi pelaksanaan dan pencapaian
pembangunan berkelanjutan sesuai dengan peraturan
perundangan dan sejalan dengan komitmen global;
2. Perlunya keseimbangan yang proporsional dari tiga pilar
lingkungan yang berkelanjutan.
2. Perlunya keseimbangan yang proporsional dari tiga pilar
pembangunan berkelanjutan (ekonomi, sosial, dan
lingkungan) serta saling ketergantungan dan saling
memperkuat;
3. Penanggulangan kemiskinan, perubahan pola produksi dan
konsumsi, serta pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan
lingkungan yang berkelanjutan.
4. Peningkatan kemandirian nasional.
5. Penegasan bahwa keragaman sumber daya alam dan budaya sebagai
modal pembangunan dan perekat bangsa.
6. Perlunya melanjutkan proses reformasi sebagai prakondisi dalam
mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan.
7. Penyelenggaraan tata kepemerintahan yang baik, pengelolaan sumber
daya alam, pola produksi dan konsumsi yang berkelanjutan, dan
pengembangan kelembagaan merupakan dimensi utama keberhasilan
pembangunan berkelanjutan. pembangunan berkelanjutan.
8. Perwujudan dalam pencapaian rencana pelaksanaan pembangunaan
berkelanjutan bagi seluruh masyarakat, khususnya kelompok perempuan,
anak-anak, dan kaum rentan.
9. Perwujudan sumber daya manusia terdidik untuk dapat memahami dan
melaksanakan pembangunan berkelanjutan.
10. Pengintegrasian prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan ke dalam strategi
dan program pembangunan nasional.
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Sustainable View
SUSTAINABLE
Typical World View
Journey to Sustainability
ECONOMY
Society
Environment
SUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENT
SustainableSociety
SustainableEconomy
Journey to
Sustainability
Journey to Sustainability:Development of a Circular Economy
Linear Economy*
Natural Resources &Resource Industries
•Air•Water•Land & Minerals•Energy
IndustrialProcesses, Distribution & Product Use
Waste & Pollution
•Energy•Biological
From Eugene Odum, Ecology, 1963and www.Ecocycle.org, 2008
Circular, Zero Waste, Economy*
Natural Resources &Resource Industries
•Air•Water
IndustrialProcesses, Distribution & Product Use
Waste & Pollution
Journey to Sustainability: Development of a Circular Economy
•Water•Land & Minerals•Energy•Biological
Environmental Industry
From Eugene Odum, Ecology, 1963and www.Ecocycle.org, 2008
Zero Waste Movement*
Zero Waste is emerging as a:
– paradigm shift,
– a new, comprehensive socio-technical system, that
– addresses our resource use from product design to – addresses our resource use from product design to disposal
– “Cradle to Cradle” -
* From www.EcoCycle.org
Zero Waste Movement
There are four central concepts to the Zero Waste system:
1. Changing the Rules to support resource recovery;
2. Producer Responsibility to hold industry liable for creating less toxic and more efficient products;
3. Purchasing for Zero Waste to use our buying power as our voice
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3. Purchasing for Zero Waste to use our buying power as our voice for Zero Waste; and
4. Resource Recovery Infrastructure to build the processing and recovery systems to move us toward Zero Waste.
Provide Incentives Before Ban or Mandate
Eliminate Waste by Designing Out of Products and Processes
Expand City Outreach & Technical Assistance and Lead by Example
Jobs from Design & Discards
Zero Waste System (Replace with Oakland version)
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Foster Sustainable and Green Businesses
Retailers Take Back Difficult to Recycle Materials
Resource Recovery Park
Producer Responsibility
Discards
© Copyright Eco-Cycle, 2004 with text modifications by permission.www.ecocycle.org/zerowaste/zwsystem
Empowered Consumer
Urban Ore®
To end the Age of Waste
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Implications for Waste ManagementManagement
Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:Obsolescent “frontier” civilization:
ENERGYENERGY HEATHEAT
CONSUMERCONSUMERNONNON--RENEWABLERENEWABLEand RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE
HIGHHIGHTHROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
CONVENTIONALCONVENTIONALURBAN SYSTEMURBAN SYSTEM
MATERIALSMATERIALS WASTE &WASTE &TOXINSTOXINS
OneOne--way flow of materials and energyway flow of materials and energy
CONSUMERCONSUMERSOCIETYSOCIETYand RENEWABLEand RENEWABLE THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
Current waste management practices are unsustainable
due to:
• waste of energy and materials
• environmental degradation
– poor disposal practices
– toxic, hazardous, infectious waste– toxic, hazardous, infectious waste
=> health and safety implications
• poor institutional integration
• lack of accountability for waste producers
Sustainable Integrated Waste Management
Sustainable -
• consistent with principles of sustainability
Integrated -
• functionallyNational Policy
• functionally
• across spatial and
temporal scales
• across jurisdictions
Local Policy
National Policy
NATIONAL
PROVINCIAL
REGIONALMUNICIPALLOCAL
Sustainable integrated waste management practices must:
• reduce material and energy wastage
• protect environmental quality– minimize impacts of disposal – minimize impacts of disposal
– eliminate or treat toxic, hazardous, and infectious wastes
• improve institutional integration
• increase accountability
Sustainable civilization:Sustainable civilization:
Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
RENEWABLERENEWABLELOWLOW
THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
ENERGYENERGYLowLow--qualityqualityHeat EnergyHeat Energy
CONSERVERCONSERVERSOCIETYSOCIETY
••Cyclical flows of materials Cyclical flows of materials ••Appropriate energy usageAppropriate energy usage
RENEWABLERENEWABLE
Waste MinimizationWaste MinimizationToxics controlToxics control
THROUGHPUTTHROUGHPUT
MATERIALSMATERIALS LowLow--volumevolumeNontoxic Nontoxic Waste Waste MaterialsMaterials
Sustainable integrated waste management
• is proactive, not reactive
• aims to minimize waste throughout the life cycle of a product, from resource extraction to ultimate disposalof a product, from resource extraction to ultimate disposal
• requires cooperation amongst individuals, jurisdictions, disciplines, and sectors
• is based upon emerging principles of sustainability
SustainableSustainableIntegratedIntegrated
WasteWaste
Source Source ReductionReduction
SourceSourceSeparationSeparation
CompostingComposting
RecyclingRecycling
WasteWasteAudits Audits
ReuseReuse
WasteWasteManagementManagement
Waste toWaste toEnergy?Energy?
TransferTransferStationsStations
LandfillLandfill
WasteWasteExchangesExchanges
Incineration?Incineration?
Waste Management Hierarchy
RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERYAND RECOVERY
Sumber: Zero Waste Alliance
Sumber: Zero Waste Alliance
Resource Recovery
Social Structure
Infrastructure
Production - Consumption Model
Resource Extraction, Harvesting
Process, Modify
Resources
Convey, Transport
Consume Discard
Resource Recovery
Harvestin
g
Ecological Resources (Renewable)
Discarded Materials, Wastes
Extr
acti
on
Minerals, Metals, Fuels Resources (Non-Renewable)Not
Economically Retrievable
Not Economically Retrievable
Damaged
Carrying Capacity
Conditions for Sustainability
• Renewable resources (ecological)– Use < Regeneration
Non-renewable Non-renewable resources (minerals, fuels) Use < Development of
renewable substitutes
Pollution emissions Emissions < Carrying
capacity of environment
The Debate Over Sustainability
Ecological Resources (Renewable)
Impending resource shortages
Reaching carrying capacity
No real resource shortages
Resource Constrained Resource Abundance
Little ecological damage
Substantial ecological damage
Carrying capacity
Minerals, Metals, Fuels Resources (Non-Renewable)No real
resource shortages
Technological advances will continue to
“save the day”
Impending Resource Shortages
Technology not capable of making additional needed
resources economically
available
capacity not in
jeopardy
WATER SUSTAINABILITY
Principles Regarding Sustainability in Water
Resources
“The sustainable development of water resources is a multi-dimensional way of thinking about the interdependencies among natural, social, and economic systems in the use of water. In this view, economic systems in the use of water. In this view, our efforts to achieve economic vitality should occur in the context of the enhancement and preservation of ecological integrity, social well-being, and security.”
Source: Kranz, Gasteyer, Heintz, Shafer, and Steinman (2004)
Sustainability of Water Resources
Involves:- policies, plans, and activities that improve equalityof access to water
- recognizes that there are limits and boundaries of wateruse beyond which ecosystem behavior might change in unanticipated ways
- requires consideration of interactions occurring acrossdifferent geographic scales: global, national, regional,and local
- challenges us to look to the future and to assess and understand the implications of decisions made today onthe lives and livelihoods of future generations and the ecosystems upon which they depend.
Source: Kranz, Gasteyer, Heintz, Shafer, and Steinman (2004)
Develop Sustainable Water ResourcesGOAL
CRITERIAAdequate water supply
Relationship among goal, criteria, indicators and measures within capital.
INDICATORS
MEASURES
Residential water supply
Ecosystem watersupply
Agricultural & utilitywater supply
HydroperiodNatural
variabilityWater
demandsReservoir
stageWater
demandsReservoir
stage
Natural Capital Economic Capital Social Capital
Adequate Water Supply for Agriculture
GOAL
CRITERIA
Develop Sustainable Water Resources
Adequate Water Supply for Electric
Production
Proportion Groundwater/Surface Water
Supply
INDICATORS
Present Flow Rate/10 yr Average
FlowMean Reservoir
Depth
Water Quality
Groundwater Withdrawal
Depth
Irrigation Water Cost
Snow Pack
Condition
Annual Precipitation
RateWater Recycling