MASTER FARMER PROGRAM – SESSION III NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE SOIL AND WATER...

MASTER FARMER PROGRAM – SESSION III

• NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE

• SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICTS

• OVERVIEW OF CONSERVATION PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Natural Resources Conservation Service

• NRCS - WHO WE ARE• ROLE OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS• INTRODUCTION TO NRCS PLANNING

PROCESS – RMS PLANS• QUALITY CRITERIA AND CONSERVATION

PRACTICES• CONSERVATION PROGRAMS

WHO WE ARE – NRCS HISTORY

On March 11, 1934 – A fierce windstorm from the Great Plains swept fine soil particles across areas as far away as Washington, D.C. Congress decides action must be taken immediately


On April 27, 1935 – The Soil Conservation Service is established in the Department of Agriculture to help landowners carry out soil conservation practices.


On February 27, 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt urges governors to enact conservation district law that will allow landowners to organize soil and water conservation districts.

A Partnership Approach

Since the Dust Bowl of the 1930’s, NRCS has worked with conservation districts and others throughout the US to help landowners, as well as Federal, State, Tribal and local governments and community groups.

THE ROLE OF CONSERVATION DISTRICTS

The purpose for the formation of the Soil and Water Conservation District is to keep decision making on natural resource conservation matters at the local level.

THE LOUISIANA SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT PROGRAM

An important link in local, state, federal and private cooperation in all conservation and natural resource projects

What is a Soil & Water Conservation District (SWCD)?

• Local units of government• Established by resident landowners• Governed by Board of 5 Supervisors

Soil and Water Conservation Districts in Louisiana

• 43 SWCD’s statewide• 27 SWCD’s comprised of one parish, 16 are multi-

parish• All but 4 delineated by Parish boundaries• 5 SWCD Areas

SWCD Boards of Supervisors• 5 Supervisors or Board Members

– Landowners– 3 locally elected– 2 appointed

• SWCD employees• SWCD monthly board meetings

Role of the SWCD

• Represent SWCD residents in steering NRCS programs to meet local resource concerns

• Oversee Employees/Conservation planning• Approval of conservation plans or projects• Harness $ and other resources for local

conservation efforts• Enter into additional agreements• Conservation Education• Equipment rental

OVERVIEW OF CONSERVATION PLANNING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PLAN

Resource Management System plans are voluntary, site

specific, comprehensive and action oriented plans. The

plan contains natural resource information and a record

of decisions made by the client. The plan will describe

the schedule of operation and activities needed to

solve identified natural resource concerns.

The Nine Steps of Conservation Planning

• 1 - IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM OR CONCERN

• This is generally the step in which the operator contacts the local NRCS/SWCD Field office to request assistance or more information about technical assistance with a resource concern (ex. interest in fixing an erosion problem)

• 2 - DETERMINE THE OBJECTIVES

• During this step the decision maker begins to determine practical objectives and becomes actively involved in the intensive thought and decision making process required when developing a conservation plan

• 3 - INVENTORY THE RESOURCES

• Existing features of the farm are recorded and documented at this time. (Aerial photos, soil maps, soil samples, farm records, and site visits are used to determine the resource conditions and physical features such as location of ditches, water control structures, etc)

• 4 - ANALYZE RESOURCE DATA

• During this step an analysis of the data is conducted with the decision maker to identify, quantify, indicate, and address resource concerns.

• New concerns or opportunities usually arise at this time during the planning process

1 - IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM OR CONCERN2 - DETERMINE THE OBJECTIVES3 - INVENTORY THE RESOURCES4 - ANALYZE RESOURCE DATA

First Four Steps of the Conservation Planning Process

Critical Steps

• 5 - FORMULATE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

• During this step several alternative plans are created and reviewed

• Types of residue management (seasonal, mulch till, ridge till, no-till, etc)?

• Terrace or Grassed Waterway?• Choose alternate pesticides?

• 6 - EVALUATE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

• Decision makers evaluate the proposed courses of action to determine which one best meets their objectives and solves the identified resource problems or concerns

• 7 - MAKE DECISIONS

• The final decision on a planned course of action is made here.

• The plan is written and plan maps (with features) are produced. A logical sequence of events is established. The Resource Management System (RMS) plan is completed.

• 8 - IMPLEMENT PLAN

• The land manager and decision maker is now ready to implement the plan of action.

• Technical Assistance is provided to properly install needed practices and monitor conditions.

• Progress is documented in the plan.

• 9 - EVALUATION OF RESULTS

• Results are reviewed after implementation of the plan has occurred.

• Ongoing technical assistance is provided to evaluate results and address changes in the managers objectives and use of new technology.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA) COMPLIANCE

NEPA

• Resource Management Plans must comply with NEPA in order to be eligible for technical and financial assistance.

ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS

• Environmental Evaluation (EE)• LA-CPA-52• Environmental Assessment (EA)• Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)• Notice of Intent (NOI)

ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS

The Louisiana Environmental Evaluation (EE) is “a concurrent part of the planning process in which the potential long-term and short-term impacts of an action on people, their physical surroundings, and nature are evaluated and alternative actions explored”.

The LA-CPA-52 form is used to document the results of the environmental evaluation.

NATURAL RESOURCES

• Threatened & Endangered Species

• Natural Areas.• Scenic Beauty• Floodplain

Management• Wetlands

• Prime & Unique Farmlands

• Coastal Zone Areas • Wild and Scenic

Rivers and Streams• Riparian Areas• Cultural Resources

THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

The Louisiana black bear inhabits bottomland hardwood forests. Conservation practices generally provide positive impacts for threatened and endangered species. Threatened and Endangered Species may be either federal or state listed plants and animals.

THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

• The Bald Eagle prefers to nest in and near cypress swamps. They are concentrated mostly in southern Louisiana. The populations are increasing. The eagle is protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

NATURAL AREAS AND SCENIC BEAUTY

• Natural areas and scenic beauty are present throughout the rural Louisiana landscape. Natural areas are those areas that have been disturbed very little by man. Natural areas may be designated by the federal government or private entities. Scenic beauty may be created as a result of our activities on the land (buffers, ponds, etc.)

FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT

• Technical and financial assistance for the following land uses is compatible with Executive Order 11988 (Flood Plain Management): Agricultural flood plains that have been used for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, or oilseed for at least 3 of the last 5 years before the request for assistance. Normal agricultural activities are not regulated.

WETLANDS OF LOUISIANA

• Many different types of wetlands occur in Louisiana. In order to be classified as a wetland, an area must have hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils and hydrology. Always consult NRCS and/or the COE before beginning any construction activities in wetlands (Swampbuster, EO 11990, CWA)

PRIME AND UNIQUE FARMLANDS

• Prime Farmland-land that has the best combination of physical, chemical and biological characteristics for producing food, feed, fiber and oil seed crops.

• Unique Farmland - land other than prime farmland that is used for the production of specific high-value food and fiber crops.

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT AREAS

• Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)

– Section 307 of CZMA specifies that actions or activities with the Coastal Zone done by a Federal Agency or on behalf of or through a Federal Agency must be consistent with the State’s Coastal Zone Management Plan.

RIPARIAN AREAS

• Riparian areas are ecosystems that occur along watercourses or water bodies. They are distinctly different from the surrounding lands because of unique soil and vegetative characteristics that are strongly influenced by free or unbound water in the soil.

CULTURAL RESOURCES

• Cultural resources are the traces of all the past activities and accomplishments of people. They include tangible traces such as historic districts, sites, buildings, structures; traces of less tangible objects such as dance forms, aspects of folk life, cultural or religious practices; historical documents; and some landscapes, vistas, and cemeteries.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PLANS AND QUALITY CRITERIA

MAJOR RESOURCES

The 5 major resources to address on any farm or ranch:

Soil

Water

Air

Plant

Animal

+

HUMAN

SOIL (EROSION, HEALTH, CONTAMINANTS)

The resource concerns associated with soil include

erosion, health, and contaminants. These resource

concerns include sheet and rill, ephemeral and gully

erosion, soil compaction, structure and organic matter

and soil contamination from nutrients, salinity, heavy

metals and pesticides.

SOIL EROSION

Erosion occurs primarily as sheet and rill, ephemeral,

and gully erosion. The minimum level of treatment

requires that erosion does not exceed the soil loss

tolerance of the various soils on the farm. Most soils

in Louisiana has a soil loss tolerance of 5 tons/acre

HOW IS SOIL EROSION PREDICTED?

Sheet and Rill Erosion is determined by the

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)

The soil is mapped as a Bruin Silt Loam Soil.

This field has a 0.2 inch fall per 100 feet and has a slope length of 200 feet.

Soil loss Tolerance is 5 Tons per acre Soil Erodibilty factor is .43

If the field is planted to corn fall disk, conventional plant on prepared seedbed in spring, cultivation for weed control:

Soil Loss is 2.4 tons of soil movement per acre.

If the field is planted to corn conventional planting on prepared seedbed, crop residue and native vegetation, cultivation for weed control:


The field is mapped as a Dexter silt loam.

This field falls 2.0 feet in 100 feet

Soil loss Tolerance is 5 Tons per acre

Soil Erodibilty factor is .43

If the field is planted to corn fall disk, conventional plant on prepared seedbed in spring, cultivation for weed control:


If the field is planted to corn conventional planting on prepared seedbed, crop residue and native vegetation, cultivation for weed control: Soil Loss is 6.5 tons of soil movement per acre.

SOIL HEALTH

Problems occur with soil health when organic matter,

structure, compaction, and rooting depth are not

suitable for plant growth. Quality criteria for soil health

are met with the soil condition is positive

SOIL CONTAMINANTS

Soil contaminants include salts, nutrients, heavy metals

and pesticides. Minimum treatment requires that salinity

levels cause less than a 10% decrease in yield,

nutrient application does not exceed soil storage/plant

uptake capacities based on soil test recommendations.

WATER QUANTITY & WATER QUALITY

Quantity and quality are the 2 primary resource

concerns relative to surface and groundwater

resources. Ponding and excess runoff are the main

water quantity issues on non-irrigated land.

WATER QUANTITY - PONDING

Ponding of water because of inadequate outlets is a

major water quantity concern. Quality criteria are met

when water is managed in such a way, consistent with

wetland regulations, that limits surface ponding and

periods of saturation.

Ponding

WATER QUANTITY – EXCESS RUNOFF

Inefficient use of available rainfall results in excessive

runoff which may lead to moisture deficits during the

growing season.

Excess Runoff

WATER QUALITY CONCERNS

Water quality concerns include nutrients, chemicals,

pathogens and other components such as sediment and

turbidity, salinity, and low dissolved oxygen.

Suspended solids degrade aquatic habitat. Nutrients

and pesticides can leach into ground water and

threaten drinking water supplies. Runoff, spills, leaks,

and leaching need to be minimized in order to protect

surface and ground water.

Suspended Solids & Turbidity

AIR RESOURCE CONCERNS

Particulate matter, chemical drift, ozone precursors, greenhouse gasses, ammonia and odor have been identified as contributors to degraded air.

AIR RESOURCE CONCERNS

Particulate matter suspended in air reduces visibility,

adversely impacts human health, and may deposit

in undesirable areas. Agriculture burning can be a

significant source of particulate matter if not done

properly. Follow the Louisiana’s Smoke Management

Guidelines and individuals should be certified by LDAF

as certified prescribed burn managers.

Smoke Problems

CHEMICAL DRIFT

Materials applied to treat agricultural pests can

volatilize and drift downwind affecting non-target crops,

surface water, livestock and humans. Pesticides should

be applied in strict adherence with all federal, state and

local regulations. Pesticides should be applied

according to label restrictions and according to LSU

AgCenter recommendations.

PLANT RESOURCE CONCERNS

Plant condition is a resource concern when productivity

and quality fail to meet the producer’s expectation. Low

fertility, improper pH, unsuitable sites, disease, and

poor management reduce plant productivity and quality.

Quality criteria are met when plants are suitable to the

site, do not negatively impact other resources and yield

is at least 75% of site potential.

Insects, weeds, pathogens, and vertebrates reduce

yield and quality of desirable plants. Noxious plants

compete for sunlight, water, space and nutrients.

ANIMAL RESOUCE CONCERNS

Animal resource concerns include fish, wildlife, and

domesticated livestock. We are mainly concerned with

the availability and quality of food, water and cover for

the species of concern. The land needs to support the

necessary plant species in adequate diversity,

abundance, and physical structure for the wildlife.

ANIMAL RESOURCE CONCERN

It is important that available feed and forage is

sufficient to meet the nutritional and production needs

of the kinds and class of livestock. The livestock are

sufficiently protected from harsh environmental

conditions (artificial or natural shelter). Sufficient water

of acceptable quality is provided and adequately

distributed.

INSTALLATION OF NEEDED PRACTICES

After the resource concerns are identified, NRCS will

recommend conversation practices that will correct the

resource problem. In many situations, producers

qualify for one or more USDA cost share programs that

assist producers with installation of needed practices.

These programs are detailed in the 2008 Farm Bill

known as the Food, Conservation and Energy Act of

2008.

CROPLAND PRACTICES

Conservation Cover

Contour Farming

Cover Crop

Critical Area Planting

Dike

Diversion

CROPLAND PRACTICES

Field Border

Filter Strip

Grade Stabilization Structure

Grassed Waterway

Irrigation Land Leveling

Irrigation or Regulating Reservoir

CROPLAND PRACTICES

Irrigation System, Micro Irrigation

Irrigation System, Sprinkler

Irrigation Water Conveyance, Pipeline

Irrigation Water Management

Precision Land Forming

Residue Mgmt (No-Till, Ridge Till, Mulch Till, Seasonal)

CROPLAND PRACTICES

Sediment Basin

Structure for Water Control

Terrace

Underground Outlet

Waste Storage Facility

Water and Sediment Control Basin

Nutrient Management Plans


Who Has To Do Them?• Individuals that want an RMS level

Conservation Plan developed (Master Farmer Program participants)

• Operations listed as CAFO, or using animal wastes

• In the future, operations applying nutrients in watersheds listed as impaired due to excessive nutrients by DEQ


What Does NMP Consist Of?• Soil Test Results• Farm maps • Yield history to establish yield goals• Records on nutrient application history• Nutrient “Balance Sheet”• Recommended application rates, source, timing,

and method of application to minimize runoff to surface and ground waters


• What about soil sampling and testing?–Soil sample a minimum of every 3 years (or 1 per rotation for sugarcane)–Nutrient rates shall be based on LSU STPAL recommendations–Sample should be representative of the different conditions in the field, and all cores should be obtained at 0-6”


• Phosphorus Index–Where Nutrient Management Plans are required, Phosphorus will be the element limiting applications in some cases–When LA was developing NMP’s, choices for P limitations were Soil Test P or P Index–We chose P Index to give LA producers more options and flexibility


• Phosphorus Index Takes Into Account–Erosion Potential–Runoff Potential–Subsurface Drainage–Filter Strips–Watershed Priority–Soil Test P–P Application Rate–P Application Method

Summary

Nutrient Management makes sense economically and environmentally

Plans will be thorough - will list all forms and management techniques of nutrients being applied and how to minimize movement to water - something farmers should be doing


For help with your NMP call…– NRCS– LSU AgCenter– LDAF– Certified crop

advisors– Private consultants

CONSERVATION PROGRAMS2008 FARM BILL

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The path to the 2008 Farm Bill1985 Food Security Act

*Highly Erodible Land protection (HEL) *Reduction of wetland conversion (Swampbuster) *Conservation Reserve Program

1990 Food Agricultural Conservation & Trade Act Continues HEL & Swampbuster provisions Continues CRP *Wetland Reserve Program Authorized

1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement & Reform Act *Environmental Quality Incentives Program begins *Wildlife Habitat Quality Incentives Program begins WRP, CRP continued

2002 Farm Security & Rural Investment Act *Conservation Security Program

91

2008 Farm Bill: Food, Conservation and Energy Act

The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (2008 Farm Bill) became law on May 22, 2008

The legislation includes fifteen diverse titles, including broad provisions for conservation, energy and tax policy

Enactment of the bill followed a multiple year process of deliberation and debate yielding a final product with some but not all of the policy recommendations offered by the United States Department of Agriculture

92

2008 Farm Bill Highlights

Increases funding for Conservation programs

Focuses on Agricultural and Forestry Working Lands

Environmental Quality Incentives Program expanded

Continues Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program

Agricultural Management Assistance expanded to include Hawaii

93

Conservation Stewardship Program begins FY2009 with an acreage allocation and a ranking system. Offers flexibility to be a nationwide program

Wetlands Reserve Program appraisal issues resolved

Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program funding expanded

Creates an Open Fields Program to encourage public access to private land for hunting and fishing

2008 Farm Bill Highlights (2)

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Conservation Programs

WORKING LANDS PROGRAMS

Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)

Agricultural Water Enhancement Program (AWEP) Conservation Innovation Grants (CIG)

Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)

Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA)

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Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)

EQIP offers financial and technical assistance to agriculture and forestry producers to address resource concerns

-as well as-

promote agricultural production, forest management, and environmental quality as compatible goals

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EQIP Key PointsReauthorized until 2012

Validates NRCS forestry activities by specifically referencing forest management

Expanded to include energy conservation benefits associated with conservation practices

Places a priority on reduction of water use or no new lands irrigated

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EQIP Key Points

For organic producers:

Specific section on assistance with conservation practices utilized for organic production and transition

Payments for practices with organic production benefits limited to not more than $20,000 per year; $80,000 in 6 years

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EQIP Key Points

For limited resource, socially disadvantaged and beginning farmers or ranchers:

Up to 90 percent cost share or at least 25 percent above the otherwise applicable rate

Advance payments to cover up to 30% of the cost of materials to install conservation improvements

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For More Information, visit:

Your local USDA Service Center

Your local conservation district

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov

http://www.la.nrcs.usda.gov

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/

MASTER FARMER PROGRAM – SESSION III NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE SOIL AND WATER...

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