MASSACI-IUSETTS ARCI-IAEOLOGICAL SOCIETYMr. Ralph Hornblower, Sr., has a soapstone platform pipe...

BULLETIN OF THE

MASSACI-IUSETTS ARCI-IAEOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

VOLUME XVII

JANUARY, 1956

NO.2

CONTENTSSAND BANK BURIALS 1

JESSB BmnvBa

SOME EVIDENCE OF THE USE OF RED OCHRE INTOmsromc TIMES Page 18

MAtmlCE ROBBINS

AN INDIAN BURIAL AT GARDNER'S NECK Page 22MAtmICE ROBBINS

SUGGESTED CLASSIFICATION OF ATLATL WEIGHTS Page 25WILLIAM S. FOWLER

ARTIFACTS OF THE WILBRAHAM AREA Page 29

lbawm JOHN CuBBY

ABORIGINAL NEW ENGLAND POTTERy Page 80WILLIAM J. HOWES (Fourth Installment)

PUBUSHED BY THEMASSACHUSmS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCInY, INC.

MAtmIc:s ROBBINS, Editor, 2S Steere Street, Attleboro, Mass.

WILLIAM S. FoWLER, Secreta,.", Bronson Museum, 8 No. Main Street, Attleboro

EDITOR'S PAGE

* * *The first two articles which appear in this number were papers read at

the Annual Meeting of the Society at Attleboro on October 1st, 1955.

* * *The paper entitled ·Suggested Classification of Atlatl Weights" by William

S. Fowler is published as ~ partial report of the work of the Research Council

for 1954-55.

* * '*The fourth installment of •Aboriginal New England Pottery" is a portion

of a lengthy manuscript written by one of our oldest members, the late William

J. Howes of Holyoke, Mass. The illustrations are also the work of Mr. Howes.

We shall continue to bring you abstracts from this manuscript as space permits.

This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling,loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society.

SAND BANK BURIALS

JESSE BREWER

The Reuben Leach sand bank is two milessouth of Plymouth, Mass., on the easterly side ofClifford Road. It is one-third of a mile from theocean bluffs at Hotel Pilgrim, and about fifty yardsfrom Eel River.

My first recollection of this sand bank datesback to the time I was about eleven years old,when nearly everyone in the village bought sandfrom Mr. Leach for fill and cement work. This wasa sloping bank of live sand about sixty feet high,and at that time I used to think "What a swellplace to see how far I could jump with a runningstart from the top!"

The sand hill itself was originally a promontory,sixty to seventy feet above the river, sticking outlike a pointed finger from a plateau of high land,and being about fifty yards wide at the base. Onthe north, east and south sides of this bank is acontinuous layer of Indian shell deposit, approximately a quarter of a mile long, and varying fromfifteen to fifty yards wide, this shell deposit beingin the shape of a half-circle, with the sand bankon the"west, or river side, and almost in the center.

The shell deposit varies in depth from a coupleof inches to about four feet. The thick deposit hadbeen dug into quite extensively over fifty yearsago, by whom I never knew. In some places thisshell layer was at the surface, and in other placesit had been buried three to four feet deep byerosion and by plowing.

My first knowledge that the sand bank had anyconnection with Indians was from a story told mewhen I was about thirteen years old, by the seniorMr. Charles Sherman. He said that a man hadfound a grooved axe in the sand which he hadscreened from the hill. This information didn't jellfor over ten years, but once I remembered hisstatement, I went over and investigated. On thevery top of the hill the soil was bare of grass, andthe wind had blown off several inches of topsoil.Here I found three very good arrow points, and wasready to really check anything I could find, or findout, about the location.

In 1914, I found a small deposit of shell at thetop of the bank, about two quarts of broken shellin a small pit. This pit I dug out with my hands.The sand is loose, so it was easy to remove. Underthe shell pocket were several large pieces of split

green slate. The two largest pieces were on edgeabout four inches apart, and between them wereseveral artifacts, one of them a felsite blade thatwas and is still the best artifact I have. It is fiveand a half inches long, and two and a half incheswide. There were two smaller blades of dark coloredstone, about two and a half inches long and one andthree-fourths inches wide. There was also a smalldouble-edged axe.

From that time on, I haunted that sand bankat every opportunity.

Other persons, mostly masons screening sandfor cement and mortar, had made finds in thisbank. James Adams found a beautiful pendant.Percy Fish found a pendant which slid off a loadof sand onto the sidewalk. Richard Adams, in getting a load of sand at the bank, kicked what hethought was a puffball, but found that he hadsmashed a human skull.

In 1915 the top of the bank had broken off inhuge chunks, caused by the sand running down tofill up where it had been dug away at the base.One day, when riding by on my bike, I saw threebright red spots in the yellow sand. This was justabout the time that Dr. Warren K. Morehead hadpublished several papers on the Red Paint Peopleand Pre-Algonkins. Having read some of them, Igot all steamed up and ran up the bank to the spotsand started to dig with both hands.

The more I dug, the more I realized this wasmy lucky day.

After digging a great hole in the slope, abouthalf way down from the top, where the sliding hadstopped, I had:

1 five and a half inch felsite blade, a duplicate of the onementioned above

1 beautiful green polished celt1 slate abrading stone1 perfect polished slate one-hole pendant4 damaged pendants, all onechole type1 perfect two-hole specimen1 partly drilled pendant1 small abrading stone1 platform pipe, five pointed bowl2 large quartz crystals (one got lost, somehow)1 top of pendant, broken off at the drill hole1 platform pipe stem, drilled and with incised markings1 small piece of bone, probably fragment of a thigh bone,

and ten teeth, five upper and five lower jaw teeth, fromthe right side of the face

17


SAND BANK BURIALS

All these artifacts were in the three spots of redochre stained sand.

About twenty-one years ago, Ralph Hornblower,Jr., saw the outline of a shaft at the top of the bank.He dug a small hole at the base of the shaft andfound a skull. He filled in where he had seen theskull, and the following Sunday morning at 5A.M., he, Mr. Ralph Hornblower, Henry Hornblower II, my son David, and I had two skeletonsremoved from the sand bank before anyone cameby on Clifford Road. It had been a double burial,the body of one apparently sitting in the lap ofthe other. Frederick Johnson took charge of theseskeletons.

The only artifact in this burial was one brasstriangular arrow, which had oxidized to the extentthat it had preserved about one and a half inchesof the wooden shaft, and some of the two-ply cordthat bound the point to the shaft.

A couple of years later, William W. Whitingand I dug out another skeleton. This was a veryinteresting burial. When we had dug the shaft outto about six inches above the body, we found abouttwo inches of charcoal mixed with the sand. Belowthis, the sand was clean, so the grave must havebeen partly filled, then a good hot fire burned ontop of this sand layer.

When we removed the earth from around thebones, there was a row of tiny stake moulds on each

side of the skeleton. EVidently there had been aseries of hoops across the body when it was buried.Bark was used to cover the whole, body. The firewhich had been in the grave shaft turned the barkto carbon right through several inches of sand.There was nothing buried with this person, but thebody was that of a woman, and she was laid onher right side, the body facing west, but the headfacing east. I wondered how this could be, unlessshe had a broken neck. These three skeletons are atAndover, I assume with a lot of others.

Mr. Whiting and I thought we had anothergrave, but it proved to be a rotted-out tree stump.

Henry Hornblower and Dennis Ward did amonth's dig on the hilltop one summer, but foundnothing of importance.

I have since found one large fragment of asoapstone bowl with one lug on it, also one beautiful axe. These two pieces slid down the bank fromabove, so they don't tie in with any burials thatI know of.

Mr. Ralph Hornblower, Sr., has a soapstoneplatform pipe which slid down from above.

This is a complete summary of the findings onthis site, and it will be the last, for the site has beencompletely destroyed by a new by-pass highwayand the removal of the sand to other locations.

Plymouth, Mass.October, 1955

I hesitate to use the term mortuary in describing the deposits which we have found. No parts ofthe human skeleton have been found in them exceptin one instance. Possibly the dense black charcoal

SOME EVIDENCE OF THE USE OF RED OCHREINTO HISTORIC TIMES

MAURICE ROBBINS

While the age of some of the ceremonial or that is usually present, may be the residue of amortuary deposits, in which red ochre is a promi- cremated body, but it is difficult to assume that innent feature, is undoubtedly respectable, the mere all instances a complete cremation could have beenpresence of this spectacular trait is not a sure indi- attained. Perhaps, in this marginal area, it was notcation of antiquity. During the course of our work considered necessary that the ·"corpus delicti" beat the Wapanucket site in Middleboro, Massachu- present.setts we have found a number of these interesting I shall confine my remarks to those deposits infeatures. Some of them seem to have been made which articles of European manufacture werein pre-historic times; several, however, because of found, particularly to one instance in which antheir stratigraphic position and their content, do object appeared which could be dated quite accu-not appear to be particularly old. rately. To condition our minds to the date which

I shall propose for this deposit it might be well tocite some supporting evidence. In Mourt's Relationmay be found the following quotation describingan experience of the Pilgrims which took placein 1620;-

18


SOME EVIDENCE OF THE USE OF RED OCHRE INTO HISTORIC TIMES

"They went a short distance and encountered smallmounds of earth which were found to cover pits orcaches filled with com. And then they found another;it was also covered with boards, so as we mused whatit should be, and resolved to dig it up, where wefound first a mat, and under it a fair bow, and thenanother mat, And under that a board about threequarters long, finely carved and painted, with threetines or brooches on the top, like a crown; and alsobetween the mats we found bowls, trays, dishes, andthe like trinkets; and at length we came to a fair newmat, and under that two bundles, the one bigger, theother less, we opened the greater and found in it aquantity of fine and perfect red powder, and in itthe skull and bones of a man. The skull had fineyellow hair still on it, and some of the flesh unconsumed, and there was bound up with it a knife, apack needle, and two or three old things. It was boundup in sailors canvass and a pair of cloth breeches. . . .We opened the lesser bundle likewise, and found thesame powder in it, and the bones and head of alittle child, about the legs and other parts of it wasbound strings and bracelets of fine white beads; andthere was also a little bow, about three quarters long,and some other old knacks; we brought sundry of theprettiest things away with us, and covered the corpseup again."

From the Bureau of American Ethnology No.71. comes the following:

"Deposits of the insoluable red oxide were associated with burials in an ancient cemetery discoveredin 1913 in Warren, R. I. This appears to have beena burying ground of the Wampanoags, when it wasdestroyed some of the skeletons were exposed togetherwith a large number of objects dating from the yearsbetween the first contact with the Europeans until thelatter part of the Seventeenth Century."

In an article by Nicholas N. Smith which willappear in your Bulletin for October 1st. you willread:

"I found an instance where a symbolical substance was used for red paint in a burial ceremony in1926 among the Pleasant Point people." ... "One (aPenobscot Indian) gave me an account of the use ofred paint in a burial ceremony in 1930. He said thatthe face, hands, and feet of the deceased were markedwith the paint. The survivor put a streak of the painton her cheek also."

Quite recently, in August 1955, a burial wasreported from old Fort LaTour, Portland Point,New Brunswick in which

"There was about three quarts of bright red ochre.Grave goods of Dutch, French, and Indian origin wasfound associated with these burials."

The vertical distribution of the tops of the redpaint pits at the Wapanucket site varies considerably, probably according to the period in which

they were dug. In other characteristics there is astriking similarity. The first indication of the presence of one of these pits is I a lens of white sandusually circular but sometimes irregular in outline.Often bits of red paint will be observed in this sandor there may be a line of red about the circumference. Below the sand there may be a carefullyarranged layer of stones upon a layer of dense blackmaterial; in some instances the stone covering isomitted. Upon removing the black layer one willcome suddenly upon a brilliant layer of red paint.The amount of red paint varies considerably, perhaps from one half inch to two inches in thickness.Within this red paint, but sometimes partiallyembedded in charcoal will be found the ceremonialdeposit, from one to a dozen implements maybe included. Beautifully polished banner-stones,grooved axes, pestles, chipped blades, gorgets, pendants, bits of colored stones, crystals, and the likeare the usual content. Those pits which start at theloam-subsoil junction are apt to yield glass beadsand other trade goods.

The first of these to contain trade goods wasfound in 1954 and came as a complete surprise tous. The top of this pit was located directly beneaththe loam and appeared as a lens of white sandwith an indication of red paint about its circumference. Upon removing the sand we came upon alayer of dense black material about two inches inthickness. Beneath this was a layer of red paintabout an inch in thickness. In the red paint was aniron axe head, badly rusted, and a polished implement of stone. A second layer of the black materialcovered another layer of red paint more brilliant incolor than the first. A third and final mass of blackmaterial contained the balance of the artifacts, aplummet, a small pebble worked to represent apolywog, a pendant, a polished pebble, three quartzcrystals, a fragment of chipped, purple glass, andthe bowl of a nickel-silver spoon. Intermixed withthe artifacts were nearly three hundred black, blue,and white glass beads with a few copper beads ofthe tubular type.

Here, without a shadow of doubt, was a ceremonial red paint deposit made in historic times.The spoon bowl in particular appears to be quiterecent. A careful search of the available literatureand conferences with several authorities on the subject resulted in the conclusion that the spoon couldnot have been made many years prior to 1850. Here

19


then was a problem, who could or would havemade this ceremonial deposit in the nineteenthcentury?

In a search for the answer to this question itwill be necessary to digress a bit. The area in whichthe Wapanucket site is located was sold by Tuspaquin, the last of the Pond Sachems, in 1672.Presumably there were no Indians living at the siteat the time of its sale. Just across the pond to thesouth is an area known to the Indians as Nahteawamet, and to the English as Betty's Neck. Thistract of land was deeded by Tuspaquin to hisdaughter and son-in-law and has never been soldto the English. It is today known locally as "theIndian lands". According to Bennet in the Mass.Hist. ColI, vol 35., there were "eight Indian familiesliving in their Indian houses" on this Neck in1793.

One of these eight families is of particularinterest to us and I have prepared an abbreviatedgeneaology of them to which I will now refer.

1. Massasoit, alias Ousamequin.2. Arnie, daughter of Massasoit, married Tuspaquin

(The Black Sachem).3. Benjamin (1), son of Arnie and Tuspaquin, mar

ried Weecum.4. Benjamin (2), son of Benjamin (1) and Weecum,

married Mary Felix. Mary Felix was the daughterof Felix, son-in-law of John Sassamon. Her motherwas Assawetough, a Pequot Indian.

5. Lydia, daughter of Benjamin (2) and Mary Felix.She married an Indian named Wamsley from theGay Head Band.

6. Phebe, daughter of Lydia Tuspaquin and JohnWamsley, married (1) Silas Rosier and (2) BristerGould.

7. (A) John Rosier, son of Phebe and Silas Rosier,never married, was drowned in Assawompsett Lakein 1851.

7. (B) Zerviah, daughter of Phebe and BristerGould, married Thomas Mitchell, a CherokeeIndian.

8. Melinda, alias Teweelema, and Charlotte, aliasWootonekanuske, the last of the Assawompsettband to live on the ancestral lands at Betty'sNeck in Lakeville. Melinda died in 1928 and hersister Charlotte died in 1933.It is of interest to note that the members of this

family maintained their Indian blood without dilutionfrom sometime prior to 1620 to 1933, a little more than300 years. The last descendants in this line, Melindaand Charlotte Mitchell lived and died single ratherthan marry a person of foreign blood.

You will note that the line starts with Massasoit, Sachem of the Wampanoags, passing through

20

Arnie, his daughter, sister to King Philip, and wifeof Tuspaquin the Pond Sachem. The first person ofdirect interest is John Rosier, son of Phebe Wamsley and Silas Rosier. Silas Rosi~r was an Indianfrom Mashpee. John was a sailor and was at onetime attached to the U.S. Frigate Macedonia. Hewas drowned in Assawompsett Pond in February1851.

In 1953, one of the members of our Chapterfound, in the sub-soil, a rough stone tool. Thisimplement was recorded and assigned a number.Nearly a year later my attention was called to thefact that there were some letters scratched uponthe surface of the stone. Close examination verifiedthis fact. If the stone is held in just the rightposition with relation to the light, the lettersO-S-E-E-I-R and another letter 0 slightly out ofline and above the first E will be seen. Althoughspelled a bit diHerently than in the geneaology, thename is obviously ROSSIER. The name JOHNseems to have been also scratched into the stoneat an angle across the former name. Here then is astone implement bearing the name of an Indianwho once resided at Betty's Neck found on theWapanucket site.

You will note that Phebe Wamsley was marriedtwice. Her second husband, Brister Gould, was thefather of Zerviah, credited by Speck with being thelast full-blooded Wampanoag to live at Betty's·Neck. She was also the last to speak the languageof that tribe.

Zerviah married Thomas Mitchell, a part-bloodCherokee, and took up her residence in NorthAbington, Mass. Mrs. Mitchell was well educatedand taught school prior to her marriage to Mitchell.Eleven children were born to the Mitchells, two ofthem died in infancy. The other nine children werebrought up in North Abington and were educatedin the public schools there. Two of the daughtershad some higher education, one at Union Academyand the other at the Harvard Street school in Bos.ton. These last two daughters were also schoolteachers.

In 1858 Mrs. Mitchell published a book written by Ebeneezer W. Pierce in which a geneaologyof Mrs. Mitchell's family is included. In a forewordto this book Mrs. Mitchell writes "For the pasttwenty-five years I have been seeking redress forthe wrongs done me and mine". Mrs. Mitchell tookgreat pride in her lineage. Her writing reveals a


deep-seated resentment of the treatment accordedthe Indians and a determination to emphasize herright to speak in their behalf. This mental attitudeshe seems to have succeeded in communicating toat least two of her children.

Mr. Mitchell died in 1859. About twenty yearslater, at the age of 72, Mrs. Mitchell abandoned herlife in North Abington and, accompanied by hertwo remaining daughters, moved back to the ancestrallands at Betty's Neck. This move was an abruptchange in their mode of life. From living in a whitecommunity to the isolated house on the Indianlands in Lakeville, from the secure life of schoolteachers to a precarious existence as farmers andmakers of baskets and such trinkets. Here is astriking indication that these women were psychologically Indians and were possessed of an intensedesire to live as close to nature as was possible intheir day and age.

I have found quite a number of people whowere well acquainted with the Mitchells and fromthem I have obtained much significant information. We do not have the time to go into detailbut I would like to introduce a few pertinent facts.Although many of the facts related to me indicateconsiderable contamination from English sourcesthen!! is much that seems to be truly Indian inconcept.

All of my informants agree that the Mitchellswere inordinately proud- of their Indian ancestryand missed no opportunity to attempt to impressupon any with whom they came into contact,with the fact that they were the descendants ofthe royal family of two great tribes, the Warnpanoags and the Pequots. Whenever the twoMitchell girls appeared -in public or allowed theirpictures to be taken, they wore their version ofIndian dress. Through all of the tales 1 have collected concerning them, there runs the theme ofmistrust and resentment toward the English as arace, although they appear to have been quitefriendly with a number of white people.

They lived on the Indian Lands about twomiles from the main road in quite an isolatedneighborhood; their house was built by the twogirls with little outside help. They ran quite afarm, sold vegetables about Lakeville, raised chickens, kept a horse and a cow, and occasionally tooksummer boarders. In addition to the above, theMitchells made and sold baskets, beaded bags,

small Indian bows and arrows, and roots and herbmedicine. The arrows were often tipped with stonepoints which they either found in their plowedfield or made themselves. Two informants agreedthat the younger of the sisters, Charlotte or Wootonekanuske, was the one who made the medicine.They traveled far and wide to sell their wares, fromsuch summer resorts as Onset to the County Fairsat Brockton and Taunton.

One informant, who claimed to be an Indianhimself and a sort of relative to the Mitchells, toldof spending several summers with the Mitchells atLakeville. He said that he often rowed the twosisters across the lake, a distance of about twomiles, to our site on the north shore. They camethere in search of sassafrass root and other herbs,and for grass, which they found along the riverbank, and from which they made baskets. Whilethe women hunted their botanical specimens theboy' was set to find a certain type of stone fromwhich "the old lady made red dye by grinding ina mortar". This side of the lake was the only placewhere this stone could be found. My informantthought that the red dye was used for dyeing thematerial used in basket work but also volunteeredthe thought that Charlotte may have used some ofit in her medicine making.

Another story from this same source is quiteilluminating. "One day, old Mrs. Mitchell went tothe funeral of a little Indian girl in East Fall River.When she passed by the casket she attempted toslip a little piece of the red paint stone into thepocket of a little white apron the girl had on. Themother of the girl saw the move and made quitea fuss about it. She wasn't much of an Indian."

Mrs. Mitchell died March 5, 1898 at Betty'sNeck but her two daughters continued to live there.Melinda passed away in 1919 and Charlotte in1933. However, as Charlotte, due to the infirmitiesof age, had been compelled to spend the last sevenyears of her life with friends in Middleboro, therehave been no Indian occupants at Betty's Necksince 1926.

Now let's sum up our case:1. We. have a direct tie in John Rossier who left an

Indian implement with his name inscribed upon it,sometime before his death in 1851. The implement he either found or made.

2. Several people have confirmed the fact that theMitchell women were well versed in Indian tradition, that they were attempting to live in a primi-

21


tive manner and might well be expected to carryout ideas which they thought were Indian inconcept.

3. We have placed the MitchelJs on our site in thenineteenth century, and shown that they had intheir possession Indian artifacts, beads, and redpaint.

4. One story indicates that "old Mrs. Mitchell" atleast had some idea of a connection between redpaint and the mortuary complex.

5. Charlotte may have thought of red paint as amedicinal component along with her roots andherbs.

Now, of course, I have found no one who sawany of the Mitchell women bury red paint and

implements; in fact none of my informants wereaware of the significance of red paint or why wewere particularly interested in it. However, I wouldlike to suggest that there is good reason to suspectthat the Mitchells or some of their direct ancestorsmay have been responsible for the recent red paintdeposits found at Wapanucket, especially the onewhich contained the spoon bowl which must havebeen manufactured around 1850.

Attleboro, Mass.

October, 1955

AN INDIAN BURIAL AT GARDNER'S NECKMAURICE ROBBINS

Gardner's Neck in Swansea, Massachusetts, isa point of land projecting into Mount Hope Bayand bounded on either hand by the Cole's and Lee'sRivers. To one familiar with the history of earlyMassachusetts this is in the very heart of theancient land of the Wampanoags. Directly acrossthe bay is Mount Hope, home of the sachems Massasoit, Alexander and King Phillip, and along thebanks of the rivers are the sites of numerousIndian camps.

New Gardner's Neck Road leads directly fromRoute No.3 to the shore and near its terminus BayPoint Road, a private way, runs in a westerlydirection to the estate of Mr. Ellis Waring, passingthe property of Mr. Foley (see Figure 1). 'Theburial, which is the subject of this paper was foundon the estate of Mr. Foley. .

During the middle of June (1955) workmenin search of a broken water pipe excavated a narrow trench some six feet in length at a point midwaybetween the Foley house and garage. At a depthof about eighty centimeters the skeleton of anIndian was encountered. 'The crania and most ofthe upper bones of the skeleton were removed. Atthis point Mrs. Waring was told of the discoveryand at her suggestion, and with the permission ofMr. Foley, work was stopped. Mrs. Riley, President of the Swansea Historical Society was notifiedof th~ event and in turn communicated with thewriter. Mrs. Riley, Mrs. Waring. and the Foley family are· to be congratulated upon their interest andtheir willingness to cooperate in the interest ofscience.

22

As soon as possible I went to Gardner's Neckand examined the trench and the portion of theskeleton which had been carefully preserved byMrs. Waring. An examination of the east wall ofthe trench (see Figure No.2) showed an old sadline at a depth of about thirty-five centimetersbelow the present surface upon which a layer ofcoal ash had been deposited. About fifty centimeters below this old sad line the trench terminated in a layer of very dark soil which was determined to consist of sand mixed with bits ofcharcoal and the decayed remains of a bark Hoar.In this dark layer at the base of the workmen'strench were scattered bits of bone, broken humanribs and a number of vertabrae. Two lumbar vertabrae in articulation with the sacrum were visiblein the north or end wall of the trench and suggestedthat the remainder of the burial was still in situ.

An examination of the bones preserved by Mrs.Waring confirmed the. fact that the upper portionof a skeleton had been removed but that numerousbones and parts of bones were missing. The craniahad been considerably damaged by the workmen.From the trench we recovered broken vertabrae(between I and J), two vertabrae (at K) whichlater proved to have come from a second individual,and a single metatarsal (at K) which also must bethat of the second individual.

On June 18 and 19 I again visited the site andwith the welcome assistance of Mr. Howard C.Mandell, who surveyed the site and drew the mapshown as Figure 1, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur C. LordSr., Mr. and Mrs. Armand J. Martin, Mr. Donald


AN INDIAN BURIAL AT GARDNER'S NECK

..OLD

L"lIND'lY

HOUSE

=~

BAY POI NT ROAD.

....o

:l:..IIzC\",' ~

II....

"o~

o....'"Z~

'"(>

oc"....

'-CzlD

"'~

No

SHO'lE UNEMOUNT HOPE BAY

FIG. 7 23


Gammons and Mr. Edward Bielski, the excavationand the remainder of the burial was removed.

A rectangle two by one meters was staked outas sho~n in Figure 2 at A.B.C.D. and the earth wasremoved in layers. At a depth of thirty-five centimeters the old sod line and ash layer was encountered. The northeast corner of the excavation was

. occupied by a large block of cement which extended from a depth of fifteen centimeters to apoint seventy-five centimeters below the presentsurface. This cement is said to have been thefoundation for one corner of a wind mill whichwas erected at this spot some fifty years ago. Mrs.Waring has a photograph of this windmill but itwas not possible to determine which of the cornerswas represented by the block within our excavation.At a depth of eighty centimeters the disturbed fillof the grave shaft was easily recognized. The west-

35 eM.

co.... ASH No

CEMENT

~L~::",_~_BI_S;;;;A_GR_Ut.4~RKLl Nl"'lc.

PROfiLE

BUR jAL ON FOLEY PROPERlY BAY POI NT ROAD

5WANSU. MASS JU~ ilL '955.

EXCAVATEO BY WORKMEN D.-E.. F:-G.

EXCAVAT£D BY toA OO881N5 A~8.·C.-O.

1.-.1. RIBS ANO VERTEBfV,E. IN THIS AREA

K..- VERTEBRAE or SECOND IN0rtIDUALY,.. METATARSAL AT THIS POINT

V- TO 5W. G()I\N[R a c,...R.AGE 19 fT.c.. TO NW.GORNER Of GAR.....C£ 1'3 fT.

H-SHELL 8[AOS

At a depth of one hundred centimeters theremaining portion of the skeleton was located. Thesacrum lay with its distal end just beneath thecement, the illiacs lay on either side of the sacrum.The lower limbs had been loosely flexed, the leftfoot lying just east of the cement, the right footwhich should have been beneath the cement wasmissing. Between the femurs were scattered a number of small white shell beads. The precise positionof the upper portion of the skeleton was not observed by us but it is obvious that the body hadbeen placed on its left side facing west, with thefeet to the northeast.

Because of the character of the pelvis and thegeneral size and robust nature of the long bones

24

B. ::

ern margin of the shaft was plainly marked by avertical band of black material, assumed to be thedecayed remains of a bark lining, which was twocentimeters in thickness. Just outside of this barklining a number of large beach pebbles had beenplaced. The lining extended downward, conformingto the surfaces of these pebbles to form the floor ofthe shaft at which point the thickness increased to.about five centimeters. This dark floor was tracedeastward, except for the portion beneath the cementblock, to a point marked L in figure 2, beyondwhich it was not possible to extend our excavationsat this time. The easterly margin of the shaft hasnot been definitely located. The base of the workmen's trench also appeared to have been coveredby the bark floor but the disturbance was such thatthe continuity was destroyed in that area.

PLAN.

FIG. 8

M.R. 7·250- 55

and crania the skeleton is assumed to be that of amale Indian. Dentition and other features suggestan age of death of between thirty-five and fortyyears. The crania is dolichocephalic. On the rightside of the face just above the tips of the root canalsof the upper teeth and extending from above thethird molar to the first bicuspid a deep bone lesionis visible. The teeth at this point are drawn upwardout of line with the rest of the teeth in the upperjaw. It is possible that this lesion may haveoccurred at the time of death but it seems moreprobable that the deformation of the jaw at thispoint was a natural defect and that the lesion mayhave been of post-mortem origin.


A white quartz projectile point of the stemmedvariety was found deeply embedded in the leftilliac approximately five millimeters from the acetabulam posteriorily. The projectile must have struckwith great force as it would have been necessaryfor it to have penetrated the mass of posteriormuscles which lie over the illiac at this point tobecome embedded in the osseous structure. Thereare several large blood vessels present in this areawhich may have been severed and there is a possibility that the sciatic nerve might have been cutor injured so as to bring about a paralysis of theinjured limb. A wound of this severity might beexpected, in the absence of medical care, to terminate in sepsis and death even if the resultant hemorhage was controlled. The presence of the projectilepoint is an indication that this wound was theimmediate cause of death otherwise one wouldexpect the projectile to have been withdrawn.

From the grave fill several kernels of corn, asingle fragment of clay pottery, a tiny bit of redoxide of iron, and a small mass of what appearsto be animal hair or fur, were recovered. Therewas no major deposit of grave goods in the portionof the grave excavated by the writer.

It would seem that the burial herein describedhad been disturbed on two previous occasions.When the windmill foundation was put in placethe bones of the right foot and ankle were destroyedor removed and some of the destruction of the

bones of the lower limbs may have resulted fromthe acids of wet cement which was deposited closeto them. The second disturbance was at the handsof the present day workmen and involved the upperportion of the burial.

A study of that portion of the burial shaftshown in Figure 2 is interesting indeed. It wouldseem to the writer that there is a definite indicationthat the lined portion of the excavation is muchtoo large to accomodate a single individual. Fromthe western margin of the original excavation wherethe bark lining turns upward to mark the side of theshaft to the point marked L, where the horizontallining still continues eastward is somewhat greaterthan a meter. If our assumption is correct that theHoor of the workmen's trench was also bark lined,the extension from north to south is nearly threemeters with no indication of a margin in eitherdirection. Then too the presence at K of twocervical vertabrae of a second individual and at Mof the metatarsal is suggestive of additional burialswhich may have been removed by the workmenunder the impression that all were part of a singleindividual. It would seem highly desirable, if suitable arrangements can be made, to carry out further excavation at this spot to determine whetheror not additional burials are present.

Attleboro, Mass.

July, 1955

SUGGESTED CLASSIFICATION OF ATLATL WEIGHTSWILLIAM S. FOWLER

While the term atlatl weight has only recently Attention is directed to a report by T. M. N.been applied to these artifacts (formerly known as Lewis in the Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. IV,bannerstones), there are now several pieces of evi- No.3, 1948, in which reference is made to certaindence which strongly recommend its use in the archaic burial finds by University of Tennesseecase of small to medium sizes as charms or as archaeologists. In these graves appeared antlerweights attached to a spear-throwing stick. In the atlatl hooks in close association with cylindricallySouthwest, this stick, usually about 2~' long, is shaped stones, drilled longitudinally with a holecalled by the natives, "atlatl;" hence its use in this varying between ~ and ~" in diameter. Eachclassification. Originally, the stick is thought to have weighed no more than 4 ounces, and in each casebeen used in a plain undecorated condition. Later, the weight lay at a distance from the antler hookit is probable that carefully shaped stone weights and in such a way as to indicate it had beenwere attached to it, either to provide greater attached to the throwing-stick immediately adjacentmomentum to the spear in its Hight, or, as is thought to the handle, rather than toward the hook end.by some when made in fanciful shapes, to lend good While these plain but well worked weights lackluck to the hunter in assuring a direct hit with his .imagination in styling, tWo fanciful wing weightsspear. also pedorated with about a W' hole occurred at

25


SUGGESTED CLASSIFICATION OF ATLATL WEIGHTS

two New England hunting sites, Ragged Mountainand Twin Rivers. Because of their association atthese sites with the Stone Bowl Age (Late Archaic)and with hunting stone traits, there seems littledoubt that they were in use there at an early dateas hunting equipment, probably as atlatl weights.This evidence seems to support the Tennesseeburial hypothesis and leads to the belief thatobjects of this nature of moderate weight, perforated with about a ~" diameter hole, were associated with spear-throwing equipment. Some of thesestone weights instead of being perforated havegrooves across their face on either one or bothsides. Others, which are in the shape of a bow tie,have side-notching instead and are sometimes nicelyground. In such cases the grooves or side-notchingprobably provided the means for lashing theseweights to the atlatl in place of a perforation.

While this suggested classification is intendedprincipally to show various groups into which thedifferent shaped weights may be placed with noreference to the age in which they belong, it seemsaxiomatic that the oval type has been found stratigraphically in the Early Archaic horizon, whichappears just below the Stone Bowl horizon inwhich wing and bow tie shapes occur. Therefore,it would seem that the latter fancifully shaped specimens were made by a different people from thosewho made the oval forms, and probably did notevolve from the former, but were introduced at alater date.

As Chairman of the Artifact ClassificationCommittee and with approval of the Society'sResearch Council, I have illustrated four differenttypes of atlatl weights which occur in central andsouthern New England. In all but one classification,I have included specimens in different shapes toshow some of the variations which may be anticipated. However, they do not represent by anymeans the full extent of variation which may havetaken place to satisfy individual fancy. Nevertheless, they do suggest that variation i1; to be expected,which in itself should not, therefore, prevent assignment of specimens to be classified to whateverclass they seem to belong. It should be noted thatthe distinguishing features which have been usedto separate "wing" from "whaletail" forms are twoin number. First, whaletail weights should havewings which taper to nearly a point like a whale'stail. Second, whaletail wings should exhibit more

26

thickness toward the perforated area than is usuallyfound in wing forms, although this is not alwaysthe case.

For the illustrations I have copied actual specimens from the New England area referred to,recovered as surface or excavated finds. Wheneverthere was but a fragment of a specimen, I havetaken the liberty to reconstruct the missing sectionin the illustration, provided the fragment was largeenougli to adequately represent the finished shape.Wing Weights

To belong to this group, specimens mayor maynot be perforated, but must have thinned extendedsides like wings. These may be styled variouslyeither irregularly convex, butterfly shaped, straight,or with concave edges. They should be groundsmooth, often polished, and usually are made fromattractive stone material, either by virtue of banding, unusual spots of black or colored phenocrysts,or of some appealing overall color. At times stonestock appears exotic with unusually bright coloredspots in green, blue, and red, which makes onewonder about its source. At other times it has asolid color in shades of green, red-brown, or cream;made of sandstone, argillite, or other semi-hardstones.Whaletail Weights

In this classification appear thick winged perforated forms with each wing tapering to a pointedtip resembling the tail of a whale. While theseweights are rare as compared with the wing type,they are believed to be coeval. They too are ground,sometimes polished, and are made of unusual stones,often sandstone which is usually banded. However,the stone stock does not show the same fancifulvariations with colored spots as in the case of wingforms. This may be explained by the relativelysmaller Dumber of whaletail specimens which havecome to light, and therefore may not be a fairobservation of this deficiency.Bow Tie Weights

Included in this class are unperforated formswhich have been either chipped or ground into ·ashape resembling a bow tie. They are not perforated; were probably attached to the atlatl bymeans of thongs wrapped around their narrowedcenter. They are believed to be coeval with thewing and whaletail weights. Their size varies between 4 and 5" in length, and they are usually madeof argillite or sandstone.

SUGGESTED CLASSIFICAnON OF ATLATL WEIGHTS

FIG. 9-Atlatl Weights (&anneratone.). Proposed.27

SUGGESTED CLASSIFICATION OF ATLATL WEIGHTS

Oval WeightsThis group contains forms which are perfo

rated with about a W' diameter hole, as in the caseof other perforated weights. They are generally ovalin shape, although often variations alter the ovalsymmetry and tend to beautify an otherwise plainshape. They are always bulky about their center,and apparently because of this characteristic nearlyevery specimen belonging to this class has beenthinned on one side by grooving, or by flattening.The reason for reducing the thickness of one sidehas not been fully understood until quite recently.During the process of hafting one of these weightsfor museum display, an interesting discovery wasmade. In slipping the weight on the smaller hookend of the throwing-stick, found necessary becauseenlargement at the other handle end was greaterthan perforation of the weight, the reason for thinning became evident. As the weight was worked uptoward the stick's central area, it was found that thereduction of one side, usually by grooving, wasdone apparently for the purpose of permitting thespear shaft to be drawn in closer to the stick alongthe groove, without becoming at the same timedetached from its hook engagement. The reason forthis then became quite clear: the spear shaft wouldthus lie close enough· to the stick's handle so thatthe forefingers of the hand which held it could alsograsp the spear; and the spear could then be thrownwith one hand. This experiment demonstratedbeyond a possible doubt that bulky forms like thosein this category could hardly have been used asweights on atlatls without the thinning of one side.For it should be remembered that the hand whichholds the stick must also hold the spear, becausecontrol of the aim is only possible when one arm isused in thrusting the spear forward. As the results

28

of this experiment become fully understood, doubtless it will seem unrealistic to most that these perforated oval objects could have been used otherthan as atlatl weights.

So far, perforated cylindrical forms such asthose from Tennessee have not appeared in thisarea, and it may be doubted if they were ever a partof Northeastern cultures. However, boatstonesbirdstones, and other perforated problematicalelongated objects do occur in New England andmay have been used for atlatl weights, as is thoughtby some. However, so far, none of these artifactshave been recovered under controlled excavationassociated with other recoveries in such a way as t~suggest their use for atlatl weights. Therefore, untilthey are, it may be best to consider only the fourillustrated types as atlatl weights. It is hoped thatcritics will not think it presumptuous to recommendsubstitution of the term atlatl weight for that ofbannerstone in view of the evidence as presented,which relates to small to medium sized specimens.However, it could be possible in the case of largesized wing forms, which rarely appear here, but dooccur in other sections of the country especially inthe Middle West, that such objects were attachedto the end of staffs and used for ceremonial purposes; therefore might still be termed bannerstones.Certainly, such enlarged objects in heavy weightswould seem unwieldy and out of place as atlatlweights.

Bronson Museum,

Attleboro, Mass.

February 1955

ARTIFACTS OF THE WILBRAHAM AREA

RICHARD JOHN CURRY

Are Indian artifacts becoming difficult to find?This question often arises in the minds of those ofus who are interested in the culture of the AmericanIndian. Judging solely from my experience as aformer assistant curator of the Springfield Museumof Natural History I would answer in the affirmativesince, during my stay at this institution I encountered a few individuals who brought newly foundlocal artifacts into the museum for examination.I understand that this situation still prevails.

However, speaking for myself, I would say thatlocal artifacts are still plentiful enough to make asearch for them worth the while. Apparently thosewho discover artifacts do not bring them to themuseum or otherwise publicize the matter fearingthat such action would encourage so much huntingthat their choice locations would be quicklydepleted.

At one time one could be almost certain to findsomething within the area of the old AgawamIndian's com field adjacent to the point at whichthe Agawam River enters the Connecticut. Today,however, it is unusual to hear of anyone findingmuch in the vicinity. As a matter of fact during therecent construction of a new highway which runsparallel to the Connecticut River and almostdirectly through the old com fields no mention wasmade of any Indian finds. Of cour~e bulldozers andthe untrained eye are a poor substitute for archaeological methods.

Also there are the Longmeadow Flats whichare said to have been the site of an old Indianburying ground. While talking with an old timeresident I was told that skeletal remains are still tobe found at this site: Possibly, this may be true,but upon a recent field expedition to this area Ireceived nothing more for my efforts than a carfull of dust and a most unpleasant surprise attackfrom a nest of angered wasps.

Since I began teaching the sixth grade at theWilbraham Memorial school it has been my fortuneto find a number of artifacts within the generalarea of the town of Wilbraham. Some of these findswere made right on the playground of the schoolat which I teach. Undoubtedly this immediatevicinity was a camp site of the local Indians. Duringthe construction of this new school it was announced that many artifacts had been found duringexcavation. It was this news that prompted me todo some careful ~earching after school hours. With

the assistance of some students I was able to findseveral choice points during the fall of 1954. Sincethen I have added many more pieces to my collection from the school grounds and from nearbypastures.

It might be of interest to note that the entirearea of the Wilbraham Mountain Range is spottedwith a type of conglomerate rock formation whichaffords a number of interesting geological featuresincluding caves which may have been used by localIndians in pre-historic times. I have examined several of these caves and come to the conclusionthat, giving consideration to the effects of time andthe elements, it is quite possible that some of theseformations served as rock shelters. Today these rockshelters can be found only by careful search sincenature has hidden them well with vegetation. Whileat the museum I came across an old photograph ofone of these rock shelters at the opening of whichthe skeleton of an Indian was said to have beenexcavated. It would be of interest to devote sometime to a careful examination of these shelters.

One of my prize finds in this area is what Ibelieve to be a perfect fist-hammer. One day whiledoing playground duty I happened upon a smallpile of rocks at the edge of the field. By chance Inoticed a peculiar stone that was oblong in shape.Further examination showed it to be six to seveninches in length, tapered to a rather blunt end, witha well grooved thumb hole on one side. The piecefitted the hand very nicely and seemed to be ofserviceable weight. It was of the same generalappearance of other fist hammers which I hadexamined at the museUm.

In addition to the artifacts mentioned I havefound what seems to be an almost perfectly madetruncated scraper with a blade approximately oneinch in length. The scraper together with severalpoints were made from what seems to be flintalthough I have been told that true flint is notfound in this area. The substance is black in color,smooth, and has conchoidal depressions. It is possible that the raw material has been brought infrom some other region where flint is to be found.This was not an uncommon practice. The other pointsare made from a variety of quartz, shale, and traprock, the latter probably coming from Mount Tom.Wherever points were found I was almost certainto find a number of chips both large and small.Chips found in the Wilbraham area are quite simi-

29


ARTIFACTS OF THE WILBRAHAM AREA

lar to those found at the Guida site in Westfield,Massachusetts. ( 1 ). I accord to these chips the samearchaeological value as to a perfect point.

In all probability the Indians who inhabitedthis area were itinerant Agawams or Quabaugs whoresided in the area just east of Springfield. In anyevent the geographical features of Wilbraham andvicinity provided the necessary conditions underwhich the local Indians chose to live. This is especially true of the area occupied by the MemorialSchool. This site is on a small hill at the base of theWilbraham Mountain Range. Several small streamsare found nearby and, of course, the area aboundsin a large variety of minerals and other materialfrom which the Indians made implements.

In closing let me say that this article wasprompted by the increasing number of individualswho have asked me if I thought that Indian artifacts were becoming rare in this area. As I am notan authority I am hardly in a position to give anauthoritative answer but I can voice an opinion.I am not certain that artifacts are so plentiful that

one need only to scratch the surface of the groundto find an abundance of points, tools, etc. On thecontrary, as mentioned earlier, there are many sitesin this area which have been nearly exhahsted bycontinual hunting. However, I do believe that thereare yet to be found many sites in this area whichwill offer a store of new materials to further ourincreasing knowledge of the American Indian.

The recent excav.ation and restoration of FortWilliam Henry in upper New York is an example ofwhat I mean. Hidden by the ravages of time archaeologists were able there to unearth innumerablerelics of bygone days and beneath all of this theyhave uncovered an Indian culture of respectableantiquity. Surely this is an encouraging indicationthat with more people taking a greater interest inthe field of archaeology such organizations as theMassachusetts Archaeological Society will continu~

to strive for a better understanding of the earlyhistory of our country.

Springfield, Mass.

ABORIGINAL NEW ENGLAND POnERYWILLIAM J. HoWES

(Fourth Installment)

There were at least five known pottery makingcenters in this territory. All indications place onein the southerly part of Springfield near the Pecowsic Fort site. A brickyard exhausted the supply ofclay and obliterated all evidences of the workshopsites with their pottery making implements, andbroken potsherds, which generally accompany suchworkshop litter.

At South Hadley Falls, some distance backfrom the crest of the high terrace, and above wherethe north and easterly slope runs down to TanneryBrook, there is an outcropping of fine clay in thebed of the' stream. Just above were the workshopsites, for many pottery fragments of both Algonkianand Mohawk workmanship have been found there.On them were found many moulding implements,fragments of graphite, other artifacts, and largeclusters of burned and broken firestones. The graphite was of two grades, the course was probablypulverized and used as a tempering material andfor waterproofing purposes, for some of the sherdsindicate its use. The fine grade fragments wererubbed down on all edges to a smooth face from

30

application to the pot surfaces. One piece was worndown to a thickness of less than one's little finger,and it was not over an inch in length. One potsherdindicates its use over both the exterior and interiorsurfaces, with the exterior surface polished to abright black luster. Evidently its partial applicationon the exterior was intentional, for it appears tohave been omitted leaving it the natural brick redcolor of the fired sherd.

On the Northampton Meadows opposite Shepherds Island is another, and probably the mostimportant site for pottery making on the wholeriver. More fragments of different types of pots inboth form and decoration have been found herethan at any other location along the river. There islittle doubt that the gem of all pottery pipe production found on the river bank opposite by William Lamb was made at this location. (See American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No.2, Oct., 1942).

The outstanding Mowhawk production recovered from this site inclines one to believe that thislocation was one of the main sources or focalpoints where the transition of Algonkian were


ABORIGINAL NEW ENGLAND POTTERY

started which ultimately radiated throughoutSouthern New England territory.

The sites at both Turners Falls and Westfieldare unknown at present. The fragments found oncamp sites around both locations show that theremust have been considerable production, for thematerial recovered from these sites include different types of ware, also decoration of late productionware. Original conceptions of ornamental motifs arefound upon potsherds from each location, indicating that they were in no way duplications of wareproduced at any other workshop site.

Each locality seems to have had certain outstanding features from which one can determinethe source of its production. From the artisticquality and refinement of the ware found withinthe area, the Northampton and Westfield locationswill rank as superior to all others.

The Northampton location would seem to havebeen where there was a more direct contact with theMohawk than at Westfield. At Westfield the knownproduction would seem, on account of the type ofclay used, to have been of very late constructionand made by proficient artizans who had experienceand training at one of the Connecticut Valleylocations.

South Hadley Falls and Springfield sectionsseem to have many pieces of high quality, yet thegeneral run was of a lower grade. Springfield knownfragments seem to have been mostly of Algonkiantype in both form and decoration, with a few piecesof Mohawk type influence, which radiated fromlocations further north.

Among the most primitive types of Algonkianware of this section decoration was of secondaryconsideration. Occasional toothed indentation markings were imprintd on the ware in a hit or missrandom fashion. Later the decoration was indentedaround the rim, and sometimes it extended over tothe inside of the pot. Cord wound paddles andchip markings made in wiping the pot's surface to afinished state are also found.

The early Southern New England cylindricalbody type pottery with its pointed base seems tohave preceded the type with the upper portion contracted to form a neck, such as that found in theshell heaps of Maine. While there is no conclusiveevidence in this connection, we know that theIndian traditions of the North country as related tothe Mission Fathers, told of the early Indian "com-

ing up from the South and on from the West", asquoted from Sir John Franklin's Polar Voyages.

Most of the fragments from Southern New England were decorated around the upper portion ofthe body and on the rim of the pot. The rim decoration, in many pieces, extended over the inside ofthe pot. In later pieces done by this family group,the pointed end gave way to an egg shaped base.The general decoration of the body of this warewas accomplished by the implements used in itsconstruction which left a coarse pebbled effect,that gave a textured surface to the ware. Later thistextured effect was obtained by the indentationimplement and also by textile imprints. During thisperiod the elongated body of the pot was changedto a globular spherical form, and its decoration ranup to the rim. With the coming of the IroquoianMohawk influence, the narrow overhanging onehalf round rim bead put on a more elaborate formof decoration. The top of the ware was made doubleits thickness by the addition of an extra strip ofmaterial at this point which formed a collar. Lateron its thick lower edge was projected so it wouldform a deep undercut neck at the top which beveledback to a thin edge at the rim. This bevel waswhere the decoration was concentrated. As closercontacts were made with the Mohawk's work, thencopying of their pottery forms and decoration wasgenerally adopted. With it came the wide collar anddeep undercut neck ware. It finally developed awide flared collar at the rim. The junction of theneck and collar line was deeply indented by notching. These notches were made by slicing into theware to form "V" cuts, or by pressing the side of astylus type implement in deeply at the junction ofthe neck and collar. The Mohawk high points atthe top of the rim was also adopted in this transitionperiod. These points were introduced on their circular rim ware. In the final development there wasa square top flat rim, and then the high points wereadded at the corners.

The decoration of this transition ware was amixture of both family group's motifs, with thoseof the Mohawk group predominating. Originalityin ornamentation was accomplished to some extenttoward the close of earthernware production. Inno section was it developed to the extent as foundat the Guida farm site in Westfield, though certainpieces from South Windsor, Connecticut, are outstanding in this respect.

31

32


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35

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36 FIG. 14


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FIG. 17

39

40


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MASSACI-IUSETTS ARCI-IAEOLOGICAL SOCIETYMr. Ralph Hornblower, Sr., has a soapstone platform pipe...

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Transcript of MASSACI-IUSETTS ARCI-IAEOLOGICAL SOCIETYMr. Ralph Hornblower, Sr., has a soapstone platform pipe...